Screw Problems

SOLUTION (10.
1)
Known: A special C-clamp uses a 0.5-inch diameter Acme thread and a collar of
0.625-inch effective mean diameter.
Find: Estimate the force required at the end of a 5-in. handle to develop a 200 lb
clamping force.
Schematic and Given Data:
1/2 in. Acme thread

d c = 5/8 in.
6 in.
Assumptions:
1. Coefficients of running friction are estimated as 0.15 for both the collar and the
screw.
2. The screw has a single thread.
Analysis:
1. From section 10.3.1, and considering that service conditions may be conducive to
relatively high friction, estimate f = f c ≈ 0.15 (for running friction).
2. From Table 10.3, p = 0.1 in., and with a single thread, L = 0.1 in.
3. From Fig. 10.4(a),
p
α = 14.5o and dm = d − = 0.5 − 0.05 = 0.45 in.
2
4. From Eq. (10.1),
λ = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 1 = 4.05o

πd m π(0. 45)
5. From Eq. (10.6),
αn = tan-1 (tan α cos λ) = tan-1 (tan 14.5o cos 4.05o)
= 14.47o
(Note: with λ ≈ 4o, it is obvious that αn ≈ α and well within the accuracy of
assumed friction coefficients)
10-1
6. From Eq. (10.4),
T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

2 !dmcos " n # f L 2
(150)(0.45) (0.15)!(0. 45) + 0. 1(cos 14. 47˚) (150)(0.15)(0.625)

T= +
2 !(0. 45)(cos 14. 47˚) " (0. 15)(0. 1) 2
T = 7.70 + 7.03 = 14.73 lb in. Use T ≈ 15 lb in.
At the end of a 6-in. handle, the clamping force required ≈ 15/6 = 2.5 lb ■
SOLUTION (10.2)
Known: A double-threaded Acme screw of known major diameter is used in a jack
having a plain thrust collar of known mean diameter. Coefficients of running friction
are estimated as 0.09 for the collar and 0.12 for the screw.
Find:
(a) Determine the pitch, lead, thread depth, mean pitch diameter, and helix angle of
the screw.
(b) Estimate the starting torque for raising and for lowering a 4000 N load.
(c) If the screw is lifting a 4000 N load, determine the efficiency of the jack.
Double-threaded Acme
Load screw
4,000 N d = 1 in.
dc = 50 mm
fc = 0.09
f
f = 0.12
fc
dm
dc
Assumptions:
1. The starting friction is about 1/3 higher than running friction.
2. The screw is not exposed to vibration.
Analysis:
1. From Table 10.3, there are 5 threads per inch.
p = 1/5 = 0.2 in. = 0.0051 m ■
Because of the double-threaded screw,
L = 2p = 0.4 in. = 0.0102 m ■
10-2
2. From Fig. 10.4a,
Threaded depth = 0.5p = 0.10 in. = 0.00254 m ■
dm = d − 0.5p = 0.90 in. = 0.02286 m ■
3. From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 4 = 8. 05o ■

#dm 0. 90#
4. For starting, increase the coefficient of friction by 1/3:
f c = 0.12, f = 0.16
From Eq. (10.6),

= 14.36o
5. From Eq. (10.4),

=
2 [
4000(0.02286) 0.16π(0.02286) + 0.0102cos 14.36˚
π(0.02286)cos 14.36˚ − 0.16(0.0102) ]
4000(0. 12)(0. 05)
+
2
T = 7.175 + 12 = 19.175 N•m. to raise the load ■
6. From Eq. (10.5),
T = Wdm f !dm " Lcos # n + Wf c dc

2 !dmcos # n + f L 2
T=
2 [
4000(0.02286) 0.16π(0.02286) − 0.0102cos 14.36˚
π(0.02286)cos 14.36˚ + 0.16(0.0102) ]
4000(0. 12)(0. 05)
+
2
T = -5.819 + 12 = 6.18 N•m. to lower the load ■
7. From Eq. (10.4) with fc = 0.09, f = 0.12
T=
2 [
π(0.02286)cos 14.36˚ - 0.12(0.0102) + ]
4000(0.02286) 0.12π(0.02286) + (0.0102)(cos 14.36˚) 4000(0. 09)(0. 05)
2
10-3
T = 7.00 + 9 = 16.00 N•m
8. From Eq. (10.4), the friction free torque for raising the load is
T=
2 [
4000(0.02286) (0.0102)(cos 14.36˚)
π(0.02286)cos 14.36˚ ]
= 6.49 N•m
9. Efficiency = 6.49/16.00 = 40.6% ■

10. Work input to the screw during one revolution = 2πT = 2π(16.00) = 100.5 N•m
11. Work output during one revolution = WL = (4000)(2)(0.0051) = 40.8 N•m
12. Efficiency = Work out/Work in = 40.8/100.5 = 40.6%
Comments:
1. For a double threaded screw the work output during one revolution is WL where L
= 2p.
2. If a small thrust bearing were used so that the collar friction could be neglected,
the efficiency would increase to 6.49/7.00 = 92.7%.
SOLUTION (10.3)
Known: A square-threaded, single thread power screw is used to raise a known load.
The screw has a mean diameter of 1 in. and four threads per inch. The collar mean
diameter is 1.5 in. The coefficient of friction is estimated as 0.1 for both the thread and
the collar.
Find:
(a) Determine the major diameter of the screw.
(b) Estimate the screw torque required to raise the load.
(c) If collar friction is eliminated, determine the minimum value of thread coefficient
of friction needed to prevent the screw from overhauling.
Load
25,000 lb dm = 1 in.
4 threads/in.
dc = 1.5 in.
f
f = fc = 0.1
fc
dm
dc
10-4
Assumption: The screw is not exposed to vibration.
Analysis:
1. From Fig. 10.4(c),
p
d = dm + = 1 + 0. 25 = 1. 125 in. ■
2 2
2. From Eq. (10.4a),
T = Wdm f !dm + L + Wf c dc
2 !dm " f L 2
=
2 [
(25000)(1) (0. 1)π(1) + 0. 25
π(1) − (0. 1)(0. 25)]+
(25000)(0. 1)(1. 5)
2
T = 2263 lb in. + 1875 lb in. = 4138 lb in. ■
3. From Eq. (10.7a), the screw is self-locking if
f ! L = 0. 25 = 0. 08
"dm "(1)
f ≥ 0.08 ■
Therefore, the minimum value of thread coefficient of friction needed to prevent

