Aeronautical Communications

Seminar Report ‘05

1. INTRODUCTION

The demand for making air traveling more 'pleasant, secure and
productive for passengers is one of the winning factors for airlines and aircraft
industry. Current trends are towards high data rate communication services, in
particular Internet applications. In an aeronautical scenario global coverage is
essential for providing continuous service. Therefore satellite communication
becomes indispensable, and together with the ever increasing data rate
requirements of applications, aeronautical satellite communication meets an
expansive market.

Wireless Cabin (IST -2001-37466) is looking into those radio access

technologies to be transported via satellite to terrestrial backbones . The project
will provide UMTS services, W-LAN IEEE 802.11 b and Blue tooth to the
cabin passengers. With the advent of new services a detailed investigation of
the expected traffic is necessary in order to plan the needed capacities to fulfill
the QoS demands. This paper will thus describe a methodology for the planning
of such system.

In the future, airliners will provide a variety of entertainment and

communications equipment to the passenger. Since people are becoming more
and more used to their own communications equipment, such as mobile phones
and laptops with Internet connection, either through a network interface card or
dial-in access through modems, business travelers will soon be demanding
wireless access to communication services.

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
 Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

2. WIRELESS CABIN ARCHITECTURE

So far, GSM telephony is prohibited in commercial aircraft due to
the uncertain certification situation and the expected high interference levels of
the TDMA technology. With the advent of spread spectrum systems such as
UMTS and W-LAN, and low power pico-cell access such as Blue tooth this
situation is likely to change, especially if new aircraft avionics technologies are
considered, or if the communications technologies are in line with aircraft
development as today

When wireless access technologies in aircraft cabins are envisaged

for passenger service, the most important standards for future use are
considered to be: UMTS with UTRAN air interface, Blue tooth, and W-LAN
IEEE 802.11 b. Of course, these access technologies will co-exist with each
other, beside conventional IP fixed wired networks. The wireless access
solution is compatible with other kinds of IFE, such as live TV on board or
provision of Internet access with dedicated installed hardware in the cabin
seats. Hence, it should not be seen as an alternative to wired architecture in an
aircraft, but as a complementary service for the passengers.

The Wireless Cabin architecture and its components are conceptually

depicted in figure 1.

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

Figure 1.wireless cabin architecture

Several wireless access segments in the aircraft cabin, namely a

wireless LAN according to IEEE 802.11 b standard for IP services, an UMTS
pico-cell for personal and data communications, and Bluetooth1.1, as well as a
standard wired IP LAN.

A satellite segment for interconnection of the cabin with the

terrestrial telecom networks. The different cabin services must be integrated
and interconnected using a service integrator, that allows the separation and
transportation of the services over a single or several satellite bearers.
Peculiarities, such as limited bandwidth, asymmetric data rates on satellite up-
and down-link, and dynamic traffic demand between the different services and
handover between satellite bearers need to be addressed. In order to minimize
the cost (satellite resources) for a given QoS efficient interworking between the
service integrator and the satellite segment will be required.

An aircom service provider segment supporting the integrated cabin

services. The aircom provider segment provides the interconnection to the
terrestrial personal and data networks as well as the Internet backbone. For the
UMTS cabin service, a subset of the UMTS core network must be available.

The provision of such a heterogeneous access network with

collectively mobile users requires the development of new protocol concepts to
support

 The integrated services with dynamic bandwidth sharing among the

services and asymmetrical data rate;

 IP mobility and virtual private networks (VPN) for the individual

passengers in the mobile network; authentication, admission and accounting
(AAA) in the mobile network, especially taking into account the necessity
to support different pricing concepts for each passenger in the mobile

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

network and the interaction of airline, satellite provider, aircom service

provider and terrestrial service providers.

