Example of Quantitative Research
Example of Quantitative Research
Lawa,Obando,Bulacan
Agustin, Angelica
Danao,Mhicka
De Guzman, Alyssa
Francisco, Jacqueline
Martinez, Mariebeth
Chapter 1
Introduction
Teenage pregnancyis now one of the uprising social issues nowadays. The term in
everyday speech usually refers to girls who have not reached legal adulthood, which
varies across the world, who become pregnant. The issue of teenage pregnancy,despite
the widespread sex education and peer control and guidance, still a wide prevalence of
adolescence. A challenge that does not only affect the teenagers but the society at large.
more young people being educated on sex, abstinence, reduced teenage pregnancy and
developing and some developed countries. Adolescent fecundity has become the most
are expected to follow the sexual behavior patterns of developed countries, without
offering the levels of education and services for adolescents. Social consequences are
analyzed as: incomplete education, more numerous families, difficulties in maternal role,
job, greater difficulty in improving their socioeconomic level and less probability of
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social advancement, lack of protection of the recognition of the child. Finally, based on
evidence, some measures that can reduce adverse consequences on adolescent mothers,
pregnancy brings teenagers before a crisis. Teenage birth rate has declined from 9% in 1985 to
5,2% in 2002, but it still remains a serious and social problem. The high rate of teenage
childbearing among minority and disadvantaged groups, documented in the United States and the
United Kingdom, is consistent with the hypothesis that lack of opportunity and socioeconomic
disadvantage contribute to teenage childbearing. There is also evidence from studies in the
United States that better communication between parents and their adolescent children is
associated with later sexual initiation and lower teenage childbearing. Formal sex education
programs may increase knowledge about reproductive health and improve the use of methods to
Furthermore, Kweya (2010), teenage pregnancies and the eventual dropping out of
school has been and still is a major problem devilling the education sector in many parts of
developing countries. There are various factors that have been associated with teenage
pregnancies. The study suggested all stakeholders in education to work together towards
implementation of sound community and school based programs to address the issue of social-
The objectives of this study is to assess and analyze the teen age pregnancy among SHS
students, as well as, its implication of this challenge on the studies and career. This also want to
This study would like to contribute on the concepts which is needed to further understand
teenage pregnancy. This study would be used as a tool to open the mind of others the even they
became pregnant, the can still do the same thing, and they can also finish their studies and
become successful in their choosen career. This study will help other to address and prevent this
issue because of their observed negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity.
The association of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however,
by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among
teenage mothers. When no other factors are taken into account, children of teenage mothers have
significantly higher odds of placement in certain special education classes and significantly
higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, marital status,
poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effects disappear and even some protective
effects are observed. Hence, the increased risk for educational problems and disabilities among
children of teenage mothers is attributed not to the effect of young age but to the confounding
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influences of associated sociodemographic factors. In contrast to teen age, older maternal age has
an adverse effect on a child's educational outcome regardless of whether other factors are
In the study of Opande (2011), teenage pregnancies and the eventual dropping out of school
has been and still is a major problem bedeviling the education sector in many parts of developing
countries. There are various factors that have been associated with teenage pregnancies. Data
from the students were purely analyzed quantitatively and presented in frequencies and
percentages while data from teachers were analyzed qualitatively. The study revealed the
following: there are certain social-cultural related factors that influenced teenage pregnancies
among secondary school students in Gucha District. These included breaking away of traditional
norms and values on sexual behavior, inadequate involvement of women in decision making
effects, the study revealed that a teenage pregnancy was associated with healthy risks, school
drop outs among students in the District. Opande (2011), suggested all stakeholders in education
to work together towards implementation of sound community and school based programs to
address the issue of social-cultural aspects that are associated with teenage pregnancies.
