7/1/2020 100+ Best Java Interview Questions & Answers in 2020

Java Interview Questions and Answers

Posted in Java (https://hackr.io/blog/category/java), Interview Questions
(https://hackr.io/blog/category/interview-questions)

Simran Kaur Arora

(https://hackr.io/blog/author/simran-arora)
Last Updated 07 May, 2020

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Table of Contents 

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7/1/2020 100+ Best Java Interview Questions & Answers in 2020

. Classes, Objects, and Methods Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-

questions#p4)
. Arrays, Strings and Vectors Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-
questions#p5)
. Interfaces and Abstract Classes Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-
questions#p6)
. Packages Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions#p7)
. Multithreading Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions#p8)
. Exception Handling Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-
questions#p9)
. File Handling Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions#p10)
. Collections Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions#p11)
. Miscellaneous Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions#p12)

Basic Java Interview Questions

Question: What is Java?
Answer: Java is an object-oriented, high-level, general-purpose programming language originally
designed by James Gosling and further developed by the Oracle Corporation. It is one of the
most popular programming languages in the world. To know more about what is Java, Click here
(https://hackr.io/blog/what-is-java) and know all the details of Java, Features, and Component.

Question: Explain about Java Virtual Machine?

Answer: JVM is a program that interprets the intermediate Java byte code and generates the
desired output. It is because of byte code and JVM that programs written in Java are highly
portable.

Question: What are the features of Java?

Answer: Following are the various features of the Java programming language:

High Performance– Using a JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler allows high performance in Java. The
JIT compiler converts the Java bytecode into machine language code, which then gets
executed by the JVM
Multi-threading– A thread is a ow of execution. The JVM creates a thread which is called the
main thread. Java allows the creation of several threads using either extending the thread class
or implementing the Runnable interface
OOPS Concepts– Java follows various OOPS concepts (https://hackr.io/blog/object-oriented-
programming-oops-concepts-in-java-with-examples), namely abstraction, encapsulation,

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inheritance, object-oriented, and polymorphism

Platform Independency– Java makes use of the Java Virtual Machine or JVM which allows a
single Java program to operate on multiple platforms without any modi cations

Question: How does Java enable high performance?

Answer: In the Just-in-Time compilation, the required code is executed at run time. Typically, it
involves translating bytecode into machine code and then executing it directly. For enabling high
performance, Java can make use of the Just-In-Time compilation. The JIT compiler is enabled by
default in Java and gets activated as soon as a method is called. It then compiles the bytecode of
the Java method into native machine code. After that, the JVM calls the compiled code directly
instead of interpreting it. This grants a performance boost.

Question: Di erentiate between JVM, JRE, and JDK

Answer:

Parameters JVM JRE JDK

Java Virtual Java Runtime

Full-Form Java Development Kit
Machine Environment

It provides a
It is a set of
runtime It is a software development
software tools used
Purpose environment to environment used to develop
for developing Java
execute Java Java applications.
applications.
bytecode.

It is a runtime
instance created
Existence It exists physically. It exists physically.
when we run a
Java class.

It is an implementation of any
one of the below given Java
Platforms released by Oracle
It is the Corporation:
Its implementation
Implementation implementation of
is known as JRE Standard Edition Java Platform
JVM
Enterprise Edition Java
Platform
Micro Edition Java Platform

Question: What is the JIT compiler?

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It's a no-brainer that Java is one of the leading programming options for bagging a lucrative job
(https://hackr.io/blog/which-programming-language-is-best-for-getting-a-job). After all, the class-
based, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language, is one of the most widely used
programming languages in the world.

The language was developed in 1995 and had constantly been upgrading its products to enable
users to develop and deploy Java solutions with ease and con dence. Java designers have
borrowed the best features of many existing languages such as C and C++ and added new
features to form simple, easy-to-learn object-oriented language.

With a plethora of great features (https://hackr.io/blog/features-of-java), the programming

language is preferred not only by the seasoned experts but also pursued by those new to the
programming world. So, here are top Java interview questions and answers that will help you bag
a Java job, or, at the very least, enhance your learning. The Java interview questions are
recommended for both beginners and professionals as well as for Software Developers and
Android Applications Developers.

Top Java Interview Questions and Answers

The knowledge of a programming language is a must when you appear for a tech interview and
when it is a programming language like Java you need to be prepared from every corner to be
bombarded with the questions as many concepts are interrelated to each other. However, it is
also a little easy to code programs in Java as compared to other languages as much of the
concepts in Java are pre-coded and stored as classes and packages that can be inherited. We
suggest you to recommend you to brush up your Java skills with this Java Cheat Sheet
(https://hackr.io/blog/java-cheat-sheet) before starting your Java interview preparation. This article
is only relevant for Core Java Interview.

-15% -19%

This article has been divided into di erent sections and categories for your organized preparation
for the interview into the following categories:

. Basic Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions#p1)

. OOPS Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions#p2)
. Decision Making Java Interview Questions (https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions#p3)
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Answer: JIT compiler runs after the program is executed and compiles the code into a faster form,
hosting CPU's native instructing set. JIT can access dynamic runtime information, whereas a
standard compiler doesn't and can make better optimizations like inlining functions that are used
frequently.

Question: What do you understand by Java IDEs?

Answer: A Java IDE is a software that allows Java developers to easily write as well as debug
Java programs. It is basically a collection of various programming tools, accessible via a single
interface, and several helpful features, such as code completion and syntax highlighting.
Codenvy, Eclipse, and NetBeans are some of the most popular Java IDEs
(https://hackr.io/blog/best-java-ides).

Question: Java is a platform-independent language. Why?

Answer: Java programming language does not depend on any particular hardware or software
because it is compiled by the compiler and then converted into byte code. Byte code is platform-
independent and can run on multiple systems. The only requirement is Java needs a runtime
environment, i.e., JRE, which is a set of tools used for developing Java applications.

