MAPUA UNIVERSITY

School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

A Case Study on Water Pollution on

SUBMITTED BY:

CAPULE, KELVIN CARLO Q.

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. BONIFACIO B. MAGTIBAY

DATE SUBMITTED:
SEPTEMBER 12, 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Background Information (Population, geography, economy) ……………………….. 1

II. Plants, animals, ecosystems ………………………………………………………….. 2

III. Status of Water Pollution on Laguna de Bay ………………………………………… 4

IV. Impact of Water Pollution on Laguna de Bay to the environment .............................. 6

V. Efforts by the Government in Addressing Laguna Bay Pollution …………………….. 8

VI. Analysis on the role of professionals and laws addressing Laguna Bay………………..9

VII. Recommendation on improving Laguna Bay ………………………………………… 11

VIII. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 12

Laguna de Bay is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia. It is
bounded by the provinces of Rizal and Laguna and part of Metro Manila. It has only one outlet,
the Pasig River which joins it to Manila Bay. Inflow to the lake from its watershed is capable of
flushing the lake once a year. The northwestern portion is highly urbanized and industrialized
while the southeastern portion is agricultural. There are 27 municipalities surrounding the lake.
As of the 2015 census, the province's total population is 3,035,081.
The middle part of Laguna de Bay between Mount Sembrano and Talim Island, is the
Laguna Caldera believed to have been formed by two major volcanic eruptions, around 1 million
and 27,000–29,000 years ago. Remnants of its volcanic history are shown by the presence of
series of maars(volcanic crater) around the area of Tadlac Lake and Mayondon hill in Los Baños,
Laguna, another maar at the southern end of Talim Island, and a solfataric field in Jala Jala.
Laguna de Bay is a large shallow freshwater body in the heart of Luzon Island with an
aggregate area of about 911 km2 (352 sq mi) and a shoreline of 220 km (140 mi). It is considered
to be the third largest inland body of water in Southeast Asia after Tonle Sap in Cambodia and
Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. Laguna de Bay is bordered by the province of Laguna in the
east, west and southwest, the province of Rizal in the north to northeast, and Metropolitan
Manila in the northwest. The lake has an average depth of 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) and its excess
water is discharged through the Pasig River.
The lake is fed by 45,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi) of catchment areas and its 21 major
tributaries. Among these are the Pagsanjan River which is the source of 35% of the Lake's water,
the Santa Cruz River which is the source of 15% of the Lake's water, the Marikina River
(through the Manggahan Floodway), the Mangangate River, the Tunasan River, the San Pedro
River, the Cabuyao River, the San Cristobal River, the San Juan River, the Bay, Calo and
Maitem rivers in Bay, the Molawin, Dampalit and Pele rivers in Los Baños, the Pangil River, the
Tanay River, the Morong River, the Siniloan River and the Sapang Baho River.
Present-day Laguna shows a thriving economy. Laguna produces millions of pesos worth
of coconuts, rice, sugar, citrus fruits, landzones and other products. Tourists flock to its beauty
spots, especially Pagsanjan Falls, Calamba and Los Baños hot springs, Mount Makiling, Caliraya
Lake and many others. Levels of development vary. The towns near Metro Manila have become
industrialized whereas the inner towns continue to engage in agricultural production or pursue
agri-based industries and cottage and small-scale industries. In 2015, Laguna was reported to
have an equity of PHP 4.474 billion, the second highest in the region behind Cavite.
Laguna is labeled as the Detroit of the Philippines because of the presence of major
vehicle manufacturers in the city of Santa Rosa. It is also considered as the Silicon Valley of the
Philippines because of the vast number of electronic and semi-conductor companies operating in
the province. Laguna is also the Resort Capital of the Philippines for it houses more than 700 hot
spring resorts in the areas of Calamba and Los Baños.

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 PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND ECOSYSTEM

