A Potable Source of

Water: A Recurring

need of Barangay

Marinas
 ABSTRACT

Topic: A Potable Source of Water; a recurring need of Barangay Marinas

Location: Barangay Marinas

Researchers:

Mark Ajel J. Lagsit

Rinalyn H. Estolas

Jodel M. Hachaso

Erwin H. Espineda

Jerson M. Uranza

Type of Document:

Unpublished Research Study

Host Institution:

Abuyog National High School

This study aimed to answer the following questions: (1) what are the sources of

potable water in barangay Marinas? (2) How many of the families have their own source of

potable water? (3) How many percent of the families do not have source of potable water?

(4) What are the effects of not having source of potable water? (5) What are the possible

solutions that can be applied in the problem?

The researchers use quantitative research design to collect and present data. This

study will use questionnaires for the researchers to gather information. This study focused

on the recurring problem of barangay Marinas which lack source of potable water.

This study was conducted in barangay Marinas to assess and find out the following

answers to our questions. Our respondents are the citizen/people of barangay Marinas.

This study will provide solutions to the present problem of barangay Marinas.
Introduction

Potable drinking water is a critical requirement of human life. Without it, our

continued existence on earth would be immediately threatened. It is for this reason that the

provision of potable water in adequate quantity and quality is a primary national and

international concern of nations. In particular, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

target that 86.6 percent of the population of countries would have adequate access to safe

drinking water by 2015 (NEDA 2007). For its part, the Philippine government aims that 92 to

96 percent of its citizens would have sufficient water supply at an even earlier date, by 2010

(NEDA 2004).

Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for

drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply

and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries’ economic

growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction.

In 2010, the UN General Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and

sanitation. Everyone has the right to sufficient, continuous, safe, acceptable, physically

accessible, and affordable water for personal and domestic use. Water is needed for the

maintenance of health. Its importance is not only related to the quantity, but also the quality.

Access to water in the required quantity is needed to achieve good personal and domestic

hygiene practices while good quality water ensures that ingested water does not constitute

a health hazard, even in a life time of consumption. It is however estimated that as much as

1.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water while the drinking of

contaminated water is responsible for 88% of the over four billion cases of diarrhoeal

diseases that occur in the world every year, and the 1.8 million deaths that result from them.

It is also indirectly responsible for the 50% of childhood malnutrition that is linked to

diarrhoeal diseases, and the 860, 000 deaths that result from them each.

Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such

as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. Absent, inadequate, or

inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable

health risks. This is particularly the case in health care facilities where both patients and

staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when water, sanitation, and

hygiene services are lacking. Globally, 15% of patients develop an infection during a

hospital stay, with the proportion much greater in low-income countries.

Inadequate management of urban, industrial, and agricultural wastewater means the

drinking-water of hundreds of millions of people is dangerously contaminated or chemically

polluted. Some 829 000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhoea as a result of

unsafe drinking-water, sanitation, and hand hygiene. Yet diarrhoea is largely preventable,

and the deaths of 297 000 children aged under 5 years could be avoided each year if these

risk factors were addressed. Where water is not readily available, people may decide hand

washing is not a priority, thereby adding to the likelihood of diarrhoea and other diseases.

In reality, the State has a responsibility to protect its citizens against natural

phenomena that might cause environmental degradation, as these could lead to

unnecessary hazards, as stated by Peru (2009:7). Peru based his argument on the Hyogo

Declaration, where he noted that government authorities “…have the prerogative to protect

people and the property on their territory from hazards; thus, it is essential to prioritise

disaster-risk reduction in the national policy, consistent with the capacities and resources

available to them”.

This means that the organs of State should also have a disaster-management plan in

place. The plan would assist the municipality to minimize disaster occurrences, and to

enhance the municipality’s objective of using its budget for service delivery to provide

essential services, like water, to its people.

The literature also indicated the progress made by the South African government on

poverty alleviation, sanitation and access to clean water (Muller, 2011). The literature has

highlighted the challenges in water provision and in accessing water for the poor people.

The literature looked at the developmental principles and the modernisation theories,
including court cases, in trying to indicate the importance for all people of having access to

potable water. Lastly, the literature looked at the capacity of the officials in the spheres of

government, in order to ascertain whether are they capable of addressing the challenge of

supplying water to all people.

The millennium development goal under environmental sustainability states the need

for ensuring drinking water quality. The case is significant for the Philippines which are

heavily affected by typhoons annually. Consequently typhoons commonly affect the water

pipelines and services, inevitably contaminating the water upon restoration.