According to Salvador (2016), teenage pregnancy had been a worldwide issue, and has
raised large numbers of campaignsand awareness to lessen its occurrence. The total number
of this phenomenon is increasing each year. Philippines is one of the Asian countries which
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sharessimilar situation. In a study conducted by the National Demographic and Health Survey
in 2013, one out of every young Filipino women age 15 to 19 is already a mother or
pregnant with a first child. Therefore, the government in partnership with the different
non-government agencies should exert efforts in resolving this issue. Teenage Pregnancies
are often associated with social development issues such as lack of sufficient education and
poverty. This often results to single parenthood which catalyzes conditions that renders the
mothers to become irresponsible. Hence, it conveys a social stigma in various countries and
cultures.
Findings Natividad (2013), shows the results from cumulative years of the National
Demographic and Health Survey and the latest result of the 2011 Family Health Survey, shows
that teenage pregnancy in the Philippines, measured as the proportion of women who have begun
childbearing in their teen years, has been steadily rising over a 35-year period. These teenage
mothers are predominantly poor, reside in rural areas and have low educational attainment.
However, a trend of increasing proportions of teenagers who are not poor, who have better
education and are residents of urban areas, who have begun childbearing in their teens. Among
the factors that could help explain this trend are the younger age at menarche, premarital sexual
activity at a young age, the rise in cohabiting unions in this age group and the possible decrease
has raised public concerns of sexual reproductive health of teenagers. The study reviewed
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previous research on the following aspects: teenagers’ attitudes towards sex behaviour, current
inother countries. The result indicated that lack of established collaboration among the
government, schools and unintended teen pregnancy aid centres. Therefore it suggested various
collaborative approaches to ameliorate the situation and to reduce unintended teen pregnancy in
China.
Arias (2011), explained that unplannedpregnancies are very unexpected and surprising.
However, an unplanned pregnancy in teen mothers can have many difficulties like deciding to
keep the child, give it up for adoption, or end the process of having the baby into abortion. Teen
girls that go through the phase of an unplanned pregnancy go through the emotional effects of
fear, panic, perplexity, frustration, and resentment and it can lead to abortion. “Mothers of babies
born of an unplanned pregnancy are more likely to delay seeking prenatal care and less likely to
breastfeed-both have health consequences for mother and child” (Consequences of an Unplanned
Pregnancy. Pregantteenhelp.org). As soon as everyone agrees on the act of the unborn child,
psychological and emotional consequences can still be trapped deep in your conscious.
Moreover, Montpellier (2012), explained that teen pregnancy is a social problem not
resolved in developing and some developed countries. Adolescent fecundity has become the
most exact bio-demographic and health indicator of development. In developing countries that
are expected to follow the sexual behavior patterns of developed countries, without offering the
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levels of education and services for adolescents, the consequences will be adolescent fecundity
and STI prevalence increase. The ignorance about sexuality and reproduction both in parents,
teachers and adolescents increases the early initiation of coital relations and of unwanted
pregnancies. Extreme poverty and being the son or daughter of an adolescent mother are risk
factors of repeating the early pregnancy model. The application of predictive risk criteria in
pregnant adolescents to facilitate the rational use of Health Services to diminish the maternal and
perinatal mortality is discussed as well as the social factors associated with adolescent pregnancy
as socioeconomic levels, structure – types and characteristics of the family, early leaving school,
schooling after delivery, female employment, lack of sexual education, parental and family
children, unstable partner relationship and adoption as an option. Social consequences are
analyzed as: incomplete education, more numerous families, difficulties in maternal role,
abandonment by the partner, few possibilities of having a stable, qualified and well-paid job,
greater difficulty in improving their socioeconomic level and less probability of social
advancement, lack of protection of the recognition of the child. Finally, based on evidence, some
measures that can reduce adverse consequences on adolescent mothers, fathers and their children
are suggested.