the screw from overhauling is 0.08.
SOLUTION (10.4)
Known: A double-threaded Acme stub screw of known major diameter is used in a
jack having a plain thrust collar of known mean diameter. Coefficients of running
friction are estimated as 0.10 for the collar and 0.11 for the screw.
Find:
the screw.
(b) Estimate the starting torque for raising and for lowering a 5000 lb load.
(c) If the screw is lifting a 5000 lb load at the rate of 4 ft/min, determine the screw
rpm. Also determine the efficiency of the jack under this steady-state condition.
(d) Determine if the screw will overhaul if a ball thrust bearing (of negligible friction)
were used in place of the plain thrust collar.
10-5
Load stub screw
3,500 lb d = 2 in.
dc = 2.75 in.
f fc = 0.10
f = 0.11
fc
dm
dc
Assumptions:
Analysis:
p = 1/4 = 0.25 in. ■
L = 2p = 0.50 in. ■
From Fig. 10.4 (b),
Threaded depth = 0.3p = 0.075 in. ■
dm = d − 0.3p = 1.925 in. ■
From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

#dm 1.925#
2. For starting, increase the coefficients of friction by 1/3:
fc = 0.133, f = 0.147
From Eq. (10.6),

αn = tan-1 (tan α cos λ) = tan-1 (tan 14.5˚ cos 4.73˚)
= 14.45˚
From Eq. (10.4),
T=
(
2 πd mcos α n + f L )
Wd m f πd m − Lcos α n Wf c d c
+
2
=
2 [
3500(1.925) 0.147π(1.925) + 0.5cos 14.45˚
π(1.925)cos 14.45˚ − 0.147(0.5)
10-6
+
]3500(0.133)(2.75)
2
T = 799.9 + 640.1 = 1440 lb in. to raise the load ■
From Eq. (10.5),
T=
(
2 πd mcos α n + f L )
Wd m f πd m − Lcos α n Wf c d c
+
2
=
2 [
3500(1.925) 0.147π(1.925) + 0.5cos 14.45˚
π(1.925)cos 14.45˚ − 0.147(0.5)
+
]
3500(0.133)(2.75)
2
T = 230.0 + 640.1 = 870.1 lb in. to lower the load ■
4(12) in. /min

3. = 96 rpm ■
0. 5 in. /rev
4. From Eq. (10.4), with fc = 0.1, f = 0.11
T=
2 [
3500(1.925) 0.11π(1.925) + 0.5cos 14.45˚
π(1.925)cos 14.45˚ − 0.11(0.5)]+
3500(0.1)(2.75)
2
T = 667.1 + 481.3 = 1148.4 lb in.
5. From Eq. (1.3),
Tn (1148. 4/12)96
Win = = = 1.75 hp
5252 5252
(3500)4
Wout = = 0.424 hp
33000
Therefore, efficiency = 0.424 = 0.24 = 24% ■

1.75
6. From Eq. (10.7), the screw is self-locking if
L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

f ≥ = = 0.08
"dm !(1. 925)
Thus, if f = 0.11, the screw is self-locking and not overhauling. ■
10-7
SOLUTION (10.7)
Known: A square-threaded, single thread power screw is used to raise a known load.
The screw has a mean diameter of 1 in. and four threads per inch. The collar mean
diameter is 1.75 in. The coefficient of friction is estimated as 0.1 for both the thread
and the collar.
Find:
(a) Determine the major diameter of the screw.
(b) Estimate the screw torque required to raise the load.
(c) If collar friction is eliminated, determine the minimum value of thread coefficient
of friction needed to prevent the screw from overhauling.
Load
13,750 lb dm = 1 in.
4 threads/in.
f dc = 1.75 in.
f = fc = 0.1
fc
dm
dc
Assumption: The screw is not exposed to vibration.

Analysis:
1. From Fig. 10.4(c),
p
d = dm + = 1 + 0. 25 = 1. 125 in. ■
2 2
2. From Eq. (10.4a),
2 !d " f L 2
m
=
2 [
(13750)(1) (0.1)π(1) + 0.25
]
π(1) − (0.1)(0.25)
+
(13750)(0.1)(1.75)
2
T = 1245 lb in. + 1203 lb in. = 2448 lb in. ■

3. From Eq. (10.7a), the screw is self-locking if
f ≥ L = 0.25 = 0.08
πd m π(1)
10-12
f ≥ 0.08 ■
Therefore, the minimum value of thread coefficient of friction needed to prevent

the screw from overhauling is 0.08.
SOLUTION (10.8)
Known: A double-threaded Acme stub screw of known major diameter is used in a
jack having a plain thrust collar of known mean diameter. Coefficients of running
friction are estimated as 0.10 for the collar and 0.11 for the screw.
Find:
the screw.
(b) Estimate the starting torque for raising and for lowering a 5000 lb load.
(c) If the screw is lifting a 5000 lb load at the rate of 4 ft/min, determine the screw
rpm. Also determine the efficiency of the jack under this steady-state condition.
(d) Determine if the screw will overhaul if a ball thrust bearing (of negligible friction)
were used in place of the plain thrust collar.
Load stub screw
5,000 lb d = 2 in.
dc = 2.5 in.
fc = 0.10
f
f = 0.11
fc
dm
dc
Assumptions:
Analysis:
p = 1/4 = 0.25 in. ■
L = 2p = 0.50 in. ■
2. From Fig. 10.4 (b),
Threaded depth = 0.3p = 0.075 in. ■
dm = d − 0.3p = 1.925 in. ■
10-13
3. From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

#dm 1.925#
4. For starting, increase the coefficients of friction by 1/3:
f c = 0.133, f = 0.147
5. From Eq. (10.6),

αn = tan-1 (tan α cos λ) = tan-1 (tan 14.5˚ cos 4.73˚)
= 14.45˚
6. From Eq. (10.4),