Natural ecosystems of the lake basin include terrestrial (the mountains and hills) and aquatic (the
lake itself and the rivers and streams that drain into it) with man-made agro-ecosystems forming
a large component of the lake basin.
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Mt. Makiling (1,090 m) and Mt. Banahaw (2,100 m) are the highest peaks within the lake basin
and the only remaining forested areas. This vegetation type is very rich in tree flora and is
regaded as the typical rainforest in the Philippines.
Aquatic Ecosystem
The lake vegetation generally has a low diversity of plants, consisting of species that have a wide
distribution range. Two dominant and economically important species here are the Water
hyacinth and Water cabbage .These have a rapid population growth and can disrupt navigation,
interfere with fisheries, and affect fish and other aquatic animals by lowering oxygen and pH of
the water.
Agro-ecosystems
As more than 50 percent of the lake basin is devoted to agricultural use, the agro-ecosystems
component of the basin is significant (1). Higher slopes are planted with coconut, coffee, citrus,
fruit trees, rambutan and banana plantations. The lower slopes include sugar cane, cassava, rice
and many annual and perennial crops.
Species Diversity
Flowering Plants and Ferns
An estimated 2,313 species of plants have been recorded 64% of these species are endemic to the
Philippines with the lake basin containing more than 31% of all species in the Philippines.
Four species of plants in the lake basin are regarded as rare and threatened, Rafflesia, Jade vine,
the Philippine Orchid and a species of conifer found only in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Birds
The Laguna Lake Basin is known to hold 15 species of globally threatened birds; 21 species of
birds of very restricted ranges (restricted range = breeding range of less than 50,000 km2; and
congregatory water birds representing at least 10 percent of the Asian population.
Mammals
There are no large herbivores or carnivores that dwell in the lake basin with the largest mammals
being the Philippine Deer and the Philippine Warty Pig.
The most diverse of mammalian group are the bats and rodents. Of the 42 species of mammals
recorded in the lake basin, more than half (57%) are bats (24 species) and 26% are rodents (11
species). The three giant fruit bats, the Golden Crown Giant Fruitbat, the Giant Flying Fox, and
the Philippine White-winged Flying Fox are all threatened species.

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Among the rodents, the largest species are the two species of Cloud Rats, the Slender-tail Cloud
Rat and the Pallid Slender-tail Cloud Rat. These species of cat-size rodents are relatively big
compared to the usual rats found in the Philippines. They are also endemic and vulnerable.
Reptiles
A total of 52 species of reptiles have been recorded in the Laguna Lake Basin. The majority of
them are endemic (27 species), the Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle is the only introduced species,
and the Philippine Crocodile was last recorded in the area in 1955. Two species are included in
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
Appendix II on limited trade, these are: the Malayan Monitor Lizard and the Reticulated Python.
Amphibians
A total of 25 species of Amphibians have been recorded in Laguna de Bay area. This consisted
of three species that were introduced, and 15 species are endemic to the Philippines. The three
species of introduced amphibians are the the Cane Toad, the American Bullfrog, and the
Taiwanese Bullfrog. The Cane Toad was introduced as a bio-control agent against rodent pest in
sugar cane fields, the other two were introduced mainly for food.
Fish, Shrimps and Mollusks
About 14 species of fish are indigenous to the lake, three species of shrimps and 10 species of
mollusks have been recorded in the lake.

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 STATUS OF WATER POLLUTION ON LAGUNA DE BAY

Major sources of pollution to the Laguna system include:

- Domestic wastes (68.5%) (sewage and municipal)

Domestic wastes flowing into the rivers and lake, due to the lack of a sewage treatment
facilities and municipal waste collections, and livestock wastes, have resulted in
eutrophication(when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients
which induce excessive growth of algae).
At least 70 percent of the pollution load of the Laguna de Bay comes from domestic
waste, earning for the lake the distinction of being the world’s largest septic tank
Lake waters are contaminated with toxic and hazardous substances (e.g. heavy
metals and persistent organic pollutants) as a result of domestic, industrial and agricultural
pollution. Heavy metals have been found in concentrations that exceed the allocated safe
limits, causing a decline in open fish catch. Along with this, saltwater intrusion from the
Pasig River the feeds into Laguna de Bay has spread across the entire lake system.

The Laguna Lake region is one of the most vulnerable to natural disasters in the
Philippines. Natural disasters can lead to increased water contamination, water-borne
diseases and lack of access to clean and reliable water supplies - amplifying the problems
that humans are causing to the environment.
Researchers from University of the Philippines , conducted a water quality test in Laguna
de Bay. Based from their results they concluded that, an increasing trend in the values of
conductivity, chlorides, hardness, phosphorus, ammonia and other nitrogen fractions, and a
decreasing trend in the values of alkalinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and transparency, have
been observed indicating a continuing deterioration of water quality due to the continued
influx of water pollutants. Between East and West Bays, the latter showed poorer water
quality indicating the greater impacts of water pollution in the area. The worsening turbidity
or decreasing transparency and depth of the lake reflect the effects of heavy siltation which
include the destruction of bottom rooted plants.
With all rooted plants gone and with poor water transparency, photosynthetic levels are
limited and so are the levels of dissolved oxygen.
On the other hand, the high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fractions make the lake
highly eutrophic or susceptible to massive algal bloom, once the water clears during calm