Family, partner and peer support are considered and literature emanating from both the USA and
UK is reviewed. In summary the research literature indicates that family support is particularly
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important to teenage mothers and has been found to have a positive influence on parenting
straightforward one and conflict between the two can diminish some of the positive impact. The
research on partner support highlights how support from fathers and/or other male partners has
been linked with improved financial and psychological outcomes for teenage mothers as well as
having a positive influence on parenting behaviors. There is also evidence to suggest that support
from partners may become increasingly important to teenage mothers over time and can be a
valuable source of socializing participation and positive feedback. While the research available
on peer support is much more limited it suggests that the emotional support of peers is perceived
as being important by teenage mothers. Current research findings suggest that families, partners
and peers tend to provide different, but complementary, forms of support for teenage mothers
which, on the whole, appear to contribute to more positive outcomes for this group.
According to Chiazor (2010), teenage pregnancy is now a major issue today in Nigeria. It
has become common to see many young teenage mothers in and around the different states of
Nigeria. Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy that occurs in human females under the age of 20.The
World Health Organization statistics reveal that 95% of births to mothers in this age group occur
in low to middle income countries, with the highest rates occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. While
approximately 11% of births world-wide occur to mothers aged 15-19, World Bank indicators
showed that teenage mothers formed 22.9% of women in Nigeria in 2010. Early marriage, low
social-economic status, lack of education and rural community living are all factors associated
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and child.Many reasons have been adduced for this trend and they include socio-economic
factors, lack of discipline and control,adolescent sexual behavior andpsychological factors. This
growing problem has attracted attention from many quarters. Many residents in Lagos state have
at one time or the other expressed their concern about the increase in teenage pregnancy rates,
especially in communities where you find many low income dwellers.In this study,theSurvey
method was employed in interrogating this issue. This study sought to measure the perception of
teenagers, who are key actors in the subject under review.Senior secondary students,Pregnant
Teenagers in Alimosho and Ikorodu Local Government Areas of Lagos state were
interviewed.The study revealed that low socio-economic status, cultural factors, peer pressure,
lack of adequate sex education were the major causes of teenage pregnancy.
According to Alabio (2017), teenage pregnancy, is a serious cankerworm that has eaten
deep to the fabric of our societies inthis contemporary period. The term in every day speech
usually refers to women who have notreached legal adulthood to become pregnant. Findings
shows that, some of the root causes identified arepoverty, peer pressure and media influence
while the effects include: school drop-out,inadequate care for the child born by teenage mother,
health problems and a host of othervices. The study suggested adequate parental care, eradication
of street hawking andinculcation of moral values through religious bodies as ways of reducing
has been paid to the prevalence of adolescence childbearing in Kenya today, few studies have
focused on the educational consequences of the schoolgirl pregnancy. Using data collected in
selected schools in Embu Municipality, this study examines the factors associated with
schoolgirl pregnancy as well as the likelihood of school dropout and subsequent re-enrollment of
schoolgirls who become pregnant. The analysis is derived from the data collected from
secondary schoolgirls, education officials and teachers on factors that predispose girls to
pregnancy, the extent to which teenage pregnancy contributes to school dropout and the eventual
levels of re-admission. The data analysis shows that girls in secondary schools are actually
already sexually active though they lack the relevant information to help them make the right
choices as far as their sexuality is concerned. The little information that they have is not
conclusive and it is evident that they yearn for information which would be useful for them.
