Title page

ABSTRACT

This study aims to build up an improved system of distribution that decreases the

deficiency of water supply in Barangay Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas. The study provides some

information on how to improve the water distribution system. Also, it can help local officials and

future researchers as they can utilize the structure as reference. This study hopes to benefit

residents of Barangay Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas and provide them of a better water

distribution system in the community so that each gets access to source of water at the same

time. The findings of this study summarized as follows. Based on the interviews and ocular visits

done by the researchers, the following data were collected. The water distribution system in this

barangay was constructed and started to serve the residents of the barangay in 2005. The current

source of water in Barangay Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas is the ground water. It is an elevated

steel water tank. There are only two series of pipelines that exist in the barangay. Some residents

are getting water for their daily needs by impounding rainwater while some are using their

private vehicle to take water from other barangay. These sources can lessen the water shortage in

the locality but these practices are sometimes disturbing for some residents. Since the supply of

water is minimal, the possibility of improving the water distribution system is a must, so the

municipality of Lemery may adopt policies encouraging private investments in the development

and improvement of water supply facilities to maintain the sufficient supply of water for

increasing demand of the people. Upon the implementation of the project, it is recommended to

conduct detailed cost estimate and present assessment of material and labor cost in order to

obtain more realistic project cost.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION

Water is the most abundant compound on earth and has unique chemical and physical

properties. Every living thing requires water. Man can go nearly 2 months without food but can

live only 3-4 days without water. Water is the only substance on earth that exists naturally in

liquid, solid, and gaseous form. It has been and will always be necessity to humanity. Plant and

animals including human being require water to carry out their life functions. The earth’s water

also regulates, stimulates and runs industries.

Human beings need water to sustain life and raise food. But the industrial development,

the rapid technological change and the desire for labor saving conveniences have greatly

increased the demand and not only the need for water. This increasing demand for water is not

mainly because of population growth but also due to urbanization, industrialization and specially,

the extension of agriculture, particularly irrigated agriculture.

A water supply system capable of supplying sufficient quantity of potable water is a

necessity for a modern society. Public supply of water must satisfy the quantity and quality of

water that has been consumed and used by the public. The sources of supply, storage facilities

and distribution facilities for water are elements that make up the modern water supply system.

The primary source of fresh water is precipitation, but human needs can also be met from water

coming from a spring.

World population continues to grow, placing greater pressure on available water supplies

for human use, industrial production, and sanitation and for the growing of food and fiber.

Floods result in property damage and loss of life and curtail the production of industrial and
agricultural products. Pollution of both surface and ground water reduces the available supply of

potable water for many uses.

Beyond being a source of life that ensures our daily existence, water is a precious

resource essential to our national development. All the breakthroughs and successes we have

made in the economic and social fields in the past few years can be put at risk should we faced a

prolonged water shortage brought about by the lack of environmental protection, water resources

conservation, and water treatment distribution.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

(rm da)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main objective of the study is to provide an effective and adequate water distribution

system to help address the water needs of the people of Barangay Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the present condition of the water distribution system in Barangay Mayasang,

Lemery, Batangas in terms of:

a. Distribution facilities

b. Storage facilities

c. Maintenance

2. What are the factors necessary for designing a water distribution system?

3. What is the recommended design of water supply that will meet the project demand?

4. What is the estimated cost of the project that may be considered on the

implementation of the project?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The outcome of this study will benefit different sectors on the following aspects:

To the residents of Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas, this could be the solution for the water

shortage in the barangay.

To the officials of Barangay, this could serve as a reference in the long-term strategic

planning that concerns maintenance programs that will target maximum efficiency.

To the future researchers, this will be an appropriate reference material. The approaches

and methodologies in this study will guide them in pursuing their own investigation.

To the researchers, this study can contribute to the development of their ability as future

Civil Engineers, which serves as a stepping stone for them to be familiar and be well acquainted

with their chosen area of specialization.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study aims to provide another design of water distribution supply to meet

sufficiently the demands of the people. There are factors to be considered in designing a water

distribution system. These are the population projection based upon the census that was

conducted by the Barangay Health Worker (BHW) and the individual demands of water.

The scope was limited only to the design of the whole system. This system includes the

design of the water tank that could be required from the system but the construction proper is not

included. It also includes the estimate of the associated cost of the project. It does not include the

treatment of water and quality of water.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Billed Consumption. This refers to the water used by the serviced areas being recorded

and monitored in the installed water meters.

Consumer. This refers to the residents of Barangay Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas

Domestic Water. This refers to the water allotted to the households, schools, commercial

establishments and other similar institutions.