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and sunny weather conditions. These algal blooms have been observed from time to time and
in several cases have caused fish kill in the lake.
The worsening eutrophication of the lake is indicated by the alarming levels of
ammonia-N which reflect the worsening anaerobic condition in the bottom sediments which
further threatens .the dissolved oxygen levels. The NH3-N, N03-N total-P levels of the lake
were already exceeding the prescribed standards by 22 times, 6 times and 7 times.
By and large, the results indicate the hypereutrophic nature of the lake as well as the
increasing environmental stresses and impacts of water pollution on the water quality of the
lake threatening its viability as a fishery resource. If the present trend in the deterioration of
its water quality continues, it will not be long until the lake becomes dystrophic.
The Laguna Lake and its surrounding areas are under immediate threat from household
and industrial pollution. Household or domestic wastes constitute 77% of the lake’s total
pollution load, industry contributes 11%, 11% from agriculture and 1% from forests. Solid
and liquid wastes enter the lake by way of the 22 major tributaries and the more than 100
minor tributaries, including the periodically back-flowing Pasig River. At present, Laguna
Lake is still classified as suitable for fisheries and aquaculture development. It is also
considered a source for drinking water which is subject to treatment. This, however, is not
the whole story.

In 2007, Greenpeace released the report Cutting Edge Contamination which showed
possible contamination of freshwater resources. Water samples were taken from communities
living near or around electronics and semiconductor facilities in the area and tested for
contamination. The samples were mostly taken from handpumps that the community used for
drinking water. Many of the samples contained differing levels of contaminants, including
VOCs and some trihalomethanes. Some samples contained elevated levels of zinc and
vanadium.

In three of the samples that were tested, Greenpeace found that the levels of one or more
chlorinated ethanes exceeded the maximum recommend levels for drinking water set by the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
One of the samples also clearly showed tetrachloroethene (a Volatile Organic Compound)
levels that were nine times the WHO guidance value and 70 times the EPA maximum
contaminant level

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 IMPACTS OF WATER POLLUTION TO LAGUNA DE BAY

A major negative impact on society relating to the decreased water quality is the reduced
income faced by local people, such as fishermen, whose livelihoods become threatened by a
declining availability of fish. People living in coastal areas are also at risk of prolonged flooding
due to sedimentation and typhoon occurrence. Infrastructure is currently being developed to
reduce the flood risk.
The problem in Laguna de Bay is nutrients – primarily nitrogen and phosphorus
compounds – that come from fertilizer runoff, livestock runoff and wastewater. In the case of our
rivers, lakes and oceans, an excess of nutrients from human activity is amongst the deadliest
threats of all.
This is the global "nutrient challenge" – the delicate balancing act between feeding and
providing for growing global population and upsetting the natural balance that allows our
ecosystems to function.
When excess fertilizers and other by-products of production and consumption (not least
human waste) enter water bodies, they bring with them an increase in nutrients (a process known
as eutrophication) that encourages the growth of huge blooms of algae, water hyacinth and other
nitrogen and phosphate-loving species – fast upsetting the balance these aquatic ecosystems have
developed over thousands of years. Algae in particular not only block sunlight, preventing the
survival of other species, but release potent neurotoxins – such as microcystins (blue-green
algae), which destroy nerve tissue in mammals or domoic acid (‘red tide’ algal blooms), which
accumulates in shellfish and other species causing injury or even death in higher-level predators
from birds to sea mammals to people.
When the algae die, their decomposition leaches the surrounding water of oxygen,
causing aquatic hypoxia – a shortage of oxygen that causes mass fish die offs – and eventually
aquatic dead zones, barren stretches of water where neither fish nor plants are able to survive.
And these dead zones are on the rise. In 1960, there were an estimated 10 oceanic dead zones
worldwide. By 2008 this figure had risen to 405 – some as large as 70,000 square kilometres.
Today, there are more than 500.
According to UN Environment’s Christopher Cox, the global nutrient challenge is one of
the key environmental issues facing the planet today.
While agricultural and industrial runoff both have a role to play in the lake’s declining
health, the biggest contributor to eutrophication – and thus the water hyacinth bloom paralysing
the lake – is human waste. Specifically the domestic waste and untreated sewage that flows into
the lake daily from the more than 12 million inhabitants of the 29 towns and hundreds of
informal settlements that ring its shores.
While the water hyacinth bloom paralysing the lake might be the most obvious effect of
Laguna de Bay’s pollution problem, other, less visible impacts are having an effect well beyond
its shores – reaching as far as the food and water needs of the capital itself.