Question: Explain Typecasting

Answer: The concept of assigning a variable of one data type to a variable of another data type. It
is not possible for the boolean data type.

It is of two types:

Implicit
Explicit

Question: Explain di erent types of typecasting?

Answer: Di erent types of typecasting are:

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Implicit: Storing values from a smaller data type to the larger data type. It is automatically done
by the compiler.
Explicit: Storing the value of a larger data type into a smaller data type. This results in
information loss:

. Truncation
. Out of Range

Let us see code samples to further understand this:

int i = 10;
long l = i;
long l = 10,000;
int i = (int) l;
float f = 3.14f
int i = (int) f;
i=3;
long l = 123456789;
byte b = (byte) l;

Questions: Explain access modi ers in Java.

Answer: Access modi ers are prede ned keywords in Java that are used to restrict the access of
a class, method, constructor, and data member in another class.

Java supports four access modi ers:

Default
Private
Protected
Public

Modi er Default Private Protected Public

Same class yes yes yes yes

Same package subclass yes no yes yes

Same package non-subclass yes no yes yes

Di erent package subclass no no yes yes

Di erent package non-subclass no no no yes

Question: What are the default values for local variables?

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Answer: The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object
references.

OOPS Java Interview Questions

Question: What is Object-Oriented Programming?
Answer: Object-Oriented Programming is an approach that provides a way of modularizing
programs by creating a partitioned memory area for both data and functions that can be used as
templates for creating copies of such modules on demand.

Question: Could you explain the Oops concepts?

Answer: Following are the various OOPS Concepts:

Abstraction– Representing essential features without the need to give out background details.
The technique is used for creating a new suitable data type for some speci c application
Aggregation– All objects have their separate lifecycle, but ownership is present. No child
object can belong to some other object except for the parent object
Association– The relationship between two objects, where each object has its separate
lifecycle. There is no ownership
Class– A group of similar entities
Composition– Also called the death relationship, it is a specialized form of aggregation. Child
objects don't have a lifecycle. As such, they automatically get deleted if the associated parent
object is deleted
Encapsulation– Refers to the wrapping up of data and code into a single entity. Allows the
variables of a class to be only accessible by the parent class and no other classes
Inheritance– When an object acquires the properties of some other object, it is called
inheritance. It results in the formation of a parent-child relationship amongst classes involved.
O ers a robust and natural mechanism of organizing and structuring software
Object– Denotes an instance of a class. Any class can have multiple instances. An object
contains the data as well as the method that will operate on the data
Polymorphism– refers to the ability of a method, object, or variable to assume several forms

Decision Making Java Interview Questions

Questions: Di erentiate between break and continue
Answer:

Break Continue

Used with both loop and switch statement Used with only loop statements.

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It terminates the loop or switch block. It does not terminate but skips to the next iteration.

Classes, Objects, and Methods Java Interview Questions

Question: What is an Object?
Answer: An instance of a Java class is known as an object. Two important properties of a Java
object are behaviour and state (https://stackover ow.com/questions/18219339/trouble-
understanding-object-state-behavior-and-identity). An object is created as soon as the JVM
comes across the new keyword.

Question: De ne classes in Java

Answer: A class is a collection of objects of similar data types. Classes are user-de ned data
types and behave like built-in types of a programming language.

Syntax of a class:

class Sample{
member variables
methods()
}

Question: Explain what are static methods and variables?

Answer: A class has two sections one declares variables, and other declares method, and these
are called instance variables and instance methods, respectively. They are termed so because
every time a class is instantiated, a new copy of each of them is created.

Variables and methods can be created that are common to all objects and accessed without
using a particular object by declaring them static. Static members are also available to be used by
other classes and methods.

Question: What do you mean by Constructor?

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Answer: A constructor is a method that has the same name as that of the class to which it
belongs. As soon as a new object is created, a constructor corresponding to the class gets
invoked. Although the user can explicitly create a constructor, it is created on its own as soon as a
class is created. This is known as the default constructor. Constructors can be overloaded.

Note: - If an explicitly-created constructor has a parameter, then it is necessary to create another

constructor without a parameter.

Question: Please explain Local variables and Instance variables in Java.

Answer: Variables that are only accessible to the method or code block in which they are
declared are known as local variables. Instance variables, on the other hand, are accessible to all
methods in a class. While local variables are declared inside a method or a code block, instance
variables are declared inside a class but outside a method. Even when not assigned, instance
variables have a value that can be null, 0, 0.0, or false. This isn't the case with local variables that
need to be assigned a value, where failing to assign a value will yield an error. Local variables are
automatically created when a method is called and destroyed as soon as the method exits. For
creating instance variables, the new keyword must be used.

Question: Please explain Method Overriding in Java?

Answer: Method Overriding in Java allows a subclass to o er a speci c implementation of a
method that has already been provided by its parent or superclass. Method overriding happens if
the subclass method and the Superclass method have:

The same name

The same argument
The same return type

Question: What do you mean by Overloading?

Answer: Overloading is the phenomenon when two or more di erent methods (method
overloading) or operators (operator overloading) have the same representation. For example, the
+ operator adds two integer values but concatenates two strings. Similarly, an overloaded
function called Add can be used for two purposes

. To add two integers

. To concatenate two strings

Unlike method overriding, method overloading requires two overloaded methods to have the
same name but di erent arguments. The overloaded functions may or may not have di erent
return types.

Question: What role does the nal keyword play in Java? What impact does it have
on a variable, method, and class?

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Answer: The nal keyword in Java is a non-access modi er that applies only to a class, method,
or variable. It serves a di erent purpose based on the context where it is used.

With a class

When a class is declared as nal, then it is disabled from being subclassed i.e., no class can
extend the nal class.