Policy on re-admission has been formulated but the extent to which it is applied is still a
questionable issue. A lot of gaps also exist in record keeping of the girls who become pregnant
while in school and what becomes of them when they dropout. Such records would be vital in
determining for sure if these girls become pregnant before dropping out of school or otherwise
and subsequently tracking them down for re-admission purposes. A question is then raised on
what other factors would be causing these girls to drop out of school other than just the
pregnancy. However, poverty, cultural practices and peer pressure are among the factors
assumed to be predisposing girls to pregnancy from the findings of this study, while these factors
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in themselves would also cause dropouts. Given the increasing levels of female school
participation in Kenya today through the affirmative action motion targeting the girl child, the
findings of this study suggest that future studies will benefit from exploring the causal
relationships between the factors mentioned above, adolescent reproductive health behavior and
According to Makatu (2016), sexuality plays a very significant role in the lives of both
boys and girls. It is, therefore, considered important for schools to recognize and accept sexuality
as part of the development process of the child. Professor Kader Asmal (previous South African
Minister of Education) suggested that the earlier the school begins to teach learners about
sexuality, the better because they can be easily misled by their peers if proper guidance regarding
their sexuality is not given. Results that necessary approval procedures and ethical clearance
were obtained prior to data collection. Ninety-four percent of participants agreed that TP can be
prevented through abstaining from sex, whilst 65% of participants agreed that TP could be
participants agreed that TP could be prevented through the use of condoms. Seventy-four percent
participants disagreed that bathing after sex prevents teenage pregnancies. Furthermore, 28%
often done without birth control and may result in pregnancy which is at high risk for poor
maternal and infant outcome. There is also significant psychosocial morbidity for the adolescent
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mother, father, and the child. Also, affected females may ultimately suffer from poor educational
achievement. In Nigeria, data on teenage pregnancy and sexuality issues are scanty, possibly due
to aversion for the topic because of socio-cultural and religious reasons. Pregnancy is the most
common cause of school drop-out for adolescent girls [1]; as such prevention should be the
primary goal. Secondary school students had poor attitude towards teenage pregnancy and
contraception issues, but will inform their parents should a pregnancy occur. Majority of girls
prefer to drop out of school if pregnant. There is thus an urgent need to address adolescents’
Theoretical Framework
makes conscious choices to cope with his or her situation. Adaptive responses increase
people's ability to cope and to achieve their goals including survival, growth, mastery of their
Adaption is also known for survival you have the ability to adapt a choices on what they
have in one culture or country. You are being conscious when you choose to adapt something
because you don't know if it is having a good or bad result. Adaptive responses have the ability
to face and deal with their responsibilities even though if it is something difficult or not. Persons
also have the ability to achieve their goals to become successful in their life.
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This study explains that teenage pregnancy is a problem with no single solution, some of
them choose illegal. Some decide to have babies and become young parents. Teenage pregnancy
and adaption theory have their similarities, teenager knows that she is pregnant they are being
conscious on what she will do. She has their choices if she tells her to their parents that she is
pregnant or not. She needs to cope with her responsibilities as a young mother. Even she's a
young mother she needs to continue with her dream or goal in life just to become a successful for
her son. We know that being a young mother is hard but she has the ability to face or deal with
her responsibilities. It assume that the state through the social welfare services help the teen
This study aims to investigate the root causes of teenage pregnancy, as well as the reasons and
2. What are the underlying causes of teenage pregnancy in Senior High School?
7. What forms of intervention can be done to address this uprising problem among Senior High
School students?
A. Parents
B. Teachers
C. Peers
Students: They will learn the cause and effect of teenage pregnancy at the very young age.In
other way they will guide to focus only to their studies instead of others things like having a
boyfriend .This research can lighten their mind and they will also be given the chance to
gainknowledge with the effects of teenage pregnancy that might lead them to create realizations.
Parents:To be aware for their child to educate, protect and guide them about having a
relationship. Parents also learn about what kind of peers teenagers have also they will learn about
planning a family.
Teachers: Teachers are the second parent of each students, they can inform the student about
themajor causes of why teenagers got pregnant at early age. They can guide teenagers of having
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The School: School administrators to provide a program about the possible effects of having
early pregnancy for the students that’s why they will intensify sex education on their school.
They can improve their knowledge of the teachers to teach students well about not get pregnant
at early age. This study would be great help to everyone especially to the teenagers and parents
Peer Future Researchers: This will serve as the preference and guide for the future researchers
which aim to make a study related to this topic and to those who plan to expand studies about
this.