Groundwater. It is the water that is found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil,

sand and rock. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly though layers of soil, sand and rocks

called aquifers.

Industrial Water. This refers to the water supplied to factories and industrial

establishments.

Leakage. This refers to the water lost in the distribution lines through pipe defects, like

poor connections, cracks, joints, etc.

Metering System. This refers to the meters installed to the households where the average

billed consumption is based from.

Non-Revenue Water. This refers to the difference between the water production and

billed consumption.

Peak Flow. This refers to the period when the water pressure and discharge are high.
 Percentage of Water Losses. This refers to the ratio of the billed consumption to the

total production multiplied by one-hundred percent.

Pipe Network. This refers to the present layout of main and distribution pipelines which

distribute water throughout the system.

Production Efficiency. This refers to the ratio of the total volume of water produced to

the billed consumption.

Pump. It is a device used to move fluids or sometimes slurries by mechanical action.

Pumping Station. This refers to the different stations where pumps are installed and used

to discharge water to the consumers.

Unaccounted-for-Water. This refers to the water supplied or consumed by the Fire

Department, office personnel, maintenance department during repairs, flushing and testing.

Water Demand. This refers to the volume of water required from the water district to

supply to consumers at any time.

Water Distribution System. This refers to all facilities required to get water from the

source to the customer, including reservoirs, pipelines and booster pumps.

Water Meter. This refers to the device use to record the total water consumption of a

consumer per month.

Water Production. This refers to the extraction of water from the groundwater source by

the use of hydraulic pumps and other machineries.

 Water Supply. This refers to the volume of water that can be provided by the MLWD

for the consumers.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

To be able to enrich the framework of the study, conceptual and research literatures are

presented in this chapter.

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE

Ground water

Groundwater is the water from rain or other precipitation that soaks into the ground and

moves downward to fill cracks and other openings in soil and rocks. On the earth, approximately

3 % of the total water is fresh water. Of these, groundwater comprises 95%, surface water 3.5%,

and soil moisture 1.5%.

Sources of water

There are three possible sources of water for human consumption. One is rainwater

collected from roofs of buildings or special water shed and stored in cistern or ponds. I some

rural areas of the country, rain water is use for all domestic and farm purposes including

drinking. It is a soft water therefore in regions where groundwater is especially hard, these water

are frequently used as a source of water supply in homes.

Another source of water is the natural surface waters from streams, lakes and ponds,

which is used extensively for irrigation, for industrial purposes and for city water supply. When

used for city water supplies, surface water must be treated by filtration and chlorination to make

them suitable for human consumption.

 Another principal source of water for domestic use in rural areas is groundwater from

springs and wells. Some cities also use groundwater from wells. The character of groundwater

from springs and wells depends upon the nature and condition of the soil and rock though which

it passes. If it contacts very little soluble material, it will be soft water and because of filtering

action of the soil, it may be cleaner and purer than rainwater.

Uses of water

The domestic use of water includes water furnished to houses, hotels and other residential

buildings for sanitary, culinary, drinking, washing, bathing and other purposes. It varies

according to living conditions of consumers.

The water is said to be of commercial use when it furnishes industrial and commercial

plants. Its importance will depend upon local conditions such as the existence of large industries

and whether or not the industries patronize the public water works. Self-supplied industrial water

requirements are estimated to be more than 200 percent of municipal water demand.

Public use of water includes the utilization of water for public buildings such as city halls, jails

and schools as well as public service furnishing streets and fire protection for which the city is

not paid.

Water distribution system

Water system refers to the facilities and equipment used for delivering water from a

sources to a system of supply. These includes pumps, reservoirs, tanks, connecting pipes,

fittings, valves and control.

 Without a water system, water must be dipped, bailed, pumped and carried by hand.

Pumping and carrying by hand are strenuous and sometimes unpleasant especially during rainy

seasons, it is also expensive in terms of the amount of water needed in several times as much as

for household uses. For these reasons, it is much better and cheaper to use a water system of

some kind in conjunction with a system of supplying plumbing.

The objectives of the municipal water system are to provide safe, potable water for

domestic use, adequate quantity of water at sufficient pressure for fire protection, and industrial

water for manufacturing. A typical water works consists of a source-treatment-pumping and

distribution system. Sources for municipal supplies are deep wells, shallow wells, river, lakes

and springs. About two thirds of the water for public supplies comes from surface water sources.