With a method

Any method accompanying the nal keyword is restricted from being overridden by the subclass.

With a variable

A variable followed by the nal keyword is not able to change the value that it holds during the
program execution. So, it behaves like a constant.

Arrays, Strings and Vectors Java Interview Questions

Question: Could you draw a comparison between Array and ArrayList?
Answer: An array necessitates for giving the size during the time of declaration, while an array list
doesn't necessarily require size as it changes size dynamically. To put an object into an array,
there is the need to specify the index. However, no such requirement is in place for an array list.
While an array list is parameterized, an array is not parameterized.

Question: Please explain the di erence between String, String Builder, and String
Bu er.
Answer: String variables are stored in a constant string pool. With the change in the string
reference, it becomes impossible to delete the old value. For example, if a string has stored a
value "Old," then adding the new value "New" will not delete the old value. It will still be there,
however, in a dormant state. In a String Bu er, values are stored in a stack. With the change in the
string reference, the new value replaces the older value. The String Bu er is synchronized (and

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therefore, thread-safe) and o ers slower performance than the String Builder, which is also a
String Bu er but is not synchronized. Hence, performance is fast in String Builder than the String
Bu er.

Questions: What is String Pool in Java?

Answer: The collection of strings stored in the heap memory refers to the String pool. Whenever
a new object is created, it is checked if it is already present in the String pool or not. If it is already
present, then the same reference is returned to the variable else new object is created in the
String pool, and the respective reference is returned.

Interfaces and Abstract Classes Java Interview Questions

Question: What do you know about Interface in Java?
Answer: A Java interface is a template that has only method declarations and not method
implementations. It is a workaround for achieving multiple inheritances in Java. Some worth
remembering important points regarding Java interfaces are:

A class that implements the interface must provide an implementation for all methods declared
in the interface
All methods in an interface are internally public abstract void
All variables in an interface are internally public static nal
Classes do not extend but implement interfaces

Question: How is an Abstract class di erent from an Interface?

Answer: There are several di erences between an Abstract class and an Interface in Java,
summed up as follows:

Constituents – An abstract class contains instance variables, whereas an interface can contain
only constants.
Constructor and Instantiation – While an interface has neither a constructor nor it can be
instantiated, an abstract class can have a default constructor that is called whenever the
concrete subclass is instantiated.
Implementation of Methods – All classes that implement the interface need to provide an
implementation for all the methods contained by it. A class that extends the abstract class,
however, doesn't require implementing all the methods contained in it. Only abstract methods
need to be implemented in the concrete subclass.
Type of Methods – Any abstract class has both abstract as well as non-abstract methods.
Interface, on the other hand, has only a single abstract method.

Question: Please explain what do you mean by an Abstract class and an Abstract
method?
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Answer: An abstract class in Java is a class that can't be instantiated. Such a class is typically
used for providing a base for subclasses to extend as well as implementing the abstract methods
and overriding or using the implemented methods de ned in the abstract class. To create an
abstract class, it needs to be followed by the abstract keyword. Any abstract class can have both
abstract as well as non-abstract methods. A method in Java that only has the declaration and not
implementation is known as an abstract method. Also, an abstract method name is followed by
the abstract keyword. Any concrete subclass that extends the abstract class must provide an
implementation for abstract methods.

Questions: What is multiple inheritance? Does Java support multiple inheritance? If

not, how can it be achieved?
Answer: If a subclass or child class has two parent classes, that means it inherits the properties
from two base classes, it is multiple inheritances. Java does not multiple inheritances as in case if
the parent classes have the same method names, then at runtime, it becomes ambiguous, and
the compiler is unable to decide which method to execute from the child class.

Packages Java Interview Questions

Question: What are the packages in Java? State some advantages of Packages in
Java?
Answer: Packages are Java's way of grouping a variety of classes and/or interfaces together. The
functionality of the objects decides how they are grouped. Packagers act as "containers" to
classes.

Enlisted below are the advantages of Packages:

. Classes of other programs can be reused.

. Two classes with the same can exist in two di erent packages.
. Packages can hide classes, thus denying access to certain programs and classes meant for
internal use only.
. They also separate design from coding.

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Multithreading Java Interview Questions

Question: How do you make a thread in Java? Give examples.
Answer: To make a thread in Java, there are two options:

Extend the Thread Class – The thread is available in the java.lang.Thread class. To make a
thread, you need to extend a thread class and override the run method. For example,

public class Addition extends Thread {

public void run() {
}
}

A disadvantage of using the thread class is that it becomes impossible to extend any other
classes.

Nonetheless, it is possible to overload the run() method in the class

Implement Runnable Interface – Another way of making a thread in Java is by implementing a

runnable interface. For doing so, there is the need to provide the implementation for the run()
method that is de ned in the

interface. For example,

public class Addition implements Runnable {
public void run() {
}
}

Question: Why do we use the yield() method?

Answer: The yield() method belongs to the thread class. It transfers the currently running thread
to a runnable state and also allows the other threads to execute. In other words, it gives equal
priority threads a chance to run. Because yield() is a static method, it does not release any lock.

Question: Can you explain the thread lifecycle in Java?

Answer: The thread lifecycle has the following states and follows the following order:

New – In the very rst state of the thread lifecycle, the thread instance is created, and the start()
method is yet to be invoked. The thread is considered alive now.
Runnable – After invoking the start() method, but before invoking the run() method, a thread is
in the runnable state. A thread can also return to the runnable state from waiting or sleeping
state.

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Running – The thread enters the running state after the run() method is invoked. This is when
the thread begins execution.
Non-Runnable – Although the thread is alive, it is not able to run. Typically, it returns to the
runnable state after some time.
Terminated – The thread enters the terminated state once the run() method completes its
execution. It is not alive now.