5000(1. 925) 0.147!(1. 925) + 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 133)(2. 5)

= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ " 0. 147(0. 5) 2
T = 1142.7 + 831.3 = 1974 lb in. to raise the load ■
7. From Eq. (10.5),
T = Wdm f !dm " Lcos # n + Wf c dc

2 !dmcos # n + f L 2
5000(1. 925) 0.147!(1. 925) " 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 133)(2. 5)
= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ + 0. 147(0. 5) 2
T = 328.5 + 831.3 = 1160 lb in. to lower the load ■
4(12) in. /min

8. = 96 rpm ■
0. 5 in. /rev
9. From Eq. (10.4), with f c = 0.1, f = 0.11
5000(1. 925) 0.11!(1. 925) + 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 1)(2. 5)
T= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ " 0. 11(0. 5) 2
T = 953 + 625 = 1578 lb in.
10 From Eq. (1.3),
Tn (1578/12)96
Win = = = 2.40 hp
5252 5252
10-14
(5000)4
Wout = = 0.606 hp
33000
0. 606
11. Therefore, efficiency = = 0.25 = 25% ■
2. 40
12. From Eq. (10.7), the screw is self-locking if
L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

f ≥ = = 0.08
"dm !(1. 925)
Thus, if f = 0.11, the screw is self-locking and not overhauling. ■
SOLUTION (10.9)
Known: A jack uses a single square-thread screw to raise a known load. The major
diameter and pitch of the screw and the thrust collar mean diameter are known.
Running friction coefficients are estimated.
Find:
(a) Determine the thread depth and helix angle.
(b) Estimate the starting torque for raising and lowering the load.
(c) Estimate the efficiency of the jack for raising the load.
(d) Estimate the power required to drive the screw at a constant 1 revolution per
second.
Load Single square-thread screw

50 kN d = 36 mm
p p = 6 mm
dc = 80 mm
f f = 0.15
f c = 0.12
fc
dm
dc
Assumption: The starting friction is about 1/3 higher than running friction.
Analysis:
1. From Fig. 10.4(c),
Thread depth = p/2 = 6/2 = 3 mm ■
10-15
2. From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan-1 L where dm = d ! p = 33 mm
"dm 2
λ = tan-1 6 = 3.31o ■
π(33)
3. For starting, increase the coefficients of friction by 1/3, then
f = 0.20, f c = 0.16
4. From Eq. (10.4a),
2 !dm " f L 2
=
2 (
(50, 000)(0. 033) 0. 20π(0. 033) + 0. 006
π(0. 033) − (0. 20)(0. 006))+
(50, 000)(0. 16)(0. 080)
2
T = 215 + 320
T = 535 N•m to raise the load ■

5. From Eq. (10.5a),
T = Wdm f !dm " L + Wf c dc

2 !dm + f L 2
=
2 (
(50, 000)(0. 033) 0. 20π(0. 033) − 0. 006
π(0. 033) + (0. 20)(0. 006))+
(50, 000)(0. 16)(0. 080)
2
T = 116 + 320
T = 436 N•m to lower the load ■
6. From Eq. (10.4a), with f = 0.15, f c = 0.12,
T=
2 (
(50, 000)(0. 033) 0. 15π(0. 033) + 0. 006
π(0. 033) − (0. 15)(0. 006))+
(50, 000)(0. 12)(0. 080)
2
T = 173 + 240 = 413 N•m
7. Work input to the screw during one revolution

= 2πT = 2π(413) = 2595 N•m
10-16
8. Work output during one revolution
= W• p = (50,000)(0.006) = 300 N•m
Work out 300

9. Efficiency = = = 11.6% ■
Work in 2595
10. Check:
Torque during load raising with f = f c = 0
T=
2 (
(50, 000)(0. 033) 0 + 0. 006
π(0. 033) − 0
+0 )
T = 47.8 N•m
T(with zero friction) 47. 8

Efficiency = = = 11.6% ■
T(actual) 413
11. Check (partial):

Torque during load raising if collar friction is eliminated = 173 N•m
47. 8
Efficiency (screw only) = = 28%
173
12. From Eq. (1.2),
nT (60)(413)
W= = = 2.6 kW ■
9549 9549
10-17
SOLUTION (10.10)
Known: An ordinary C-clamp uses a 1/2 in. Acme thread and a collar of 5/8 in. mean
diameter.
Find: Estimate the force required at the end of a 5-in. handle to develop a 200 lb
clamping force.
1/2 in. Acme thread

d c = 5/8 in.
5 in.
Assumptions:
1. Coefficients of running friction are estimated as 0.15 for both the collar and the
screw.
2. The screw has a single thread.
Analysis:
1. From section 10.3.1, and considering that service conditions may be conducive to
relatively high friction, estimate f = f c ≈ 0.15 (for running friction).
2. From Table 10.3, p = 0.1 in., and with a single thread, L = 0.1 in.
3. From Fig. 10.4(a),
p
dm = d − = 0.5 − 0.05 = 0.45 in.
2
α = 14.5o
4. From Eq. (10.1),
λ = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 1 = 4.05o

πd m π(0. 45)
5. From Eq. (10.6),
= 14.47o
(Note: with λ ≈ 4o, it is obvious that αn ≈ α and well within the accuracy of
assumed friction coefficients)
10-18
6. From Eq. (10.4),

(200)(0. 45) (0.15)!(0. 45) + 0. 1(cos 14. 47˚) (200)(0. 15)(0. 625)
= +
2 !(0. 45)(cos 14. 47˚) " (0. 15)(0. 1) 2
T = 10.27 + 9.37 = 19.64 lb in. Use T ≈ 20 lb in.
20
At the end of a 5-in. handle, the clamping force required ≈ = 4 lb ■
5
SOLUTION (10.11)
Known: Two identical 3 in. major diameter screws (single threaded) with modified
square threads are used to raise and lower a 50-ton sluice gate of a dam. An estimated
friction coefficient is only 0.1 for the screw. Because of gate friction, each screw must
provide a lifting force of 26 tons.
Find: Determine the power required to drive each screw when the gate is being raised
at the rate of 3 ft/min. Also calculate the corresponding rotating speed of the screws.
Motor
Gear
3 in. major
diameter
power screw
f = 0.1
50 ton
sluice gate
V = 3 ft/min
Assumption: Collar friction can be neglected.
10-19
Analysis:
1. From Table 10.3,
p = L = 1/(1.75) = 0.571 in.
2. From Fig. 10.4(d),
p
dm = d ! = 3 ! 0. 571 = 2. 71 in.
2 2
and α = 2.5o
3. Since cos α = 0.999, use Eq. (10.4a):
2 !dm " f L 2
(52, 000)(2. 71) (0.1)!(2. 71) + 0. 571