The researchers decided to conduct this research to know the possible solutions to fit

the gap in the existing problem of barangay Marinas about the lack of sources of potable

water. This research will ensure that the recurring problem about the lack of potable

sources of water will be resolved.

Statement of the Problem

This research will realize the existing problem of barangay Marinas about the lack of

sources of potable water. The researchers conducted this research to answer the following

questions:

1. What are the sources of potable water in barangay Marinas?

2. How many of the families have their own source of potable water?

3. How many percent of the families do not have their own source of potable

water?

4. What are the effects of not having a source of potable water?

5. What are the possible solutions that can be applied?

Scope and Delimitation

This study will give emphasis to the present problem of Barangay Marinas which is

the lack of potable water. This aims to give solution to said problem to help the Barangay

Marinas to be a better place to live in and to elevate the lives of the people and to be

educated about recurring problem of the said barangay.

This research is conducted at Barangay Marinas were the researcher focused at the

three main section (Purok 1, 2, and 3). The researcher conducted a survey to the 50

families of barangay Marinas which will be the respondent of this study. The survey started

July 2, 2019 till last week of July 2019, every Tuesday. The survey questionnaire contains 5

questions that the respondents answered and it served as bases of the researchers.

Significance of the Study

This study is more significant and helpful to the following:

Beneficiaries

 Community – the primary purpose of this research is to help the community to

understand and to be aware of the existing problem about the lack of source

of potable water in the community and be able to provide solution as a whole.

 Barangay Officials – being the leaders of the community, the result of this

research will give importance to the recurring problem of barangay Marinas

and for the barangay officials to be able to implement and make steps that

could make change to the community and to elevate the lives of the people.

 Citizens – being part of a community citizens are responsible of maintaining

and abiding the programs of the community by that this research will give

them the chance to be aware and understand the problems present in the

community.

 Individuals – as a common citizen of a barangay each one has a vital role and

purpose to follow rules and by means of this research each of them will be

informed with the problem of the community where they live.

 II. RELATED LITERATURE and STUDIES

In this chapter an overview of the relevant literature and studies on source of potable

water is provided. Regarding the lack of source of potable water this will provide additional

information. Included is the Conceptual framework, Gap and Definition of terms.

RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign

In the literature on water supply and sanitation, the terms “safe,” “adequate,” and

“improved” are used to describe water supply and sanitation coverage. Coverage is defined

as the percentage of the population with access to safe (improved) water supplies and

adequate (improved) sanitation facilities. The Global Water Supply and Sanitation

Assessment 2000 Report by WHO/UNICEF differentiates between the term “improved” and

the terms “safe” and “adequate” because of the lack of information on the safety and

adequacy of water supplies and sanitation facilities.

According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2001, in 1999 65% of the

Malian population were using improved water sources and 69% of the population were

using adequate sanitation facilities. The population using improved water sources was

defined as the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount

of drinking water (availability of at least 20 liters per person per day from a source within

one kilometer of the user’s dwelling) from improved sources. The population using

adequate sanitation facilities was defined as the percentage of the population using

improved sanitation facilities that are private and hygienically separate human excreta from

human contact (UNDP 2001).

In Mali, water supply and sanitation coverage is lower in rural areas than in urban

areas; 74% of the urban population and 61% of the rural population have access to safe

water, and 93% of the urban population and 58% of the rural population have access to

adequate sanitation (WHO/UNICEF 2000). Table 2.2 compares these statistics on Mali’s

water supply and sanitation coverage’s to those of Africa, collectively, and to those

worldwide.
Local

Potable or drinking water is a critical requirement of human life. Without it, our

continued existence on earth would be immediately threatened. It is for this reason that the

provision of potable water in adequate quantity and quality is a primary national and

international concern of nations. In particular, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

target that 86.6 percent of the population of countries would have adequate access to safe

drinking water by 2015 (NEDA 2007). For its part, the Philippine government aims that 92 to

96 percent of its citizens would have sufficient water supply at an even earlier date, by 2010

(NEDA 2004).

With 2015 in the not too distant future and 2010 only a year away, the performance

of the Philippines in meeting national and international objectives related to potable water

needs to be assessed. Evaluating at this time where we are in terms of our potable water

targets will help determine whether our objectives are achievable or actually farfetched.

Furthermore, an assessment will allow us to see whether we should fine-tune our methods

and fastrack our efforts with the remaining time at hand.