Large cities generally use major rivers or lakes to meet their high demand, whereas the majority

of towns use well water if available. Often groundwater is of adequate quality to preclude

treatment other than chlorination and fluorination. Wells can then be located at several points

within the municipality; water can be pumped directly into the distribution system. However,

where extensive processing is needed, the well pumps, or low-lift pumps from the surface water

intake, convey the raw water to the treatment plant site. A large reservoir of treated water

provides reserves for the high demand periods and equalizing of pumping rates. The high lift

pumps deliver treated water under high pressure through transmissions mains to distribution

piping and storage.

The amount of water required by a municipality depends on industrial use climate, and

economic consideration. Although industries in the rural countryside frequently maintain private

water systems, major plants in urban areas rely on the municipal waterworks. Although water

rates have increased significantly during the past decade, residential water use has continued to
rise approximately one percent per year. Water used in waterworks design depends on the

magnitude and variations in municipal water consumption and the reserve needed for

firefighting.

Pump

Related Studies

For further understanding of the study, the researchers considered some related

researchers and studies focusing on the water supply assessment of the water quality.

Macatangay (2001) conducted a study entitled “Assessment of the Water Distribution

System of the Metro Lipa Water District”. The study was conducted to determine the proper

maintenance measures to be employed by the company; its impact to the consumers in terms of

adequacy of supply and in the company’s profitability.

Agquiz, et. al., (2012) conducted a study entitled, “Proposed Rehabilitation of Water

Distribution System at Barangay Taklang-Anak, Calaca, Batangas”. It further aimed to answer

some questions like the present condition of the water distribution system in the barangay in

terms of distribution facilities, storage facilities, energy facilities and maintenance; the factors

necessary for designing a water distribution system; the recommended design of water supply

system that will meet the projected demand; and the management scheme and the estimated cost

of the project that may be considered on the implementation of the project.

 CHAPTER III

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

This chapter presents the method used for information gathering, evaluation and design,

and the schedule of project implementation of the proposed water distribution system at

Barangay Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas.

Technical Description

The researchers focused on basic research to gather important data in regards to water

distribution system and other related studies regarding water supply. Most information came

from books and other relatable reading materials, and also from the internet. Interviews were also

conducted to gather other related information that can be considered before proceeding to the

design stage.

Aside from library research, the researchers also conducted visual inspection to assess the

site themselves. They visited the current sources of water and other facilities in the system like

pipelines and tank to determine which of those facilities needs improvement and those that

should be preserved. After analyzing the gather data, the researchers prepared the preliminary

design of the additional water storage.

The researcher take into consideration the proper location of the site in the barangay

which is necessary for the proper planning of the proposed project. Proper allocation of every

structure must be accessible to avoid the delay in fixing some problems throughout the system.

The fundamental requirement in designing a water distribution system includes the assessment of

naturally occurring phenomena to which the system will be subjected. Considering the proposed
water distribution system at Barangay Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas, the researchers gather the

required parameters for design calculation. After consolidating the data and necessary

information, the researcher will come up with the detailed design presentation.

The concept of this study is to develop the position of the storage tank and reservoir to be

at (what part. Norther…. Etc) where the site terrain has higher elevation than the southern part.

The concept of the study was developed because the present condition of the site is not located in

the highest point in the barangay and only produce a minimum amount of discharge. Considering

the pipelines, it is convenient in that barangay to follow the existing roads because most of the

domestic houses are located closely adjacent to the roads and routes required for the pipelines.

Any such construction of pipeline along the road would also cause considerable convenience

where material can be stored until required as far as constriction is considered.

Population Estimation

In determining the future water supply demand in Barangay Mayasang, Lemery,

Batangas, the arithmetic method was used wherein the rate of growth is not constant. The

formula is:

Pn = Po +n/n(Po – P’)

Where:

Pn = population at some future time

Po = population at latest census

P’ = popukation at earliest census

n = number of year from latest census to some future period

n’ = number of year from earliest census to some latest census

Based upon the data from table 1;

Given:

Po= 2439

P’= 2404

n= 20

n’= 4

Requirement:

Population in the year 2038

Solution:

Pn = Po +n/n(Po – P’)

Pn= 2439+ 20/4(2439-2404)

Pn= 2614 persons

The researchers determined that in the year 2038 the population of Barangay Mayasang,

Lemery, Batangas is 2614. This shows that the increase in population should go along with the

increase in supply of water in this particular locality. This number of persons will be the basis of
the design of pipes, storage tanks, pumps and estimate volume of flow that will be consumed per

day. With this population, it was feasible to compute the total volume of flow needed per day.