= +0
2 !(2. 71) " (0. 1)(0. 571)
T = 11,851 lb in. = 988 lb ft (during load raising)
4. To raise the gate 36 in./min with L = 0.571 in.
requires 36/0.571 = 63.05 ≈ 63 rpm ■
5. From Fig. (1.3),
(63. 05)(988)
W= = 11.9 hp say 12 hp
5252
Therefore, 12 hp are required to drive each screw. ■
6. Check:
Work output per gate = 52,000 lb (3 ft/min)
= 156,000 lb ft/min = 4.73 hp
! = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 571 = 3. 84o

"dm "(2. 71)
From Fig. 10.8, Efficiency ≈ 40 %
4. 73
Thus, Wrequired ≈ = 11.83 hp ■
0. 4
10-20
SOLUTION (10.23)
Known: The bolt shown is made from cold drawn steel. The load fluctuates
continuously between 0 and 8000 lb.
Find:
(a) The minimum required value of initial load to prevent loss of compression of the
plates.
(b) The minimum force in the plates for the fluctuating load when the preload is 8500
lb.
Fe
Fe = 0 to 8,000 lb
kc = 6kb
Fe
Assumption: The bolt, nut, and plate materials do not yield.

Analysis:
1. Compression of the plates is lost when Fc = 0 when maximum load is applied.
From Eq. (10.13)
kc
Fi = Fc + F
kb + kc e
=0+ 6kb 8, 000 = 6 (8, 000) = 6,857 lb ■

kb + 6kb 7
2. Minimum force in plates occurs when fluctuating load is maximum.
From Eq. (10.13),
kc
Fc = Fi - Fe
kb + kc
= 8, 500 - 6kb 8, 000 = 8, 500 - 6 (8, 000) = 1,643 lb ■
kb + 6kb 7
10-38
SOLUTION (10.25)
Known: The cylinder head of a piston-type air compressor is held in place by ten bolts.
Total joint stiffness is four times total bolt stiffness. Each bolt is tightened to an initial
tension of 5000 N. The total external force acting to separate the joint fluctuates
between 0 and 20,000 N.
Find: Draw a graph (plotting force vs. time) showing three or four external load
fluctuations, and corresponding curves showing the fluctuations in total bolt load and
total joint clamping force.
Fe = 0 to 20,000 N
Assumption: The bolt size and material are such that the bolt load remains within the
elastic range.
Analysis:
1. The total bolt load when an external load is applied is, from Eq. (10.13),
Fb = Fi + ( )
kb
kb + kc
Fe = [(5000)(10)] +
1
1+4
(20,000)
= 54,000 N
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
4
Fe = 50,000 − (20,000)
5
= 34,000 N
10-40
2.
Fb
60,000
54,000
50,000
Total force (N)
40,000
Fc
34,000
30,000
20,000
Fe
10,000
0
Time
SOLUTION (10.26)
Known: The cylinder head of a piston-type air compressor is held in place by ten bolts.
Total joint stiffness is four times total bolt stiffness. Each bolt is tightened to an initial
tension of 5000 N. The total external force acting to separate the joint fluctuates
between 10,000 and 20,000 N.
Find: Draw a graph (plotting force vs. time) showing three or four external load
fluctuations, and draw corresponding curves showing the fluctuations in total bolt load
and total joint clamping force.
Fe = 10,000 to 20,000 N
Assumption: The bolt size and material are such that the bolt load remains within the
elastic range.
10-41
Analysis:
1. Using Eq. (10.13) for Fe = 20,000 N,
Fb = Fi + ( )
kb
kb + kc
Fe = [(5000)(10)] +
1
1+4
(20,000)
= 54,000 N
kc
Fc = Fi −
kc + kb ( )4
Fe = 50,000 − (20,000)
5
= 34,000 N
2. For Fe = 10,000 N,
1
Fb = 50,000 + (10,000) = 52,000 N
1+4
4
Fc = 50,000 − (10,000) = 42,000 N
5
3.
Fb
54 60
52
50
42
Total force (kN)
40 Fc
34
30
20
Fe
10
0
Time
SOLUTION (10.27)
Known: Two parts of a machine are held together by bolts that are initially tightened
to provide a total initial clamping force of 10,000 N. The elasticities are such that kc =
2kb.
Find:
(a) Determine the external separating force that would cause the clamping force to be
reduced to 1000 N.
(b) If this separating force is repeatedly applied and removed, determine values of
mean and alternating force acting on the bolts.
10-42
Fe
Initial Fc = 10,000 N
kc = 2 k b
Fe
Assumption: The stress on the bolt is within the elastic limit.