In late 2008 and early 2009, the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS)

and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) conducted a study on local service

delivery (LSD) in the sectors of education, health and potable water in the Philippines. In the

case of potable water, the study reviewed potable water service delivery nationally and

analysed it in two case study sites: Dumaguete City in Negros Oriental and the Province of

Agusan del Sur in Mindanao. In particular, the study looked into the current situation of

water service delivery in the Philippines and the two sites, determined its performance

relative to national targets and the MDGs, and identified the key issues and challenges it

faces. The end purpose of the water service delivery study was to generate

recommendations for its improvement.

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign
 Arellano (1994) emphasized the severe strain on water resources that the growing

population of Metro Manila has brought and explored options for privatization of the

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) which served the water needs of

the area. In another study on the effects of the privatization of the Metro Manila Water and

Sewerage System (MWSS on the price of water, the poor and the environment David

(2000) indicated that unless some adjustments were made, the water shortage problem in

Metro Manila will persist even with privatization. It also asserted that the poor will continue

to pay a much higher price for water. Furthermore, the paper argued that even though the

water pricing is progressive, it may end up having regressive effects as the poorer

households have to rely on shared water connection or public faucets and thereby actually

pay higher water prices.

In another study, Inocencio et al. (1999) studied the basic household water

requirement to maintain good health and proper sanitation and computed the lifeline or

minimum consumption block of about 10 cubic meters per month for a family of 6 members.

Inocencio and David (2001) further indicated that the provision of water for the poor and

poor communities can be a potent tool for alleviating poverty as it impacts on health, income

and consumption and gender and social inclusion. They also argued that in this sense

public private-community Partnerships (PPCPs) which are delivering water to the poor in

Metro Manila may be contributing to poverty alleviation.

On institutions, WSP (2004) suggested that rural water supply projects with

significant investments in capacity and institution building produced the most sustainable

rural water supply. It further argued that the involvement of the local government and

communities aids the preparation, planning, implementation, and management of such

systems. The study also suggested that the success of projects will require strengthening

local capacity and building institutions to operate and maintain systems, developing

mechanisms for cost recovery, explicitly targeting the needs of the poor, and providing more

incentives for local investment. Another institutional study by Singh (2006) suggested that

policy makers in the Philippines should give due attention to institutional transformation or
the creation of appropriate and new institutions as the country moves towards

decentralization.

Local

On alternative potable water sources, Magtibay (2004) explained that a portion of the

population of the Philippines has shifted their preference to alternative sources of drinking

water and that the demand at the water refilling stations or water stores that sell purified

water is now increasing. It asserted that the quality of purified water conforms to national

standards for drinking water and is even better than the quality of water produced by

traditional water supply systems particularly in terms of removed impurities.

On the issue of accessibility of potable water, Greenpeace (2007) and World Bank

(2005) stated that one out of five Filipinos did not get water from formal sources.

Furthermore, it explained that only 77 percent of the rural population and 90 percent of

those in urban areas have access to an improved water source and only 44 percent have

direct house connections. Madrazo (2002) further mentioned that those without house

connections only access water from wells, springs, communal faucets, and/or from small-

scale informal providers.

On the issue of financing water projects in the Philippines, Johnson et al. (1996)

explored innovative ways to finance water districts particularly in relation to its financial

donors. Finally, on the issue of meeting development goals, ADB (2006) projected that the

Philippines will have rural water supply for only 77 percent of the rural population by 2015

which is off track in attaining MDG targets. ADB (2007) further said that for the Philippines

in 2004, overall water supply coverage achieved was only 85 percent (87% urban and 82%

rural), with overall sanitation coverage of 72 percent (80% urban and 59% rural). It asserted

therefore that progress on meeting MDG targets needs to be improved.

Significance of Related Studies and Literature Gathered

 This Studies and Literature from foreign and local will be very useful for the

researchers as a basis in doing the research. The related studies and literature helped a lot

in the side of the researchers and provide relevant information regarding the lack of sources

of potable water in Barangay Marinas East District, Sorsogon City.

Conceptual Framework

In this study, questionnaire will be given to all the respondents from Barangay

Marinas East District, Sorsogon City. The target respondents will be the first 50 families

from barangay Marinas East District, Sorsogon City. The respondents made a questionnaire

to gather data from the 50 families for the evaluation and interpretation of the data. The

researcher’s main objective is to know the possible solutions and effects of not having a

source of potable water.

In this study, a quantitative research will provide a clear view of the present problem

of Barangay Marinas East District, Sorsogon City.