3. SATELLITE CONNECTION

Connection to telecom networks is considered to be achieved by

satellites with large coverage areas especially over oceanic regions during long-
haul flights. The service concept needs to take into account today's peculiarities
of satellite communications, thus it must cope with the available or in near
future available satellite technology, and interworking must be performed at
aircraft interface level with the satellite segment,

 Only restricted satellite data rates will be available in the near future; thus
the bandwidth that is requested by standard interfaces of the wireless
standards needs to be adapted to the available bandwidth (typically: 432
kb/s in down- link, 144 kb/s up-link (Inmarsat B- GANTM), or 5 Mb/s in
down-link, 1.5 Mb/s in up-link (Connexion by Boeing)). Furthermore,
dynamic bandwidth management is needed to allocate higher bit rates from
temporarily unused services to other service-

 Currently, few geostationary satellites such as the Inmarsat fleet are

available for two-way communications, that cover the land masses and the
oceans. Ku-band may be used on a secondary allocation basis for
aeronautical mobile satellite services (AMSS) but bandwidth is scarce and
coverage is mostly provided over continents. K/Ka-band satellites will be
launched in the near future, again here continental coverage is mainly
intended. The scenario must thus consider

 the use of different satellite systems, which will probably force the
support of different service bearers, and

 handover between satellite systems.

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

It is assumed that each satellite segment is connected via terrestrial wide area
networks or via the IP backbone to the aircom service provider.

 Asymmetrical data rates in satellite up- and down-links, that may also be
caused to operate in conjunction with different satellites systems for up-
and down-link. The service portfolio in the cabin and the service
integration needs to cope with this possibility.

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

4. TECHNICAL OVERVIEW

A. UMTS

The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is the

third generation mobile communications system being developed within the
IMT -2000 framework. UMTS will build on and extend the capability of
today's mobile technologies (like digital cellular and cordless) by providing
increased capacity, data capability and a far greater range of services.

In January 1998, ETSI reached an agreement concerning the radio

access technique to be used for UMTS. This air interface, named UTRAN
(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) is applicable in the two existent duplexing
schemes for UMTS: UMTS-FDD and UMTS- TTD. UMTS-FDD relies on
wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) access technique, while UMTS- TTD uses the
TD-CDMA access technique, a combination of CDMA and TDMA
technologies.

a) Umts Structure

B. BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4--GHz ISM (industrial,

scientific and medical) band and uses a frequency- hopping spread spectrum
(FHSS) technique to minimise interference. A Bluetooth unit has a nominal
range of approximately 10 meters (in the Class 3 defined in the standard, but

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

which can be enlarged by amplifying the transmit power in Class 2 and Class 1
up to 100 m.). Two or more Bluetooth units sharing the same channel form a
piconet. Each piconet consists of a master unit and up to seven active slave
units. Furthermore, two or more piconets can be interconnected to form a
scattemet. To be a part of more than one piconet a unit called inter-piconet unit
(gateway) is required.

c. IEEE802.11b

Wireless local area networking (WLAN) radio technology provides

superior bandwidth compared to any cellular technology. The IEEE 802.11 b
standard offers a maximum throughput of II Mbps (typical 6.5 Mbps) working
in the same 2.4- GHz ISM band as B1uetooth by the use of direct sequence
spread spectrum (DSSS). WLANs were originally intended to allow local area
network (LAN) connections where premises wiring systems were inadequate to
support conventional wired LANs, but they were later identified with mobility.

A WLAN cell is formed by an AP and an undefined number of users

in a range from approximately 20 to more than 300 m ( 100 m. in indoor
environments) that access the AP through network adapters (NAs ), which are
available as a PC card that is installed in a mobile computer.

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

Table 1 summarizes the main parameters of each standard, where

only Class 3 of the Bluetooth standard has been considered, as long as the
Bluetooth version 1.0 specification focuses primarily on the 10- meter ranger
standard radio. Notice that the coverage range in the UMTS case is capacity
dependent and it can vary from 200 m. up to 1.4 Km., a phenomena known as
"cell breathing".
Bit rates Bw.(MHz) Band(GHz) Coverage Duplexing Tx.P. Modulation
Range(m.) Scheme (dBm)

Max Typ

UMTS 2Mbps 144Kbps 5,10,20 FDD: Depends on FDD/TDD 20 QPSK(dL)

1.92-1.90(ul) capacity BPSK (uL)
2.11-2.17(dl)
TDD:
1.90-1.92
2.01-2.025
Bluetooth 1Mbps 728 Kbps 1 2.4-2.4835 10 TDD 0 GFSK
IEEE 11Mbps 6,5Mbps 26 2.4-2.4835 20-100 TDD 20 Depends on
802.11b bit rate

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

5. SERVICE INTEGRATOR

The different wireless access services of UMTS, W-LAN and

Bluetooth require an integration of the services over the satellite. The central
part of the service portfolio provisioning is the service integrator (SI), cf. Figure
3. The service integrator will provide the interfaces for the wireless and wired
service access points in the cabin, as well as the interface to the terrestrial
networks at aircom provider site. All services will be bundled and transported
between a pair of Service Integrators. It performs the encapsulation of the
services and the adaptation of the protocols.