The main focus of this study is to know about the effects of early pregnancy among the
teenager Senior High School students at Obando Montessori, Inc. Also, to discover, analyze and
know the reasons why they tend to end up getting pregnant. This study will not include the
advantages and disadvantages of getting pregnant of the teenagers at the very young age. The
study will not involve the opinion of the single teenagers and will only focus to in relationship
teenagers.
Initially, the researchers will get 10 participants from the teenagers in Obando
Montessori, Inc. will be needed to gather research data and information for this study.
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This study will solely discuss the effects of the said topic regarding to their experiences
Definition of Terms
women. In terms of Government targets this is the age group that is considered at greatest risk
of poor health and social outcomes following early pregnancy. There is widespread recognition
in policy, among the workforce and in service provision that young women face a particular set
of risks in pregnancy and parenting experiences when they are under the age of 20 unsupported
Chapter 2
experiences of human life (Bloor & Wood, 2016). This type of research describes what it is like
to experience a particular situation. This method will help the researchers to achieve their
objectives. The objective in phenomenological study is to explicate the meaning, structure and
This study aims to analyze about the root causes, reasons, interventions and implications
on their studies due to teenage pregnancy among senior high school students, through a semi-
The respondents of this study were be selected teenage students and out of school youth
who got pregnant from the year 2016-2018 in Obando Montessori Inc. They were chosen to
provide vital information about the effects of teenage pregnancy to their educational
development.
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Interview Guide
The researcher sought permission from the Obando Montessori Inc. to be given pertinent
data of teenage pregnancy cases for year 2016 to 2018. Once the researcher has identified
qualified respondents, she will personally approached the target respondent and explain to her
the study that the researcher is presently doing. The researcher also explained to her that her
Chapter 3
Participant A
“ For me, teenage pregnancy is one of the cause of our lowest economy. Many teenagers like me
doesn’t survive in this situation because I am one of the teenager who pregnant early.”
- She said that in this world many teenagers suffering from this kind of situation. Like her
Participant B
“The teenage pregnancy are the teenage mom who has experience that can do at young age.”
- According to her answer, teenage pregnancy are the early mom who experienced that
situation.
Participant C
“Many female teenagers are having teenage pregnancy at age of 13 to 18 years old.”
- The number of teenage mom nowadays is increasing very fast. From 18 years of age
Participant D
Participant A
“At first, I feel so scared on what reaction or what is the feeling of my parents, I don’t know
what will be the result or what will be their reaction to me. I imagine that they will say that my
- Base on her experienced, she felt scared on what her parents and other people will say to
her.
Participant B
- She said that early pregnancy has changes in her body. Therefore, when you experience
teenage mom some part of your body will change and there possibility that you can easily
move or do something you can do when you are not on your situation.
Participant C
“I’m scared.”
Participant D
Participant A
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“Yes, because the people who surrounds us can will be the influence of what our behavior right
Participant B
“No, because I am thinking for myself. I’m the one who did my decision in my life. There’s no
involve on my situation.”
Participant C
Participant D
Participant A
“Because, we love each other very much that’s why we don’t want to separate and we feel that
we are together.”
Particpant B
Participant C
“Broken family.”
Participant D
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“Family problem.”
Participant A
“When my daughter is sick I do not go to school instead I’ll take care of her health.”
Participant B
Participant C
Paticipant D
Participant A
“Like what I said earlier, when my daughter is sick I don’t go to school because my
Participant B
Participant C
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“It will be hard, because rather that to go to school they’re times that I will choose my child
first.”
Participant D
“It’s difficult for m but I will do my best to finish my study because that’s for my child also.”
Participant A
“No, it is not struggle in my success because I continue studying even when I have a child. Our
Participant B
Participant C
Participant D
“No, because I’m supposedly inspired for what happened that’s the reason why I want to achieve
- Being pregnant is an inspiration not to be a struggle in their goals but some are decided to
ab their baby.
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Participant A
“ To avoid early pregnancy you are the one who is responsible to take care of your self and then
Participant B
Participant C
Participant D
- Don’t let other people convince you in a mistakes because of you will suffer for this.
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