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 Fish in the lake, both free and farmed, rely on naturally occurring phytoplankton as their
primary food source. With increasing eutrophication and decreasing oxygen levels in the lake,
these species are also taking a hit – and no plankton means no fish.

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 EFFORTS BY THE GOVERNMENT IN ADDRESSING LAGUNA DE BAY WATER
POLLUTION

Nutrient pollution is a major concern. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can
result in the eutrophication, or over-enrichment of a water body, triggering dense plant growth
and the death of animal life from lack of oxygen. There have been numerous reports of fish die-
offs in Laguna de Bay. Key sources of nutrients include run-off from farmland treated with
fertilizers as well as detergents and untreated sewage in domestic wastewater.
UN Environment has been studying concentrations of nitrogen in the lake as well as
nutrients entering Manila Bay to the west of the city as part of the Global Nutrient Cycle Project.
The project, funded by the Global Environment Facility, is developing policies and practices to
reduce the impact of nutrients on ecosystems.
Project leaders and local partners presented policy recommendations to the governors of
the provinces around the lake and Manila Bay in March 2017. The recommendations included
greater investment in improved land management practices, a phosphate detergent ban, and caps
on the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus that can be released from discharge points.
The remarkable aspect about the work being done to address pollution in the lake is that it
is powered by citizen action that has been supported at the highest decision-making levels
through a ruling by the Supreme Court of the Philippines in 2008 that mandated the clean-up of
Manila Bay and coastal areas, including Laguna de Bay. UN Environment has been contributing
to these efforts to beat pollution through the Global Nutrient Cycle Project.
Protecting ecosystem health is aligned with UN Environment’s strategy on freshwater
and its global fight against water pollution. The organization’s efforts on both fronts will help
countries to meet targets under the Sustainable Development Goals on freshwater and oceans.
Many of the millions of people living on the lake shores are informal settlers whose
homes lack proper sanitation facilities. At least half a million of them are estimated to be
discharging raw sewage into the lake. The government is considering building medium-rise
houses for them around the lake, using environmentally friendly technologies such as compost
toilets, biochar (charcoal used as a soil enhancer), and wetlands to control sewage.
To halt rapid sedimentation, authorities have drawn up plans to build small dams on
tributaries to filter out debris and reduce the amount of soil entering the lake. Reforestation along
parts of the shore has also been considered.
The Laguna Lake Development Authority is the principal body working towards the
sound ecological governance and sustainable development of the lake. The Authority drew up a
10-year master plan in 2016. Education is an important part of its work.
The Authority has a partnership with the Society for the Conservation of Philippine
Wetlands and Unilever Philippines called CLEAR (Conservation of Laguna de Bay’s
Environment and Resources). The partnership has conducted 16 ecological camps benefiting
students from 100 high schools and 13 lakeside municipalities, where children learn to value
Laguna de Bay.

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 ANALYSIS ON THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALS AND SPECIFIC
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS ADDRESSING LAGUNA BAY WATER POLLUTION

The Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), created by virtue of Republic Act No. 4850,
amended by Presidential Decree 813, is primarily tasked with the preservation, development and
sustainability of the Laguna de Bay and its 21 major tributary rivers.
The Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) was created by the virtue of Republic
Act No. 4850 (as amended by Presidential Decree 813), entitled AN ACT CREATING THE
LAGUNA LAKE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, PRESCRIBING ITS POWERS, FUNCTIONS
AND DUTIES, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES, on 1969.
The Authority leads, promotes, and accelerates sustainable development in the Laguna de
Bay Region through the enforcement of laws and provisions on environmental management,
with provisions on water quality monitoring, conservation of natural resources, and community-
based natural resources management.
Showcasing the symbiosis of man and nature through the utilization of the Integrated
Water Resource Management in Laguna Lake Region, LLDA aims to preserve the ecological
integrity and to promote economic growth with equitable access to resources.
As stated in the Chapter 1 of Section 1 in the RA 4850: "It is hereby declared to be the
national policy to promote, and accelerate the development and balanced growth of the Laguna
Lake area and the surrounding provinces, cities and towns hereinafter referred to as the region,
within the context of the national and regional plans and policies for social and economic
development and to carry out the development of the Laguna Lake region with due regard and
adequate provisions for environmental management and control, preservation of the quality of
human life and ecological systems, and the prevention of undue ecological disturbances,
deterioration and pollution."
The Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) was established in 1966 as a quasi-
government agency that leads, promotes, and accelerates sustainable development in the Laguna
de Bay Region. Regulatory and law-enforcement functions are carried out with provisions on
environmental management, particularly on water quality monitoring, conservation of natural
resources, and community-based natural resource management.
Its mission is to catalyze Integrated Water Resource Management in the Laguna de Bay
Region, showcasing the symbiosis of man and nature for sustainability, with focus on preserving
ecological integrity and promoting economic growth with equitable access to resources.
LLDA also enforced pertinent BRs related to aquaculture: Board Resolution No. 23
series of 1996 (Adoption of the Environmental Users Fee System (EUFs) and Approval of the
Work and Financial Plan for its Operationalization in the Laguna De Bay Basin). EUFs are
primarily aimed at reducing the pollution loading into the Laguna de Bay by enjoining all
dischargers of liquid waste to internalize the cost of environmental degradation and enhancement
into their business decisions or actions. These rules and regulations were applied to all
development projects, installations and activities that discharges liquid wastes to the Laguna de
Bay Region which covered industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural sources. These