Analysis:
(a) From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
Fe :
1000 = 10,000 −
( )2
2+1
2
Fe : 9000 = Fe
3
Hence, Fe = 13,500 N ■
(b) Load off; Fb = Fi = 10,000 N

1
Load on; Fb = 10,000 + (13,500) = 14,500 N
3
10, 000 + 14, 500
Fm = = 12,250 N ■
2
14, 500 − 10, 000
Fa = = 2250 N ■
2
SOLUTION (10.28)
to provide a total initial clamping force of 2000 lb. The elasticities are such that kc =
5kb.
Find:
reduced to 500 lb.
10-43
Fe
Initial Fc = 2000 lb
kc = 5 k b
Fe
Assumption: The stress on the bolt is within the elastic limit.
Analysis:
(a) From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
Fe :
500 = 2000 − 5 Fe (or) 1500 = 5 Fe

5+1 6
Hence, Fe = 1800 lb ■
(b) Load off; Fb = Fi = 2000 lb
Load on; Fb = 2000 + 1 (1800) = 2300 lb

6
Fm = 2000 + 2300 = 2150 lb ■

2
Fa = 2300 ! 2000 = 150 lb ■

2
SOLUTION (10.29)
to provide a total initial clamping force of 2000 lb. The elasticities are such that kc =
6kb.
Find:
reduced to 500 lb.
10-44
Fe
Initial Fc = 2000 N
kc = 6 k b
Fe
Assumption: The bolt stress is less than the elastic limit of the bolt material.
Analysis:
(a) From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
Fe :
500 = 2000 − 6 Fe (or) 1500 = 6 Fe

6+1 7
Hence, Fe = 1750 lb ■
(b) Load off; Fb = Fi = 2000 lb

1
Load on; Fb = 2000 + (1750) = 2250 lb
7
+
Fm = 2000 2250 = 2125 lb ■
2
! 2000
Fa = 2250 = 125 lb ■
2
SOLUTION (10.30)
Known: Drawing 1 and 2 are identical except for placement of the spring washer. The
bolt and the clamped members are "infinitely" rigid in comparison with the spring
washer. In each case the bolt is initially tightened to a force of 10,000 N before two
known external loads are applied.
Find:
(a) For both arrangements, draw block A as a free-body in equilibrium.
(b) For both arrangements, draw a bolt force-vs-time plot for the case involving
repeated application and removal of the external loads.
10-45
A
A Spring
washer
1000 N 1000N
1000 N 1000 N Spring
washer
(1) (2)
Assumption: The bolt stress is within the elastic limit of the bolt material.
Analysis:
(a)
(1) 10,000 N (2) 8000 N
1000 N 12,000 N 1000 N 1000 N 10,000 N 1000 N
(b)
12 kN
10 kN 10 kN
Fb Fb
0 0
Time Time
(1) (2)
Comment: Note that in neither case does the 10 kN force of the flexible spring washer
change.
10-46
SOLUTION (10.33)
Known: Two parts of a machine, each carrying a static load, are held together by bolts.
The factor of safety and the ratios of yield strength and proof strength of the nuts to the
yield strength and proof strength of the bolts are known.
Find:
(a) Determine the size of class 5.8 coarse-thread metric bolts required.
(b) Determine the least number of threads that must be engaged for the thread shear
strength to be equal to the bolt tensile strength.
3.1 kN
Assumptions:
1. For steel, Sys ≈ 0.58Sy.
2. The loads are equally distributed among the threads.
3. (Sy)nut = 0.7(Sy)bolt
Analysis:
(a) From Table 10.5, Sp = 380 MPa
(Force)(SF) 3100(4) N
At = = = 32. 6 mm2
Sp 380 MPa
From Table 10.2, select M8 ✕ 1.25 with At = 36.6 mm2 ■
(b) Bolt tensile strength ≈ At Sy = 36.6 mm2 • Sy

Nut shear strength ≈ πd(0.75t)Sys
= π(8 mm)(0.75t)(0.58)(0.7Sy)
where Sy pertains to the bolt material.
Equating the strengths gives t = 4.78 mm
For pitch = 1.25 mm, this corresponds to 3.83 ≈ 3.9 threads ■
10-49
SOLUTION (10.38)
Known: The bolts that attach a bracket to an industrial machine must each carry a
static tensile load of 4 kN. The safety factor is 5. The nuts are made of steel with 2/3
the yield strength and proof strength of the bolt steel.
Find:
(a) Determine the size of class 5.8 coarse-thread metric bolts required.
4 kN
Assumptions:
3. (Sy)nut = 2/3 (Sy)bolt
Analysis:
(a) From Table 10.5, Sp = 380 MPa
(Force)(SF) 4, 000(5) N
At = = = 52. 6 mm 2
Sp 380 MPa
From Table 10.2, select M10 ✕ 1.5 ■
(b) Bolt tensile strength ≈ At (Sy)bolt = 58 mm2 • (Sy)bolt
Nut shear strength ≈ πd(0.75t)Sys
= π(10 mm)(0.75t)(0.58)(2/3)(Sy)bolt
where Sys pertains to the nut material and (Sy)bolt to the bolt material.
Equating the strengths gives t = 6.37 mm
For pitch = 1.50 mm, this corresponds to 4.25 ≈ 4.3 thread ■
10-55
SOLUTION (10.39)
Known: A UNF bolt, made from SAE grade 5 steel, carries a static tensile load of
3000 lb. The bolt is used with a nut made of steel corresponding to SAE grade 2
specifications. The safety factor is 4 based on the proof strength.
Find:
(a) Determine the size of the UNF bolt.
yield strength to be equal to the bolt tensile yield strength.
UNF bolt
SAE grade 5
SF = 4
Nut, SAE grade 2
3000 lb
Assumptions:
Analysis:
(a) For the 3,000 lb load, it is obvious that drequired < 1 in.
Hence, from Table 10.4, select Sp = 85 ksi
(3, 000)(4)
At required = 85, 000 = 0.14 in.2
From Table 10.1, select 1/2 in.-20 thread, with At = 0.1599 in.2 ■
(b) Tensile strength ≈ At Sy = (0.1599 in.2)(92,000 psi) = 14,710 lb
Nut shear strength ≈ πd(0.75t)Sys = π(0.5)(0.75t)(0.58)(57,000)
Equating the strengths gives t = 0.38 in.
For pitch = 1/20 in., this corresponds to 7.55, say 7.6 threads. ■
SOLUTION (10.40)
Known: A UNF bolt, made from SAE grade 5 steel, carries a static tensile load of
2000 lb. The bolt is used with a nut made of steel corresponding to SAE grade 1
specifications. The safety factor is 5 based on the proof strength.
Find:
(a) Determine the size of the UNF bolt.
10-56
UNF bolt
SAE grade 5
SF = 5
Nut, SAE grade 1
2000 lb
Assumptions:
Analysis:
(a) For the 2000 lb load, it is obvious that drequired < 1 in.
Hence, from Table 10.4, select Sp = 85 ksi
(2000)(5)
At required = = 0.118 in.2
85,000
From Table 10.1, select 0.500 in.-20 thread, with At = 0.1599 in.2 ■
(b) Tensile strength ≈ At Sy = (0.1599 in.2)(92,000 psi) = 14711 lb
Nut shear strength ≈ πd(0.75t)Sys = π(0.500)(0.75t)(0.58)(36,000)
where Sy is obtained from Table 10.4.
Equating the strengths gives t = 0.598 in.
For pitch = 1/20 in., this corresponds to 11.96, say 12 threads. ■
10-57
SOLUTION (10.41)
Known: A gear reducer of known weight is lifted using a steel eyebolt of SAE grade 5.
The housing into which the bolt is threaded has only half the yield strength of the bolt
steel.
Find:
(a) Select a suitable bolt size for a safety factor of 10.
(b) Determine the minimum number of threads that should be engaged.
Tensile failure
Stripping along surface "A" of Fig. 10.11
Assumption: The loads are equally distributed among the threads.