The SI multiplexer is envisaged to assign variable capacities to the

streams, controlled by a bandwidth manager that monitors also the QoS
requirements of the different service connections. Changes in capacity
assignment must be signaled to the SI at the other communication end. The
heterogeneous traffic stream is then sent to streaming splitter/combiner. This
unit is envisaged to support several satellite segments and to perform handover
between them. Asymmetrical data rates in inbound and outbound directions can
be managed here. Adaptation to the supported satellite segments are done by
medium access controllers (MAC) in a modular manner. Towards the terminal
side, the interfaces of the wireless access standards need to interwork with the
transport streaming of the SI by specific adaptation layers (AL). These ALs
have to be designed according to the analysis of the impact of delay, jitter and
restricted / variable bandwidth on the protocol stack. Buffering (to compensate
delay jumps at handover) and jitter compensation for real-time services (e.g.,
voice) must be also provided here.

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

Fig. 3 Service Integrator

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

6. SERVICE DIMENSIONING

This section provides an overview of key issues and steps for the
systematic system dimensioning of Wireless Cabin aircom satellite
communications system. We will tackle the satellite constellations as potential
candidates for aircom services as well as the gross traffic calculation and
assignment process.

Different market entry options and reference business cases must be

taken into account in an initial stage of a system design. The evolutionary path
leads from existing L-band systems such as inmarsat GAN (see Figure 5) or B-
Gan in few years up to C/Ku band and existing GEO transponders, whereas the
“revolutionary” path may target from the beginning at advanced K/Ka band
technology and the design of a tailor-made, potentially non-GEO system.

The system dimensioning process can be structured in several steps:

 Determination of gross traffic per aircraft using the multi-service model
 Determination of the timely and locally varying traffic, depending on the
flight path and flight schedule, assuming also a service rool-out scenario
for different airlines and aircraft types.
 Identification of potential serving satellites and their coverage areas.
 Mapping and traffic allocation of the aircom traffic to the satellite systems.

Two key observations concerning the “geographic market” are 1) the

pronounced asymmetry of market opportunities between northern and southern
hemisphere (partly just a result of our earth’s “continental layout”), and the fact
that a significant share of the addressable market is at higher (northern ) latitudes,
especially with the important long-haul intercontinental flight routes between the
European, North American and East Asian regions. Both observations are
illustrated in figure 6, although its view is Europe-centric; the underlying flight
route investigations have been performed within the European ACTS project

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

ABATE and have been used for design and dimensioning studies of an
aeronautical subsystem of the EuroSkyWay satellite communications system
7. INTERFERENCE

Once the above described measurements finish. four types of

interferences within the CMHN have to be studied: the co-channel interference
among the terminals of the same wireless access segment, the inter- segment
interference between terminals of different wireless networks, the cumulative
interference of all simultaneous active terminals with the aircraft avionics
equipment and the interference of the CMHN into terrestrial networks.

From the co-channel interference analysis the re-use distance and the
re-use frequency factor for in-cabin topology planning will be derived. For this
reason it is important to consider different AP locations during the
measurements.

It is not expected to have major problems due to interference from

UMfS towards WLAN and Bluetooth, thanks to the different working
frequency. On the other hand, particular interest has to be paid in the
interference between Bluetooth and WLAN .Due to the market acceptance of
Bluetooth and WLAN, there is a special interest of designers and portable data
devices manufacturers to improve the coexistence of the two standards. There
are many studies showing the robustness and the reliability of Bluetooth in
presence of WLAN and vice versa.