The average daily consumption will be 150 liters per capita per day based from the survey on

average water consumption of a sample area having the same characteristics conducted by the

researchers. In connection with the design, the water consumption is based upon the day

demands the average and maximum day demand that should be computed knowing the total

population in the projected span of 20 years. The design requires the length of pipes that has to

be in meters, the elevation head in meters and the total discharge of water in liters per second.

General Factors Considered in the Design

The water facilities design shall include planning to meet present and future demands,

population projections, per capita consumption, area population densities and fire requirements.

These factors must then be considered to size the mains from the various sources of supply to

every point in the system. Other design elements are piping materials selection, the water main

pressure requirements, water main location with reference to property lines and sizing of service

lines.

The design of a water distribution system necessitates consideration of planning

requirement. The design provisions and criterion are based upon the references gathered by the

researchers. For this particular study, a detailed map of the locations on which the contours and

all the controlling evaluations will be identified. After studying the topography, the future

population of the community will be estimated and local conditions will be analyzed to

determine the quantity of water to be provided. The economic aspects of the problem includes

determining how far into the future the population should be projected. The physical, chemical
and bacteriological characteristics of water will be determined to analyze the potability of the

water that will be distributed in the system. A skeleton system of supply mains leading from a

distribution reservoir will be assumed. The supply mains will be made large enough to deliver

the expected flow requirements with adequate pressure. For this study, the system is built to meet

the water demand expected 20 years from the present.

Water Consumption

In the design of the water distribution system, the volume of water required was

considered. After projecting the total population in the span of 20 years, the total amount of

water was computed. The water consumption was expressed in liters.

In connection with the design, the water consumption was based upon the day demands,

the average and maximum daily demands.

Given:

Design Population = 2614 persons

Per capita water consumption = 150 LPCD (source: BCWD)

Requirement:

Average Water Demand

Solution:
a. Average Daily Demand (ADD)

ADD = Design Population x Per Capita Water Consumption

= 2614 x 150

= 392 100 liters per day

Water Loss = 10% of ADD

= 0.10 x 392100 liters per day

= 39 210 liters per day

ADDtotal = ADD + Water Loss

= 392 100 + 39 210

= 431 310 liters per day

b. Maximum Daily Demand (MDD)

MDD = 2 x ADD

= 2 x 431 310

= 862 620 liters per day

c. Maximum Hourly Demand ( MHD)

MHD = ADD/24

= 431 310/ 24

= 17 971.25 liters per hour

 The average daily demand for water is simply the product of projected population in the

span of 20 years and the daily average water consumption per capita per day which is 150 LPCD.

After knowing the amount of water required, the researchers refer to a consultant of Batangas

City Water District for the consideration for water loss and was made for about 10 percent of the

ADD. And since the barangay is rural area a peak factor of 2 is multiplied to come up with the

estimated maximum demand of water per day. The maximum hour demand was computed by

dividing average daily demand by 24 hours.

Design of Storage Tank

The maximum amount of water required per day was the basis used for design of storage

tank capacity. It is necessary to determine the number of people to be served and their per capita

water consumption. The factors that maybe affect the consumption were also analyzed.

Design Criteria:

Design Population = 2614 persons

Design Period = 20 years

Per Capita Water Consumption = 150 LPCD

Water Consumption: ADD = 431 310 liters per day

MDD = 862 620 liters per day

MHD = 17 971.25 liters per hour

Storage Capacity = 0.3 x MDD

= 0.3 x 862 620 liters per day

= 258 786 liters or 68 364.02 gallons (US)

 In designing the storage tank, the researchers used __ gallons as its capacity which is

greater than the computed amount. This is expected to deliver the required amount of water

throughout the projected year without incurring deficiency.

From Table 32 (Data on Elevated Steel Tanks, Elements of Water Supply Engineering,

1947)

At ___ gallons (Hemispherical Bottom)

D = diameter of tank =

C = height of tank (cylinder) =

V = total height of steel tank =

This type storage tank will have 4 columns and will used the “Fill and Draw” system.

Design of Pump and Distribution Pipe

The total dynamic head (TDH) and discharge (Q) are vital in determining the type of

pump to be used. Transmission main is designed considering the location of the source of supply.

The elevation of source of supply is noted and the elevations of the community that will be

served are also determined. The length of transmission main depends on the distance the source

of supply and the location of the barangay to be served.

 The materials used in designing the pipes were considered in order to assure its projected

useful life. The size of pipe used can make the difference between a satisfactory installation and

complete failure.

Elevations and other pertinent information about the site were given to the researchers by

the __ .