Analysis:
(a) From Table 10.4, Sp = 85 ksi
W(SF) 2000 lb (10)
At = = = 0. 235 in2
Sp 85, 000 psi
From Table 10.1, sizes 5 in. -18 UNF or 3 in. -10 UNC would be appropriate.
8 4
Arbitrarily choosing 3 in. -10 UNC, a SF of 10 0. 334 = 14 is provided. ■

4 0. 235
(b) For balanced tensile and "stripping" strength, Eq. (d) in Sec. 10.4.5 gives
t = 0.47d = 0.47(0.75 in.) = 0.353 in.
But if threaded member strength is only half that of the bolt, use t = 0.706 in. With
threads per in. = 10
Number of threads = (0.706)(10) = 7.06 threads engaged ■
10-58
SOLUTION (10.42)
Known: The internal pressure of a pressure vessel with a gasketed end plate is
sufficiently uniform that the bolt loading can be considered static. A gasket clamping
pressure of at least 13 MPa is needed.
Find:
(a) For 12-, 16-, and 20-mm bolts with coarse threads and made of SAE class 8.8 or
9.8 steel, determine the number of bolts needed.
(b) If the ratio of bolt circle circumference to number of bolts should not exceed 10,
nor be less than 5, state which of the bolt sizes considered gives a satisfactory bolt
spacing.
230 mm
140 mm
280 mm
Assumption: When calculating gasket area, the bolt hole area is negligible.
Analysis:
! 2
(a) Clamping force required =
4
( 2
)
Do ! Di (pressure)
!
=
4
( 2 2
)
280 ! 140 13 = 600,358 N
Sp Clamping force/
Bolt dia. (Tab.A10.2)
t 600 kN! Number of
(Tab. 10.5) bolt @ 90 % proof force/bolt bolts required
load A t (0.9 Sp )
12 mm 84.3 mm 650 MPa2 49.3 kN 12.17 13
16 157 650 91.8 6.54 7

20 245 600 132.3 4.54 5
(b) For 12 mm bolts:

spacing = 230π/13 = 55.58 mm = 4.63d
For 16 mm bolts:
spacing = 230π/7 = 103.2 mm = 6.45d
For 20 mm bolts:
spacing = 230π/5 = 144.5 mm = 7.23d
The 16 and 20 mm bolts satisfy the given guidelines.
The 12 mm bolts are a little too close together. ■
10-59
SOLUTION (10.47)
Known: A grade 7, 3/4-in., UNF bolt with rolled threads is used in a joint such that the
clamped member stiffness is only half the bolt stiffness. The bolt initial tension
corresponds to Eq. (e) in Section 10.7. During operation, there is an external separating
force that fluctuates between 0 and P. The bending of the bolts is negligible.
Find:
(a) Estimate the maximum value of P that would not cause eventual bolt failure.
(b) Estimate the maximum value of P that would not cause joint separation.
Grade 7
3/4 in. UNF bolt
rolled threads
2kc = kb
Assumption: The material has an idealized stress-strain curve, with the change from
elastic to plastic occurring at the yield strength.
Analysis:
(a)
1. From Eq. (e),
Fi = 16,000d = 16,000
3
4 ()
= 12,000 lb
2. Using Eq. (10.13),
Maximum Force/bolt = Fi + ( )kb

kb + kc
P
= 12,000 +
( )
2
1+2
P = 12,000 + 2/3 P lb
Minimum Force/bolt = Fi = 12,000 lb
Thus, Fm = 12,000 + 1/3 P lb and Fa = 1/3 P lb
3. From Table 10.1, At = 0.373 in.2

From Table 10.6, Kf = 3
From Table 10.4, Su = 133 ksi, Sy = 115 ksi
1 P P
4. σa = P Kf = (3) =
A 3 0. 373 0. 373
5. Sn = Snʹ′CLCGCsCTCR [Eq. (8.1)]
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su (Fig. 8.5)
CL = CT = CR = 1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.9 (Table 8.1)
10-66
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(133)(1)(0.9)(1)(1)(1) = 59.85 ksi
6. For Fi = 12,000 lb,