Question: When is the Runnable interface preferred over thread class and vice-
versa?
Answer: In Java, it is possible to extend only one class. Hence, the thread class is only extended
when no other class needs to be extended. If it is required for a class to extend some other class
than the thread class, then we need to use the Runnable interface.

Question: Please draw a comparison between notify() and notifyAll() methods.

Answer: The notify() method is used for sending a signal to wake up a single thread in the waiting
pool. Contrarily, the notifyAll() method is used for sending a signal to wake up all threads in a
waiting pool.

Question: How will you distinguish processes from threads?

Answer: There are several fundamental di erences between a process and a thread, stated as
follows:

De nition – A process is an executing instance of a program whereas, a thread is a subset of a

process.
Changes – A change made to the parent process doesn't a ect child processes. However, a
change in the main thread can yield changes in the behavior of other threads of the same
process.
Communication – While processes require inter-process communication for communicating
with sibling processes, threads can directly communicate with other threads belonging to the
same process.
Control – Processes are controlled by the operating system and can control only child
processes. On the contrary, threads are controlled by the programmer and are capable of
exercising control over threads of the same process to which they belong.
Dependence – Processes are independent entities while threads are dependent entities
Memory – Threads run in shared memory spaces, but processes run in separate memory
spaces.

Question: What is the join() method? Give an example.

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Answer: We use the join() method for joining one thread with the end of the currently running
thread. It is a non-static method and has an overloaded version. Consider the example below:

public static void main (String[] args) {

Thread t = new Thread();
t.start();
t.join();
}

The main thread starts execution in the example mentioned above. As soon as the execution
reaches the code t.start(), then the thread t starts its stack for execution. The JVM switches
between the main thread and the thread there. Once the execution reaches the t.join(), then the
thread t alone is executed and allowed to complete its task. Afterward, the main thread resumes
execution.

Question: How do you make a thread stop in Java?

Answer: There are three methods in Java to stop the execution of a thread:

Blocking – This method is used to put the thread in a blocked state. The execution resumes as
soon as the condition of the blocking is met. For instance, the ServerSocket.accept() is a
blocking method that listens for incoming socket connection and resumes the blocked thread
only when a connection is made.
Sleeping – This method is used for delaying the execution of the thread for some time. A
thread upon which the sleep() method is used is said to enter the sleep state. It enters the
runnable state as soon as it wakes up i.e., the sleep state is nished. The time for which the
thread needs to enter the sleep state is mentioned inside the braces of the sleep() method. It is
a static method.
Waiting – Although it can be called on any Java object, the wait() method can only be called
from a synchronized block.

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Exception Handling Java Interview Questions

Question: Could you explain various types of Exceptions in Java? Also, tell us about
the di erent ways of handling them.
Answer: Java has provision for two types of exceptions:

Checked Exceptions – Classes that extend Throwable class, except Runtime exception and
Error, are called checked exceptions. Such exceptions are checked by the compiler during the
compile time. These types of exceptions must either have appropriate try/catch blocks or be
declared using the throws keyword. ClassNotFoundException is a checked exception.
Unchecked Exceptions – Such exceptions aren't checked by the compiler during the compile
time. As such, the compiler doesn't necessitate handling unchecked exceptions. Arithmetic
Exception and ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception are unchecked exceptions.

Exceptions in Java are handled in two ways:

Declaring the throws keyword – We can declare the exception using throws keyword at the end
of the method. For example:

class ExceptionCheck{
public static void main(String[] args){
add();
}
public void add() throws Exception{
addition();
}
}

Using try/catch – Any code segment that is expected to yield an exception is surrounded by the
try block. Upon the occurrence of the exception, it is caught by the catch block that follows the try
block. For example,

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class ExceptionCheck{
public static void main (String[] args) {
add();
}
public void add(){
try{
addition();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStacktrace();
}
}
}

Question: Could you draw the Java Exception Hierarchy?

Answer:

Question: Is it possible to write multiple catch blocks under a single try block?

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Answer: Yes, it is possible to write several catch blocks under a single try block. However, the
approach needs to be from speci c to general. Following example demonstrates the same:

public class Example {

public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
int a[]= new int[10];
a[10]= 10/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Arithmetic exception in first catch block");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("Array index out of bounds in second catch block");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Any exception in third catch block");
}
}

Question: How does the throw keyword di er from the throws keyword?
Answer: While the throws keyword allows declaring an exception, the throw keyword is used to
explicitly throw an exception. Checked exceptions can't be propagated with throw only, but
throws allow doing so without the need for anything else. The throws keyword is followed by a
class, whereas the throw keyword is followed by an instance. The throw keyword is used within
the method, but the throws keyword is used with the method signature. Furthermore, it is not
possible to throw multiple exceptions, but it is possible to declare multiple exceptions.

Question: Explain various exceptions handling keywords in Java?

Answer:

There is two crucial exception handling keywords in Java, followed by the third keyword nal,
which may or may not be used after handling exceptions.

try:

If and when a code segment has chances of having and abnormality or an error, it is placed within
a try block. When the exception is raised, it is handled and caught by the catch block.

Try block must have a catch() or a nal() or both blocks after it.

catch:

When an exception is raised in the try block, it is handled in the catch block.

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nal:

This block is executed regardless of the exception. It can be placed either after try{} or catch {}
block.

Question: Explain exception propagation?

Answer: The method at the top of the stack throws an exception if it is not caught. It moves to the
next method and goes on like this until caught.

Example:

public class Sum()

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
addition()
}
public void addition()
{
add();
}
}

The stack of the above code is:

add()

addition()

main()

If an exception occurred in the add() method is not caught, then it moves to the method addition().
It is then moved to the main() method, where the ow of execution stops. It is called Exception
Propagation.