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rules governed the administration of discharge permits. Any person who shall discharge liquid
waste into the Laguna de Bay Region needs to secure a discharge permit from LLDA with a
filing fee of Php 1,150.00, adjustable every year. Related to this is the LLDA BR 25-1996
(Adoption of the Environmental Users Fee System and Approval of the Work and Financial Plan
for its Operationalization in the Laguna De Bay Basin) which approved the budgetary
requirement of Twenty Seven Million Three Hundred Twenty Six Thousand Pesos (Php
27.326M) for the implementation of the system for the first year to form as an integral part of
LLDA’s Annual Corporate Operating Budget for CY 1997 and be sourced or appropriated out of
the EUFs Revenue.

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 RECOMMENDATION ON IMPROVING THE ROLES OF PROFESSIONALS,
CONTRACTS NEEDED TO ADDRESS THE ISSUES, AND IMPROVEMENT IN
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS THAT SHOULD BE APPLIED TO ADDRESS THE GAPS

The continuous and low quality of polluted water for Laguna Lake showed an urgent
need to sharpen our national and local policies and strengthen the enforcement of environmental
laws and regulations to protect our natural ecosystems, manage competing uses of scarce natural
resources, and promote sustainable development.

As the findings suggest, we need to improve the management of the environment and
natural resources in these pilot areas. As these areas are microcosms of the state of the country’s
ecosystems, this improvement is critical for growth to be inclusive and sustainable..

The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 Midterm Update by the National Economic
and Development Authority (NEDA) states that sustaining services that will improve the state of
the country’s ecosystem will support critical growth sectors and resource-dependent
communities amid risks posed by climate change and natural disasters.

Moreover, the findings will inform the conduct of environmental impact assessments and
cost-benefit analyses, which can serve as a basis for strengthening the management of
ecosystems and natural resources in the country.

The development of the Laguna Lake ecosystem accounts was based on the data
collected and analyzed primarily by Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) with the
assistance of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and other
government agencies. LLDA is responsible for the water and land management of the Laguna
Lake Basin.

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 CONCLUSION

Laguna de Bay is a vital resource of the nation's capital and the industrial hub of the
Philippines. The lake's economic importance for providing livelihood to thousands of fisherfolk,
as a major source of food for the basin's population and as the future domestic water supply of
the region makes its rational management imperative. While the government through the LLDA
has carried out mitigating strategies to address the environmental stresses causing rapid
deterioration of the lake, little or no action has been taken to forestall the serious sedimentation
problem and heavy organic and nutrient loading from domestic and agricultural sources. There is
clearly a need for an integrated management of the lake for its sustainable development.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge Engr. Magtibay for giving us this kind of case study. I have
learned a lot from this case study and it can be used as my reference for my upcoming thesis.
I would like to acknowledge the authors of the articles that some of the information in my
case study about the water pollutions was being borrowed and used in my case study.
Without these articles, my case study is not realiable. I would also like to acknowledge the
government behind the Laguna Lake which is Laguna Lake Development Authority(LLDA)
for they are the main reasons why Laguna lake is improving because of their continuously
research and resolution for the benefit and cleanliness of Laguna Lake. Most of the data that
were presented were borrowed from the Annual Report of LLDA.

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DOCUMENTATION

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