GAP

The reviewed related studies and literature focuses on the sources of potable water

from other places with regard to the sources and the percentage of the clean and safe

drinking water. Another significant of this study is to have an awareness about the lack of

source of potable water in barangay Marinas East District, Sorsogon City.

However, the gathers studies and literature, no one attempted to study about the

percentage of the families in Barangay Marinas East District, Sorsogon City having a clean

and safe source of potable water, assess the reason behind it and the possible solution to it.

Thus, this is the gap bridge by the study.

Input Process Output

The lack of source of

Potable Water, the Determine the causes
effect of not having and the effects of not
Survey questionnaire
source of potable water having source of
and the possible Availability sampling potable water and
solution can be applied provide solution to it in
in Barangay Marinas Descriptive analysis
Barangay Marinas East
East District, Sorsogon District, Sorsogon City.
City
 Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

Definition of Terms

Recurring - Occurring or appearing again. If something is at regularly occurring

intervals.

Potable - Potable can also be a noun, meaning any drinkable liquid. The word

comes from the Latin potare, meaning "to drink." Not only did the Romans come up with

that word; they built some of the world's first aqueducts, above-ground channels that

brought potable water from the mountains to the cities. Potable water is often in short

supply after natural catastrophes like earthquakes and hurricanes, and its availability is

often discussed on the news.

Un-Sanitized - (not comparable) of or pertaining to something unsanitary. The dirty

dishes are unsanitized. Pertains to information which has not been censored or cleaned up.

Reclaimed - To recall from wrong or improper conduct: REFORM to rescue from an

undesirable state also to restore to a previous natural state reclaim mining sites. To make

available for human use by changing natural conditions reclaim swampland.

Dehydration - The process of losing or removing water or moisture. A condition

caused by the excessive loss of water from the body, which causes a rise in blood sodium

levels. Since dehydration is most often caused by excessive sweating, vomiting, or

diarrhea, water loss is usually accompanied by a deficiency of electrolytes.

Waterborne - Any disease transmitted by consuming or bathing in water. Common

disease-causing agents that contaminate water include Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, some

hepatitis viruses, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7, and metallic toxins.

 Fatigue and Lethargy - Relating to, or characterized by laziness or lack of energy:

feeling or affected by lethargy. Weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress. 2:

the temporary loss of power to respond induced in a sensory receptor or motor end organ

by continued stimulation. Fatigue.

Diseases - Synonyms. Affection, ail, ailment, bug, complaint, complication, condition,

disorder, distemper, distemperature, fever, ill, illness, infirmity, malady, sickness, trouble.

Chapter III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers and present the research method, sources of data, respondents,

research instrument/Instrumentation and data gathering procedures in the conduct of this

research.

Research Method

This research is about the lack of sources of potable water in Barangay Marinas East

District, Sorsogon City. The study used a survey questionnaire to gather information from

the (50) respondents which are fifty families from Barangay Marinas East District, Sorsogon

City. The respondents will be chosen using the availability sampling so that the researchers

will utilize the time in gathering the data needed in the interpretation. For the interpretation

of the data the researchers used descriptive analysis for identifying the reasons and

possible solution to the lack of the sources of potable water.

Research Design

In this study the researchers use the Descriptive Survey Research Design.

Descriptive for identifying and knowing the percentage of the family in Barangay Marinas

East District, Sorsogon City that has a source of potable drinking water.

Sources of data

The researchers used several sources of data. The primary sources of data for this

study were the (50) families from Barangay Marinas East District, Sorsogon City.

Respondents Number Percentage

Residents from Barangay 50 100%
 Marinas East District,

Sorsogon City
Total 50 100%

Figure 2. Distribution of Respondents

Instrumentation

The aim of finding out something cannot be achieved without the use of tools or

instruments. In this study, the following are the instruments used to collect the needed data.

 Determining Style Questionnaire

- The determining style questionnaire is a type of questionnaire that the proponents

will be using for them to gather the data needed. This questionnaire is the

assessment tool that will be used in determining the percentage of the family in in

Barangay Marinas East District, Sorsogon City that has no source of potable

drinking water.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers look for the available respondents in Barangay Marinas East

District, Sorsogon City. The researchers used availability sampling. The proponents asked

the respondents if they are willing to answer the question provided by the questionnaire or

not and then the researchers explained what they are going to do and explained the other

words that are unfamiliar to them.

Respondents Number Percentage

Residents from Barangay 50 100%

Marinas East District,

Sorsogon City