File Handling Java Interview Questions

Question: Does an empty le name with .java extension a valid le name?
Answer: Yes, Java permits to save our java le by .java only. It is compiled by javac .java and run
by java class name.

Let's take a simple example:

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public class Any()

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello Java File here!");
}
}

To compile: javac.java

To run: Java Any

Collections Java Interview Questions

Question: What do you mean by Collections in Java? What are the constituents of
Collections in Java?
Answer: A group of objects in Java is known as collections. Java.util package
(https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/package-summary.html) contains, along with
date and time facilities, internationalization, legacy collection classes, etc., the various classes and
interfaces for collecting. Alternatively, collections can be considered as a framework designed for
storing the objects and manipulating the design in which the objects are stored. You can use
collections to perform the following operations on objects:

Deletion
Insertion
Manipulation
Searching
Sorting

Following are the various constituents of the collections framework:

Classes – Array List, Linked List, Lists, and Vector

Interfaces – Collection, List, Map, Queue, Set, Sorted Map, and Sorted Set
Maps – HashMap, HashTable, LinkedHashMap, and TreeMap
Queues – Priority Queue
Sets – Hash Set, Linked Hash Set, and Tree Set

Question: How will you di erentiate HashMap from HashTable?

Answer: HashMap in Java is a Map-based collection class, used for storing key & value pairs. It is
denoted as HashMap<Key, Value> or HashMap<K, V> HashTable is an array of a list, where each
list is called a bucket. Values contained in a HashTable are unique and depend on the key.
Methods are not synchronized in HashMap, while key methods are synchronized in HashTable.
However, HashMap doesn't have thread safety, while HashTable has the same. For iterating
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values, HashMap uses iterator and HashTable uses enumerator. HashTable doesn't allow anything
that is null, while HashMap allows one null key and several null values. In terms of performance,
HashTable is slow. Comparatively, HashMap is faster.

Question: Please explain Map and their types in Java.

Answer: A Java Map is an object that maps keys to values. It can't contain duplicate keys, and
each key can map to only one value. In order to determine whether two keys are the same or
distinct, Map makes use of the equals() method. There are 4 types of Map in Java, described as
follows:

HashMap - It is an unordered and unsorted map and hence, is a good choice when there is no
emphasis on the order. A HashMap allows one null key and multiple null values and doesn't
maintain any insertion order.
HashTable – Doesn't allow anything null and has methods that are synchronized. As it allows
for thread safety, the performance is slow.
LinkedHashMap – Slower than a HashMap but maintains insertion order and has a faster
iteration.
TreeMap – A sorted Map providing support for constructing a sort order using a constructor.

Question: What do you mean by Priority Queue in Java?

Answer: Priority queue, like a regular queue, is an abstract data type except having a priority
associated with each element contained by it. The element with the high priority is served before
the element with low priority in a priority queue. Elements in a priority queue are ordered either
according to the comparator or naturally. The order of the elements in a priority queue represents
their relative priority.

Question: What is Set in Java? Also, explain its types in a Java Collections.
Answer: In Java, a Set is a collection of unique objects. It uses the equals() method to determine
whether two objects are the same or not. Various types of Set in Java Collections are:

. Hash Set– An unordered and unsorted set that uses the hash code of the object for adding
values. Used when the order of the collection isn't important
. Linked Hash Set– This is an ordered version of the hash set that maintains a doubly-linked list
of all the elements. Used when iteration order is mandatory. Insertion order is the same as that
of how elements are added to the Set.
. Tree Set– One of the two sorted collections in Java, it uses Read-Black tree structure and
ensures that the elements are present in the ascending order.

Question: What is ordered and sorted concerning collections?

Answer:

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. Ordered

It means that values are stored in a collection in a speci c order, but the order is independent of
the value. Eg. List

. Sorted

It means the collection has an order which is dependent on the value of an element.

Eg. SortedSet

Miscellaneous Java Interview Questions

Question: Please explain the various types of garbage collectors in Java?
Answer: The Java programming language has four types of garbage collectors:

. Serial Garbage Collector– Using only a single thread for garbage collection, the serial garbage
collector works by holding all the application threads. It is designed especially for single-
threaded environments. Because serial garbage collector freezes all application threads while
performing garbage collection, it is most suitable for command-line programs only. For using
the serial garbage collector, one needs to turn on the -XX:+UseSerialGC JVM argument.
. Parallel Garbage Collector – Also known as the throughput collector, the parallel garbage
collector is the default garbage collector of the JVM. It uses multiple threads for garbage
collection, and like a serial garbage collector freezes all application threads during garbage
collection.
. CMS Garbage Collector– Short for Concurrent Mark Sweep, CMS garbage collector uses
multiple threads for scanning the heap memory for marking instances for eviction, followed by
sweeping the marked instances. There are only two scenarios when the CMS garbage collector
holds all the application threads:
. When marking the referenced objects in the tenured generation space
. If there is some change in the heap memory while performing the garbage collection, CMS
garbage collector ensures better application throughput over parallel garbage collectors by
using more CPU. For using the CMS garbage collector, the XX:+USeParNewGC JVM
argument needs to be turned on.
. G1 Garbage Collector – Used for large heap memory areas, G1 garbage collector works by
separating the heap memory into multiple regions and then executing garbage collection in
them in parallel. Unlike the CMS garbage collector that compacts the memory on STW (Stop
The World) situations (https://stackover ow.com/questions/16695874/why-does-the-jvm-full-gc-
need-to-stop-the-world), G1 garbage collector compacts the free heap space right after

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reclaiming the memory. Also, the G1 garbage collector prioritizes the region with the most
garbage. Turning on the –XX:+UseG1GC JVM argument is required for using the G1 garbage
collector.

