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    MEC322 Chapter 4

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    Muhd Akmal Syazwan
    The document discusses temperature measurement and sensing techniques. It covers several common temperature scales and methods of measurement including non-electrical, electrical, and radiation methods. Specific sensing techniques are described, including liquid-in-glass thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and quartz thermometers. Thermocouples are highlighted as the most widely used industrial temperature sensor. Characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applications are detailed for bimetallic thermometers and thermocouples. The quartz thermometer provides highly accurate measurement but has a limited range.

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    MEC322 Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Muhd Akmal Syazwan
    46 views18 pages
    The document discusses temperature measurement and sensing techniques. It covers several common temperature scales and methods of measurement including non-electrical, electrical, and radiation methods. Specific sensing techniques are described, including liquid-in-glass thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and quartz thermometers. Thermocouples are highlighted as the most widely used industrial temperature sensor. Characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applications are detailed for bimetallic thermometers and thermocouples. The quartz thermometer provides highly accurate measurement but has a limited range.

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    The document discusses temperature measurement and sensing techniques. It covers several common temperature scales and methods of measurement including non-electrical, electrical, and radiation methods. Specific sensing techniques are described, including liquid-in-glass thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and quartz thermometers. Thermocouples are highlighted as the most widely used industrial temperature sensor. Characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applications are detailed for bimetallic thermometers and thermocouples. The quartz thermometer provides highly accurate measurement but has a limited range.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views18 pages

    MEC322 Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Muhd Akmal Syazwan
    The document discusses temperature measurement and sensing techniques. It covers several common temperature scales and methods of measurement including non-electrical, electrical, and radiation methods. Specific sensing techniques are described, including liquid-in-glass thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and quartz thermometers. Thermocouples are highlighted as the most widely used industrial temperature sensor. Characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applications are detailed for bimetallic thermometers and thermocouples. The quartz thermometer provides highly accurate measurement but has a limited range.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    MEC

    322: CONTROL SYSTEMS


    AND
    INSTRUMENTATION
    CHAPTER 4
    TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

    Prepared by: Mohd Ghazali Mohd Hamami.


    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering)
    OBJECTIVES & LEARNING OUTCOMES

    1.  Acquire basic knowledge of temperature


    measurement.
    2.  Types of temperature scales standard.
    3.  Method of temperature measurement &
    temperature sensing techniques.
    4.1 INTRODUCTION

    1.  Temperature is most widely measured quantity in process
    industry.
    2.  In manufacturing, the product quality usually closely related
    with accurate measured and maintained of temperature. If the
    temperature is proper measured and maintained, the good
    quality product will possible.
    3.  It also related and the important parameter in the
    thermodynamic and heat transfer operation like steam raising,
    gas turbines in power generations and also in numerous
    propulsion systems.

    4.  The law that is used in temperature measurement is Zeroth law
    of thermodynamic.

    If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium

    with a third body, then they are all in
    thermal equilibrium with each other.



    1st body 2nd body
    5. Example: The thermometer is calibrated against a standard and
    is subsequently used to read unknown temperatures.
    3rd body
    4.2 TEMPERATURE SCALES

    1.  Common use temperature scales are: Fahrenheit and Celsius.
    These scale are based on a specification of the number of
    increment between freezing point and boiling point of water at
    a standard atmospheric temperature.
    2. Based on Carnot cycle:
    T₁/T₂ = Q₁/Q₂

    T₁,T₂ : Reservoir of heat (T₁ > T₂ )
    Q₁,Q₂: Heat energy (Q₁ <-> Q₂)

    3.  Kelvin an celsius scales are related by: T= t + 273.15

    T: temperature in kelvin
    t: temperature in celsius
    4.3 Methods of Temperature measurement &
    Temperature-Sensing Techniques
    1. Temperature measurement method:
    1. non-electrical method.
    2. electrical method.
    3. radiation method.

    2. Temperature-sensing techniques are as follows:
    A. Changes in physical dimensions (non electrical method)
    .Liquid-in-glass thermometers.
    .Bimetallic thermometers.
    B. Changes in gas or vapor pressure (non electrical method)
    .Constant-volume gas thermometers.
    .Pressure thermometers.