A description of the electromagnetic behaviour of conventional

aircraft equipment is necessary to analyse the interference and the EMC of the
new wireless network with the avionics systems. The allowed radiated field
levels are regulated and must be respected if certification is desired. So far,
GSM telephony is prohibited in commercial aircraft due to the uncertain

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

certification situation and the expected high interference levels of the TDMA
technology. With the advent of spread spectrum systems such as

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

8. COLLECTIVELY MOBILE
HETEROGENEOUS NETWORK
The concept of having several users, which are collectively on the
move forming a group with different access standards into this group, is called
Collectively Mobile Heterogeneous Network (CMHN). In such a scenario [5]
one can find two types of mobility and two types of heterogeneity: the mobile
group itself and the user mobility inside the group from one side, and
heterogeneous access segments and heterogeneous user access standards from
the other side. The aircraft cabin represents a CMHN (see Fig. 1) supporting
three types of wireless (user mobility) access standards (heterogeneous user
access) inside an aircraft (the mobile group) using one or more satellite access
segments. The CMHN may cross coverage areas and then inter-/ intra- satellite
handover will be required.

The communication infrastructure to support the cabin CMHN is

depicted in Fig 2. The architecture consists of (i) several wireless access
segments in the aircraft cabin which can coexist with the standard wired IP
LAN, (ii) a satellite segment for interconnection of the cabin with the terrestrial
telecom networks, and (iii) an aircom service provider segment supporting the
integrated cabin services.

Figure 4.CMHN system architecture

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
 Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

9. CONCLUSION

Go meet the increasing and ever changing needs of the most

demanding passengers a solution in which passengers, both business and
economy, could use their own wireless equipment must be developed. This
approach has many advantages. From the users point of view, their service
acceptance will be increased by the following facts: they can be reached under
their usual telephone number, they may have available telephone numbers or
other data stored in their cell phones or PDAs, their laptops have the software
they are used to, the documents they need and with their personalized
configuration (starting web site, bookmarks, address book). In addition, since
users in an aircraft are passengers, the electronic devices they carry with them
is wireless, like laptops with WLAN interface. From the airlines point of view
there is a huge saving of the investment that would suppose the installation of
terminals (screens, stations, wired telephones), the consequent software licenses
(in case of PCs) and the further investment due to hardware updating to offer
always last technology to their customers. Currently, one of the major IFE costs
is due to film copies and delivery expenses of new movies. This could be
reduced if other broadband services were offered to passengers via satellite.
Anyway, the wireless access solution is not replacing other kinds of IFE, such
as TV on board or provision of Internet access with dedicated installed
hardware in the cabin seats. Hence, it should not be seen as an alternative to a
wired architecture in aircraft, but as an added service for passengers.

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

10. REFERENCE

 Passenger Multimedia Service Concept Via Future Satellite System

By A. Jahan, M. Holzbock
Institute of Communication and Navigation, Germany

 IEE Communication Magazine, July 2003

 www.inmarsat.com/swift64

 www.wirelesscabin.com

 Wireless mobile communication by William Feher

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

ABSTRACT

In the future, airliners will provide a variety of entertainment and

communications equipment to the passenger. Since people are becoming more
and more used to their own communications equipment, such as mobile phones
and laptops with Internet connection, either through a network interface card or
dial-in access through modems, business travellers will soon be demanding
wireless access to communication services. Specifically it focus on wireless
services such as UMTS and W-LAN in aircraft cabins that connect the
passenger via satellite to terrestrial infrastructure. Current trends are towards
high data rate communication services, in particular internet applications. In an
aeronautical scenario global coverage is essential for providing continuous
service. Therefore satellite communication became indispensable, and together
with ever increasing data rate requirements of applications, aeronautical
satellite communication meets an expensive market.Certain features of UMTS
and W-LAN that helps to provide these services are also explained.

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1

2. CABIN ARCHITECTURE ........................................................................ 2

3. SATELLITE CONNECTION ................................................................... 4

4. TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ....................................................................... 6

5. SERVICE INTEGRATOR ........................................................................ 9

6. SERVICE DIMENSIONING ................................................................... 11

7. INTERFERENCE ..................................................................................... 12

8. COLLECTIVELY MOBILE
HETEROGENEOUS NETWORK ......................................................... 13

8. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 14

9. REFERENCE ............................................................................................ 15

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA
Aeronautical Communications
Seminar Report ‘05

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I express my sincere thanks to Prof. M.N Agnisarman Namboothiri

(Head of the Department, Computer Science and Engineering, MESCE),
Mr. Sminesh (Staff incharge) for their kind co-operation for presenting the
seminar.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the faculty of

Computer Science and Engineering Department and my friends for their co-
operation and encouragement.

NASEEF LATHEEF

Department of AE M.P.T.C.MALA