Question: What do you understand by Synchronization in Java? What is its most

signi cant disadvantage?
Answer: If several threads try to access a single block of code, then there is an increased chance
of producing inaccurate results. Synchronization is used to prevent this. Using the
synchronization keyword makes a thread need a key to access the synchronized code. Simply,
synchronization allows only one thread to access a block of code at a time. Each Java object has
a lock, and every lock has only one key. A thread can access a synchronized method only if it can
get the key to the lock of the object. Following example demonstrates synchronization:

public class ExampleThread implements Runnable {

public static void main (String[] args){
Thread t = new Thread();
t.start();
}
public void run(){
synchronized(object){
{
}
}

Note: It is recommended to avoid implementing synchronization for all methods. This is because
when only one thread can access the synchronized code, the next thread needs to wait.
Consequently, it results in slower performance of the program.

Question: Can you tell the di erence between execute(), executeQuery(), and
executeUpdate()?
Answer:

execute() – Used for executing an SQL query. It returns TRUE if the result is a ResultSet, like
running Select queries, and FALSE if the result is not a ResultSet, such as running an Insert or
an Update query.
executeQuery() – Used for executing Select queries. It returns the ResultSet, which is not null,
even if no records are matching the query. The executeQuery() method must be used when
executing select queries so that it throws the java.sql.SQLException with the 'executeQuery
method cannot be used for update' message when someone tries to execute an Insert or
Update statement.

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executeUpdate() – Used for executing Delete/Insert/Update statement or DDL statements that

returns nothing. The output varies depending on whether the statements are Data Manipulation
Language (DML) statements or Data De nition Language (DDL) statements. The output is an
integer and equals the total row count for the former case, and 0 for the latter case.

Note: The execute() method needs to be used only in a scenario when there is no certainty about
the type of statement. In all other cases, either use executeQuery() or executeUpdate() method.

Question: Provide an example of Hibernate architecture:

Answer:

Question: Could you demonstrate how to delete a cookie in JSP with a code
example?
Answer: Following code demonstrates deleting a cookie in JSP:

Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name1","value1");

response.addCookie(mycook1);
Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook1","value1");
killmycook . set MaxAge ( 0 );
killmycook . set Path ("/");
killmycook . addCookie ( killmycook 1 );

Question: Write suitable code examples to demonstrate the use of nal, nal, and
nalize.

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Answer: Final: The nal keyword is used for restricting a class, method, and variable. A nal class
can't be inherited, a nal method is disabled from overriding, and a nal variable becomes a
constant i.e., its value can't be changed.

class FinalVarExample {
public static void main( String args[])
{
final int a=10;
a=50; /* Will result in an error as the value can’t be changed now*/
}

Finally: Any code inside the nal block will be executed, irrespective of whether an exception is
handled or not.

class FinallyExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try {
int x=100;
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
finally {
System.out.println("finally block is executing");}
}
}
}

Finalize: The nalize method performs the clean up just before the object is garbage collected.

class FinalizeExample {
public void finalize() {
System.out.println("Finalize is called");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
FinalizeExample f1=new FinalizeExample();
FinalizeExample f2=new FinalizeExample();
f1= NULL;
f2=NULL;
System.gc();
}
}

Question: What purpose do the Volatile variable serve in Java?

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Answer: The value stored in a volatile variable is not read from the thread's cache memory but
from the main memory. Volatile variables are primarily used during synchronization.

Question: Please compare Serialization with Deserialization in Java.

Answer: Serialization is the process by which Java objects are converted into the byte stream.
Deserialization is the exact opposite process of serialization where Java objects are retrieved
from the byte stream. A Java object is serialized by writing it to an ObjectOutputStream and
deserialized by reading it from an ObjectInputStream.

Question: What do you understand by OutOfMemoryError in Java?

Answer: Typically, the OutOfMemoryError exception is thrown when the JVM is not able to
allocate an object due to running out of memory. In such a situation, no memory could be
reclaimed by the garbage collector. There can be several reasons that result in the
OutOfMemoryError exception, out of which most notable ones are:

Holding objects for too long

Trying to process too much data at the same time
Using a third-party library that caches strings
Using an application server that doesn't perform a memory cleanup post the deployment
When a native allocation can't be satis ed

That completes the list of top Java interview questions. What do you think about the list we
compiled? Let us know by dropping your comments in the dedicated window below. Also, check
out these best Java tutorials (https://hackr.io/tutorials/learn-java?ref=blog-post) to further re ne
your Java skill set.

Question: Explain public static void main(String args[ ]) in Java

Answer: The execution Java program starts with public static void main(String args[ ]), also called
the main() method.

public: It is an access modi er de ning the accessibility of the class or method. Any Class can
access the main() method de ned public in the program.
static: The keyword indicates the variable, or the method is a class method. The method main()
is made static so that it can be accessed without creating the instance of the class. When the
method main() is not made static, the compiler throws an error because the main() is called by
the JVM before any objects are made, and only static methods can be directly invoked via the
class.
void: It is the return type of the method. Void de nes the method does not return any type of
value.

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main: JVM searches this method when starting the execution of any program, with the
particular signature only.
String args[]: The parameter passed to the main method.

Question: What are wrapper classes in Java?

Answer: Wrapper classes are responsible for converting the Java primitives into the reference
types (objects). A class is dedicated to every primitive data type. They are known as wrapper
classes because they wrap the primitive data type into an object of that class. It is present in
Java.lang package. The table below displays the di erent primitive types, wrapper class.

Simple Type Wrapper Class

boolean Boolean

char Character

double Double

oat Float

int Integer

long Long

Question: Explain the concept of boxing, unboxing, autoboxing, and auto unboxing.
Answer:

Boxing: The concept of putting a primitive value inside an object is called boxing.
Unboxing: Getting the primitive value from the object.
Autoboxing: Assigning a value directly to an integer object.
Auto unboxing: Getting the primitive value directly into the integer object.

public class BoxUnbox

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i = 5;
Integer ii = new Integer(i); /*Boxing*/
Integer jj = i; /*Unboxing*/
int j = jj.intValue(); /*Unboxing*/
int k = jj; /*AutoUnboxing*/
}
}

Question: De ne the Singleton class in Java. How can a class be made Singleton?
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Answer: A Singleton class allows only one instance of the class to be created.