12, 000
σi = (3) = 96.5 ksi
0. 373
7.
59.85
60
40
!a
Eventual
(ksi) fatigue failure
20 !a = 15 ksi
96.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
!m (ksi) Sy = 115 Su = 133
P
8. σa = = 15,000
0. 373
Thus, P = 5595 ≈ 5600 lb for eventual fatigue failure ■
(b)
9. From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = 12,000 −
1
1+2
P ( )
At separation, Fc = 0
1
0 = 12,000 − P
3
Thus, P = 36,000 lb for separation ■
Comment: The value of P for separation would be somewhat less because of yielding
in the thread root region, which reduces the value of kb.
SOLUTION (10.48)
Known: The cap of an automotive connecting rod is secured by two class 10.9,
M8✕1.25 bolts with rolled threads. The grip and unthreaded length can both be taken
as 16 mm. The connecting rod cap (the clamped member) has an effective cross-
section area of 250 mm2 per bolt. The initial tension and the maximum external load
are known.
10-67
Find:
(a) Estimate the bolt tightening torque required.
(b) Determine the maximum total load per bolt during operation.
(c) Construct free-body diagrams when the maximum load of 18 kN is pushing
downward on the center of the cap.
(d) Determine the safety factor for fatigue.
22 22 22 22
22 22 22 22 Class 10.9
M8 x 1.25 bolts
Rolled threads
22 22 22 22
Fi = 22 kN
Max. Fe = 18 kN
22 22 22 22
Assumption: The material follows an idealized stress-strain-curve based on Sy.
Analysis:
(a) From Eq. (10.12), T = 0.2Fi d
T = 0.2(22,000)(0.008) = 35.2 N•m ■
!
(b) Ab = (8)2 = 50.27 mm2
4
(Note: use full 8 mm diameter to find kb)
Since Eb = Ec and Lb = Lc, then k's are directly proportional to A's
kb Ab 50. 27
Thus, = = = 0.167
k b + k c Ab + Ac 50. 27 + 250
From Eq. (10.13),
Fb (max) = 22 kN + 0.167(9 kN)
= 23.5 kN ■
10-68
(c)
18
14.5 14.5
23.5 23.5
14.5 14.5
18
23.5 23.5
(d)1. From Table 10.5, Su = 1040 MPa, Sy = 940 MPa

From Table 10.6, Kf = 3
(d)2. Sn = Snʹ′CLCGCsCTCR [Eq. (8.1)]
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su (Fig. 8.5)
CL = CT = CR = 1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.7 (Table 8.1)
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(1040)(1)(0.7)(1)(1)(1) = 364 MPa
22 + 23. 5
(d)3. Fm = = 22.75 kN
2
23. 5 − 22
Fa = = 0.75 kN
2
(d)4. σm = ( FA ) K = ( 22.36. 7579) 3 = 1.86 GPa

m
t
f
(obviously relieved by yielding)
( )
σa = Fa Kf = 0. 75 3 = 0.061 GPa = 61 MPa
At 36. 79
10-69
(d)5.
400 364
!a
200 61 MPa yielding
(MPa)
1040
0 200 400 600 800 1000

!m (MPa) 940
(d)6. The drawing shows that σa = 60 MPa is as high as σa can be without eventual
fatigue failure.
Hence, SF ≈ 1.0 ■
SOLUTION (10.49)
Known: Two grade 8.8 bolts with M20 ✕ 2.5 rolled threads are used to attach a pillow
block. The bolts are initially tightened in accordance with Eq. (10.11a). Joint stiffness
is estimated to be three times bolt stiffness. The external load tending to separate the
pillow block from its support varies rapidly between 0 and P.
Find:
(a) Estimate the maximum value of P that would not cause eventual fatigue failure of
the bolts.
(b) Show on a mean stress-alternating stress diagram points representing thread-root
stresses: (1) just after initial tightening, (2) during operation with the load
fluctuating between 0 and P/2, and (3) with the machine shut down after operating
with the 0 to P/2 load.
P
Grade 8.8 bolts

M20 5 2.5
Rolled threads
10-70
Assumptions:
1. Bolt bending is negligible.
2. The material behaves as predicted by an idealized stress-strain curve based on Sy.
3. The safety factor is 2.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (10.11a), Fi = 0.9AtSp
where At = 245 mm2 (Table 10.2)
Sp = 600 MPa (Table 10.5)
Fi = 0.9(245)(600) = 132.3 kN
2. Since Kf = 3.0 (Table 10.6),
132, 300
σi = Fi Kf = (3) = 1620 MPa
At 245
Therefore, the bolt will yield.
3. Alternating bolt force,
1
Fa =
kb
2 kb + kc 2
Alternating bolt stress,
()
P 1 1 P P
=
( ) =
2 1 + 3 2 16
Fa P
σa = Kf = (3)
At 16(245)
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su
Su = 830 MPaR (Table 10.5)
CL = CT = CR = 1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.9 (Table 8.1)
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(830)(1)(0.9)(1)(1)(1) = 373.5 MPa
5.
373.5
400
!a
(MPa) 200 !a = 140 (2)
(1) 830
(3)
0 200 400 600 800

!m (MPa) 660
6. From the drawing, σa = 140 MPa

P
140 = 16(245) (3)
Thus, P = 183 kN ■
7. The points (1), (2), and (3) are shown in the above figure. ■
10-71
SOLUTION (10.50)
Known: Two aluminum plates are held together by a grade 7, 1/2 in. UNF bolt. The
effective area of the aluminum plates in compression is estimated to be 12 times the
cross-sectional area of the steel bolt. The bolt is initially tightened to 90% of its proof
strength. Gust loads, varying from zero to P, tend to pull the plates apart. The safety
factor is 1.3.
Find:
(a) Determine the maximum value of P that will not cause eventual bolt fatigue
failure.
(b) Determine the clamping force that will remain when this value of P acts.
Grade 7
1/2-in. UNF bolt
Assumptions:
1. Bolt bending is negligible.
2. Threads are rolled.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (10.11a), Fi = 0.9At Sp
At = 0.1599 in.2 (Table 10.1)
Sp = 105 ksi (Table 10.4)
Fi = 0.9(0.1599)(105,000) = 15,100 lb
With this initial tightening load, the threads roots are yielded.
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su
Su = 133 ksi (Table 10.4)
CL = CT = CR =1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.9 (Table 8.1)
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(133)(1)(0.9)(1)(1)(1) = 60 ksi
3.
Sn = 60
60
Eventual fatigue failure