    C. Changes in electrical properties (electrical method)
    .Resistance thermometers.
    .Thermistors.
    .Thermocouples.
    .Quartz Thermometer.
    D. Semiconductor-junction technology (electrical method)
    .Diodes.
    .Integrated circuits.
    E. Changes in emitted thermal radiation (radiation method)
    .Total radiation pyrometers.
    .Infrared pyrometer.
    F. Changes in chemical phase (non-electrical method)
    .Fusible indicators.
    .Liquid crystal.
    3. Thermocouples remain the main temperature sensor, which half
    of industrial application.
    4.3.1 Bimetallic Thermometer.
    1.  Use the principle of solid expansion and consists of a ‘bimetal’
    strip usually in the form of cantilever beam.

    Bimetallic Thermometer

    2. Comprises of two metals which having different coefficient of
    thermal expansion, joint together (welded/riveted) to prevent
    the relative motion between it.
    3. Invar usually employed as the low expansion metal. Invar is an
    iron-nikel alloy containing 36% nickel. It has coefficient of
    thermal expansion around 1/20 of ordinary metal. Use for
    measurement of high temperatures.

    4. Brass is used as high expansion material for the measurement

    of low temperatures.
    5. 
    Real world application: Thermostat in air conditioner.
    6. 
    Another type of bimetallic thermometer is a longer strip in
    helical form.


    7. Bimetallic thermometer usually function between -30 to 550°C.
    8. Commonly apply in temperature control system, oven, electric
    iron, and refrigerators.
    9. Advantage: self generating type with low cost with no
    maintenance.
    Disadvantage: Inability to measure rapidly changing
    temperatures.
    4.3.2 Thermocouple

    1.  A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting
    of two dissimilar conductors that contact each other at one or
    more spots.
    2.  It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of the spot
    differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the
    circuit.
    3.  Any junction of dissimilar metals will produce an electrical
    potential related to temperature. Different alloys are used for
    different temperature ranges.






    4.  The choice of material for thermocouples need to be
    considered below factors:
    a. Ability to withstand the temperature at which they are used.
    b. Immunity from corrosion.
    c. Linearity characteristic.
    5.  Thermocouple can be broadly classified in two categories:

    Base metal thermocouples Rare metal thermocouples

    Pure metal + alloy of iron/copper/nickel Pure metal + alloy of platinum/tungsten/
    rhodium/molybdenum

    Used for temperature up to 1450K Platinum up to 1600°C, others up to 3000°C

    More sensitive, cheaper & nearly linear


    characteristic

    Lower operating range due to low melting


    point & vulnerability to oxidation













    6. For increase its sensivity, thermocouples may be attached in
    series or parallel which known as thermopile.

    7.  Advantages of TC sensor (page 287):


    8.  Disadvantages of TC sensor (page 287):

    9.  Thermocouple widely used as temperature measurement for


    gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines and as flame sensors in
    safety devices for gas-powered major appliances.

    4.3.3 Quartz Thermometer

    1.  Piezo-electric crystal (quartz) provides a highly accurate and
    sensitive method of temperature measurement based on the
    change in its resonant frequency which is directly proportional
    to the temperature change.
    2.  To archive above properties the crystal is cut in the form of
    shear type LC (Linear coefficient) cut.
    3.  The detection of change in frequency of oscillation of 1 Hz gives
    a resolution of 0.001° C, thus temperature in the range of -40 to
    230°C can be measured precisely and accurately.




    quartz crystal oscillator
    Advantages (page 289) Limitations (page 289)

    Highly linear output. Limited measuring range -40 to 230°C.

    Long-term stability and reliability. Piezo-electric crystals have strong


    cross-sensitivity for pressure changes if
    they occur simultaneously in the
    temperature measuring system.

    High resolution of the order of


    0.001°C.

    Excellent repeatability in the


    measuring range of -40 to 230°C.
    REFERENCES


    1.  Nakra, B. C. (2009). Instrumentation Measurement and Analysis. New
    Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill.
    2.  Alavala, C.R. (2009). Principles of Industrial Instrumentation and Control
    System. Singapore, Cengage learning.

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