A class can be made singleton with the following steps:

. Creating a static instance of the class with the class.

. By not allowing the user to create an instance with default constructor by de ning private
constructor.
. Create a static method to return the object of an instance of A.

public class Singleton

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Single obj1 = Single.getInstance(); /* both would point to one and same instance of the
class */
Single obj2 = Single.getInstance();
}
}
class Single
{
static Single obj = new Single(); /* step a*/
private Single() /* step b*/
{
}
public static Single getInstance()
{
return obj; /* step c*/
}
}

Question: What if the public static void is replaced by static public void, will the
program still run?
Answer: Yes, the program would compile and run without any errors as the order of the speci ers
don't matter.

Question: Di erentiate between == and equals() ?

Answer:

Equals() ==

It is a method of String class It is an operator.

Content comparison Address comparison

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class Operator {
public static void main(String[] args)
{ public class Equals{
/* integer-type*/ public static void main(String[] args)
System.out.println(10 == 20); {
/* char-type*/ String s1 = new String("HELLO");
System.out.println('a' == 'b'); String s2 = new String("HELLO");
/* char and double type*/ System.out.println(s1 == s2);
System.out.println('a' == 97.0); System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));
/* boolean type*/ }
System.out.println(true == true); }
}
}

Question: Why don't we use pointers in Java?

Answer: Pointers are considered to be unsafe, and increase the complexity of the program, add

ing the concept of pointers can be contradicting. Also, JVM is responsible for implicit memory
allocation; thus, to avoid direct access to memory by the user, pointers are discouraged in Java.

Questions: Di erentiate between this() and super()

Answer:

this() super()

Represents the current instance of the Represents the current instance of the
class. parent/base class.

It is used to call the default constructor of It is used to call the default constructor of the
the same class parent/base class.

Accesses method of the current class Accesses method of the base class

Points current class instance Points to the superclass instance.

Must be the rst line of the block It must be the rst line of the block.

Java Coding Interview Questions

Apart from having good knowledge about concepts of Java programming, you are also tested for
your skills in coding in Java programming language. Given below are Java Coding Interview
Questions that are relevant for freshers and are quite popular amongst Java programming
interviews.

Question: Take a look at the two code snippets below:

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i.

class Adder {
Static int add(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
}
Static double add( double a, double b)
{
return a+b;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
}}

ii.

class Car {
void run(){
System.out.println(“car is running”);
}
Class Audi extends Car{
void run()
{
System.out.prinltn(“Audi is running safely with 100km”);
}
public static void main( String args[])
{
Car b=new Audi();
b.run();
}
}

What is the important di erence between the two?

Answer: Code snippet i. is an example of method overloading while the code snippet ii.
demonstrates method overriding.

Questions: Program for string reversal without using inbuilt function

Answer:

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public class Reversal

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String input = "Java Interview";
System.out.println("Given String -> " + "Java Interview");
char charArray[] = input.toCharArray();
System.out.println("Reversed String -> ");
for(int i = charArray.length-1;i>=0; i--)
{
System.out.print(charArray[i]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}

Questions: Program to delete duplicate from an array

Answer:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
class RemoveDuplicates
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
/*create ArrayList with duplicate elements*/
ArrayList duplicate = new ArrayList();
duplicate.add(5);
duplicate.add(7);
duplicate.add(1);
duplicate.add(4);
duplicate.add(1);
duplicate.add(7);
System.out.println("Given array: "+ duplicate);
Set <Integer> withoutDuplicates = new LinkedHashSet<Integer>(duplicate)
duplicate.clear();
duplicate.addAll(withoutDuplicates);
System.out.println("Array without duplicates: "+ duplicate);
}
}

Questions: Program to reverse a number

Answer:

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import java.util.Scanner;
public class NumberReversal
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Please enter the number to be reversed");
Scanner sc = new Scanner (System.in);
int number = sc.nextInt();
int reverse = reverse(number);
System.out.println("Reverse of number: " + number + " is " + reverse(number));
}
public static int reverse(int number){
int reverse = 0;
int remainder = 0;
do{
remainder = number%10;
reverse = reverse*10 + remainder;
number = number/10;
}while(number > 0);
return reverse;
}
}

Questions: Program for binary search

Answer:

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import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Binary {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Enter total number of elements : ");
Scanner s = new Scanner (System.in);
int length = s.nextInt();
int[] input = new int[length];
System.out.printf("Enter %d integers", length);
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
input[i] = s.nextInt();
}
/* binary search requires the input array to be sorted so we must sort the array first*/
Arrays.sort(input);
System.out.print("the sorted array is: ");
for(int i= 0; i<= length-1;i++)
{
System.out.println(input[i] + " ,");
}
System.out.println("Please enter number to be searched in sorted array");
int key = s.nextInt();
int index = BSearch(input, key);
if (index == -1) {
System.out.printf("Sorry, %d is not found in array %n", key);
} else {
System.out.printf("%d is found in array at index %d %n", key,
index);
}
}
public static int BSearch(int[] input, int number) {
int low = 0;
int high = input.length - 1;
while (high >= low) {
int middle = (low + high) / 2;
if (input[middle] == number) {
return middle;
} else if (input[middle] < number) {
low = middle + 1;
} else if (input[middle] > number) {
high = middle - 1;
}
}
return -1;
}
}

Questions: Program to check if a number is prime.