40 is limited by this point.
!a
(ksi)
20 !a = 15 ksi Sy = 115
Su = 133
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
!m (ksi)
10-72
4. With rolled threads as assumed, from Table 10.6
Kf = 3.0
Fa Fa
5. σa = Kf (or) 15,000 = (3) (and) Fa = 800 lb
At 0. 1599
6. = ( )( ) ( )
k b Eb A b
k c Ec A c
= (3)
1
12
= 1/4
kb (1/4)
Hence, = = 0.2
k b + k c (1/4) + 1
Thus, Fa = 0.1P
7. 800 = 0.1P
Hence, P = 8000 lb, but with SF = 1.3,
P = 8000/1.3 = 6150 lb ■
8. If the bolt did not yield at all when initially tightened, the clamping force
remaining would be
Fi − 0.8P = 15,100 − 4900 = 10,200 lb
If the bolt were fully yielded when initially tightened, the clamping force
remaining would be
Fi − P = 15,100 − 6150 = 8950 lb
The answer is between these values
8950 lb < Fc < 10,200 lb ■
SOLUTION (10.51)
Known: Solutions to problems (a) 10.46, (b) 10.47, (c) 10.48, (d) 10.49, and (e) 10.50
are given as the information in Section 10.12 and Table 10.7.
Find: Comment on the probable accuracy of the fatigue results. If previous designs
had been made based on these earlier results, state whether or not it is important to
specify that the bolt threads be rolled after heat treatment?
Analysis:
Base Thread root Nominal Table 10.7 alt. strength

Su !a ! a*
problem roll before roll after
(a) 10.46
10.33 120 ksi 18 ksi 6 ksi 10 ksi 21 ksi
(b) 10.47
(c) 10.48
10.35 1040 MPa 61 MPa 20.3 MPa 69 MPa 145 MPa
(d)10.49
10.36 830 MPa 140 MPa 46.7 MPa 69 MPa 145 MPa
(e) 10.50
* "dividing out" K f = 3 , in each case
Comment: In each case, the earlier results appear satisfactory with threads rolled
before (as well as after) heat-treatment.
10-73
SOLUTION (10.52)
Known: A critical application requires the smallest possible bolt for resisting a
dynamic separating force varying from 0 to 100 kN. It is estimated that by using an
extra high strength bolt steel with Sp = 1200 MPa, and using special equipment to
control initial tightening to the full AtSp, a stiffness ratio of kc/kb = 6 can be realized.
Any of the bolt threads and finishes listed in Table 10.7 may be selected. The safety
factor is 1.3.
Find:
(a) With respect to eventual fatigue failure, determine the smallest size metric bolt that
can be used.
(b) State the thread and finish selected.
(c) With this bolt tightened as specified, determine the clamping force that will remain
(at least initially) when the 100-kN load is applied.
F
F = 0 to 100 kN
Sp = 1200 MPa
kc = 6
kb
SF = 1.3
F
Assumption: The reduction in clamping force approaches the full-applied load of 100
kN.
Analysis:
1. Alternating component of separating force = 50 kN.
kb 1 1
Since, = = ,
kb + kc 1 + 6 7
50
Fa (felt by bolt) = = 7.14 kN
7
2. From Table 10.7, find Sa = 179 MPa, with SF = 1.3.
The nominal value of σa can be 173/1.3 = 138 MPa
Fa
σa,nom = ,
At
7140 N
138 MPa = .
At
Hence, At = 51.7 mm2

10-74
3. Tentatively choose M10✕1.5 thread, with At = 58.0 mm2. But this is
unsatisfactory since because of separation when the bolt is tightened to full proof
load, kb becomes small. We have conservatively assumed that the reduction in
clamping force approaches the full-applied load of 100 kN. This exceeds the
initial clamping force of
AtSp = (58.0 mm2)(1200 MPa) = 69,600 N.
To provide SF = 1.3 against separation (and assuming kb ≈ 0), the required Fi is

equal to (1.3)(100 kN).
130,000 N = Sp•At = 1200 MPa • At
At = 108 mm2
We select an M14✕2 thread.
This gives Fi = (1200 MPa)(115 mm2) = 138,000 N. ■
Even with kb = 0, this is a minimum clamping force of

138 kN − 100 kN = 38 kN = Fc,min ■
10-75

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SOLUTION (10.

1/2 in. Acme thread

λ = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 1 = 4.05o

T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

(150)(0.45) (0.15)!(0. 45) + 0. 1(cos 14. 47˚) (150)(0.15)(0.625)

T = 7.70 + 7.03 = 14.73 lb in. Use T ≈ 15 lb in.

3. From Eq. (10.1),

! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 4 = 8. 05o ■

From Eq. (10.6),

T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

6. From Eq. (10.5),

T = Wdm f !dm " Lcos # n + Wf c dc

7. From Eq. (10.4) with fc = 0.09, f = 0.12

9. Efficiency = 6.49/16.00 = 40.6% ■

T = 2263 lb in. + 1875 lb in. = 4138 lb in. ■

3. From Eq. (10.7a), the screw is self-locking if

Therefore, the minimum value of thread coefficient of friction needed to prevent

! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

From Eq. (10.6),

From Eq. (10.4),

From Eq. (10.5),

T = 230.0 + 640.1 = 870.1 lb in. to lower the load ■

4(12) in. /min

T = 667.1 + 481.3 = 1148.4 lb in.

5. From Eq. (1.3),

Therefore, efficiency = 0.424 = 0.24 = 24% ■

L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

Thus, if f = 0.11, the screw is self-locking and not overhauling. ■

Assumption: The screw is not exposed to vibration.

T = 1245 lb in. + 1203 lb in. = 2448 lb in. ■

Therefore, the minimum value of thread coefficient of friction needed to prevent

! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

5. From Eq. (10.6),

T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

5000(1. 925) 0.147!(1. 925) + 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 133)(2. 5)

7. From Eq. (10.5),

T = Wdm f !dm " Lcos # n + Wf c dc

T = 328.5 + 831.3 = 1160 lb in. to lower the load ■

4(12) in. /min

T = 953 + 625 = 1578 lb in.

10 From Eq. (1.3),

L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

Thus, if f = 0.11, the screw is self-locking and not overhauling. ■

Load Single square-thread screw

4. From Eq. (10.4a),

T = 535 N•m to raise the load ■

T = Wdm f !dm " L + Wf c dc

T = 436 N•m to lower the load ■

6. From Eq. (10.4a), with f = 0.15, f c = 0.12,

T = 173 + 240 = 413 N•m

7. Work input to the screw during one revolution

Work out 300

T(with zero friction) 47. 8

11. Check (partial):

1/2 in. Acme thread

λ = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 1 = 4.05o

T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

T = 10.27 + 9.37 = 19.64 lb in. Use T ≈ 20 lb in.