Answer:

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import java.util.Scanner;
public class Prime
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Enter the number to check: ");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int num = sc.nextInt();
boolean isPrime = false;
if(num!=0)
{
isPrime = checkPrime(num);
}else
{
System.out.println("Enter valid number");
}
if(isPrime == false)
{
System.out.println(" NOT PRIME!!");
}
else
{
System.out.println("PRIME!!");
}
}
public static boolean checkPrime(int number)
{
int sqrt = (int) Math.sqrt(number) + 1;
for(int i = 2; i<sqrt; i++)
{
if(number % i== 0)
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}

Questions: Program to print Fibonacci Series

Answer:

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import java.util.Scanner;
public class Fibo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Enter the number upto which Fibonacci series should be printed ");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int num = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Fibonacci Series upto %d is" + num);
for(int i=1; i<=num; i++)
{
System.out.print(fib(i) + " ");
}
}
public static int fib(int n)
{
if(n ==1 || n==2)
{
return 1;
}
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
}
}

Questions: Program to check if the given string is a palindrome.

Answer:

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import java.util.Scanner;
public class PalinDrome
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Enter the string to check");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
String str = sc.nextLine();
boolean isPalindrome;
isPalindrome = checkPalindrome(str);
if(str.equals(" "))
{
System.out.println("Enter valid string");
}
else
{
if(isPalindrome)
{
System.out.println("PALINDROME!!");
}
else
{
System.out.println("NOT A PALINDROME!!");
}
}
}
public static boolean checkPalindrome(String input)
{
int str_length = input.length();
int i=0, j= str_length-1;
while(i<j)
{
if(input.charAt(i) != input.charAt(j))
return false;
i++;
j--;
}
return true;
}
}

Questions: Pattern printing

*
**
***
****
*****

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Answer:

public class Pattern

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for(int i=5; i>=0; i--)
{
System.out.println();
for(int j=i; j<5;j++)
{
System.out.print(" * ");
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}

Questions: Program to swap two numbers

Answer:

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Swap
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a number: ");
int a = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter second number: ");
int b = s.nextInt();
System.out.println("Value of a and b before swapping: " + "a = " +a + " b = " + b);
swap(a,b);
}
public static void swap(int a , int b)
{
int swap_variable;
swap_variable = a;
a = b;
b = swap_variable;
System.out.println("Value of a and b after swapping: " + "a = " +a + " b = " + b);
}
}

Questions: Program to check if the given number is an Armstrong number.

Answer:

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import java.util.Scanner;
public class Armstrong
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a number: ");
int number = s.nextInt();
int a=number, sum = 0, num=0;
while(a%10 !=0)
{
num = a%10;
sum = sum + (num*num*num);
a = a/10;
}
if(sum == number)
{
System.out.println("Armstrong Number!");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Not an Armstrong Number!");
}
}
}

We have also provided a PDF for your preparation so that you can download and learn and
prepare on the go. Download Java Interview Questions PDF (https://bit.ly/2MEd10z)

Summary
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karthik
what is dispatcherservlet?
Reply

karthik
what is di erence between spring and springboot ,microservice?
Reply

Karena Noonan
Di erence between notify() method and notifyAll() method in Java.
Reply

Sam Willy

https://hackr.io/blog/java-interview-questions 41/44
7/1/2020 100+ Best Java Interview Questions & Answers in 2020

When multiple threads are waiting on any lock in Java, then while the notify() method sends a
noti cation to only one of them, the notifyAll() method sends noti cations to all of the waiting
threads
Reply

Chung Jack
Explain about Map and their types.
Reply

Jackie Smith
A Map is a Java object that maps keys to values. Each key in a Map object can have only one
value and a Map object can’t have duplicate keys. It is of three types:
i. HashMap – Implemented as a hash table with no order
ii. LinkedHashMap – Implemented as a hash table with insertion order
iii. TreeMap – Implementation based on red-black tree structure and ordered by the key
Reply

Nidia Gra
How does cookies work in Servlets?
Reply

Jimmy Gerald
A Servlet container sets a cookie in the header of the HTTP response with the cookie name
along with the unique session ID as its value. The cookie is stored in the user browser, which
sends it back to the server for all the following requests until the cookie is valid.
Reply

Walker Almond
What do you mean by aggregation?
Reply

Rocky Rickman
Also described as a “has-a” and “whole/part” relationship, aggregation is a relationship between
two Java classes. The aggregate class has a reference to some other class. A class with all its
data members public is an aggregate class. Aggregate classes have neither constructor
de nitions nor virtual functions.
Reply

Celesta Lavoie
Can you override a private or static method in Java?
Reply

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7/1/2020 100+ Best Java Interview Questions & Answers in 2020

Mahmood Khan
No, it isn’t possible to override either a private method or a static method in Java. Because the
scope of the private access speci er is limited within a class, it can’t be overridden. Overriding
the static method won’t yield any error, but the output will turn out to have deviated.
Reply

Rona Moon
What is the di erence between HashSet and TreeSet?
Reply

Kyle Mannequin
The biggest di erence between HashSet and TreeSet is in terms of performance. HashSet is
much faster than TreeSet. However, HashSet doesn’t guarantee any order. On the contrary,
TreeSet maintains objects in some sorted order de ned by the Comparator or Comparable
method
Reply

Arron Nunley
Di erence between equals() and ==?
Reply

Ram Naresh
Although both equals() and == are used to compare objects for equality in Java, there is one big
distinguishing factor between the two. While == checks whether the two objects point to the
same memory location, equals() checks whether the two objects have the same value or not.
Reply

Richelle Ritter
Di erence between Default and Protected access speci ers.
Reply

Rachel McCartney
Protected data members and methods are accessible by the classes belonging to the same
package in addition to the subclasses belonging to any other package. Default data members
and methods, on the other hand, are only accessible by the classes belonging to the same
package.
Reply

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