Ingles

Sum it up 2ND EDITION
By Melissa P. Hernández
SUM IT UP & START SPEAKIN’
ENGLISH COURSE
ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW
IS HERE!
Student’s name: ________________________________
Coach’s name: _________________________________
Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 2

Introduction to English.
English is thought to be one of the most important languages in the world. There are
many reasons why English is so necessary to learn. One of the reasons is that English is
spoken as the first language in many countries. There are 104 countries where English
is spoken as the first language.
Even in countries where English is not the native language, people use it for business
and tourism. English is used for these purposes in most countries. English is considered
the business language. English is the official language of the United Nations.
Why should I learn a language?
Learning a foreign language takes time and dedication. The reasons below may
help to convince you to take the plunge, if such persuasion is needed. Some
reasons are practical, some inspirational, some intellectual and others
sentimental, but whatever your reasons, having a clear idea of why you're
learning a language can help to motivate you in your studies.
Family and friends.
If your partner, in-laws, relatives or friends speak a different language, learning
that language will help you to communicate with them. It can also give you a
better understanding of their culture and way of thinking.
Work.
If your work involves regular contact with speakers of foreign languages, being
able to talk to them in their own languages will help you to communicate with
them. It may also help you to make sales and to negotiate and secure contracts.
Knowledge of foreign languages may also increase your chances of finding a new
job, getting a promotion or a transfer overseas, or of going on foreign business
trips.
Study or research.
Learning other languages gives you access to a greater range of information
about your subject and enable you to communicate with students and
researchers from other countries. If much of the information and research
about a subject that interests you is in other languages, learning those
languages will be very useful.
“If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head.
If you talk to him in his language that goes to his heart”.
(Nelson Mandela)
Special thanks to curso-inglés.com on-line

Index
CLASS 1: ENGLISH FIRST SIGHT I .................................................................................................... 5
CLASS 2: ENGLISH FIRST SIGHT II ................................................................................................. 12
CLASS 3: VERB TO BE ................................................................................................................... 19
CLASS 4: MODAL VERBS I ............................................................................................................ 24
CLASS 5: MODAL VERBS II ........................................................................................................... 30
CLASS 6: PRESENT CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................ 33
CLASS 7: SIMPLE PRESENT ........................................................................................................... 37
CLASS 8: VERB BE IN PAST ........................................................................................................... 42
CLASS 9: PAST CONTINUOUS....................................................................................................... 45
CLASS 10: SIMPLE PAST ............................................................................................................... 48
CLASS 11: MODAL VERBS III ........................................................................................................ 53
CLASS 12: PRESENT PERFECT....................................................................................................... 55
CLASS 13: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ............................................................................... 61
CLASS 14: PAST PERFECT ............................................................................................................. 64
CLASS 15: PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS...................................................................................... 67
CLASS 16: FUTURE PERFECT ........................................................................................................ 68
CLASS 17: FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ................................................................................. 69
REGULAR VERBS .......................................................................................................................... 70
IRREGULAR VERBS ....................................................................................................................... 71
PHONETIC BOARD ....................................................................................................................... 72
PRHASAL VERBS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..73
IDIOMS AND PHRASES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….77

CLASS 1: ENGLISH FIRST SIGHT I
Cognates or Friends.
Los cognados son palabras que se escriben o pronuncian de una manera igual o
parecida en inglés y en español.
Ejemplos:
doctor intelligent
radio education
hotel perfect
chocolate economic
natural American

The alphabet.
Consta de 26 letras, dividido en 21 consonantes y 5 vocales.
Pronunciation.

Colors.
Stress (pronunciation)
El “stress” es la forma en la que una palabra o sílaba es pronunciada con
mayor fuerza que otras palabras en el mismo enunciado u otras sílabas en la
misma palabra.

Intonation.
Es el “tono de lo que decimos”. Es la combinación de tonos musicales en las
sílabas que conforman lo que se dice. Está relacionado con el stress.
Days of the week.
Weekdays Weekend
Months of the year.

Indefinite Article.
Siempre es singular. El que decide el género es el sustantivo (noun).
Siempre es plural. El que decide el género es el sustantivo (noun).

Definite Article.
El que decide el género y número es el sustantivo (noun).
Using adjectives.

Activity.
El tiempo: ____ time.
Unos globos: ____ balloons.
La persona: ____ person.
Un hermano: ____ brother.
Unas sillas: ____ chairs.
Las oraciones: ____ sentences.
Un reloj: ____ clock.
Unos minutos: ____ minutes.
Una hora: ____ hour.
El número: ____ number.
Activity.
Una fiesta divertida. __________________________________
La esposa amorosa. ___________________________________
Un hombre celoso. ____________________________________
Unas preguntas difíciles. _______________________________
Un desayuno rápido. ___________________________________
Una vida fácil. ________________________________________
Unos gatos salvajes. ___________________________________
Una canción triste. ____________________________________
La noche fría. _________________________________________
La casa grande. _______________________________________

CLASS 2: ENGLISH FIRST SIGHT II
Greetings.
• hi/ hello
• good morning
• good afternoon
• good evening
• good night
• how are you?/ how’re you doing?
• what’s up?
FAREWELLS OR LEAVE TAKINGS.
• good-bye/ bye
• so long
• see you / take care
• see you tomorrow

then
later
time
week/ weekend
• see you next month

year
Friday
• have a nice week

weekend
afternoon
night
day
evening
• thank you/ thanks

• likewise/ same to you/ you too/ equally
• you’re welcome

• what about you?/ how about you?

• and you?
Cardinal numbers.
0 - ZERO 11 - ELEVEN 20 - TWENTY
1 - ONE 12 - TWELVE 30 - THIRTY
2 - TWO 13 - THIRTEEN 40- FORTY
3 - THREE 14 - FOURTEEN 50 - FIFTY
4 - FOUR 15 - FIFTEEN 60 - SIXTY
5 - FIVE 16 - SIXTEEN 70 - SEVENTY
6 - SIX 17 - SEVENTEEN 80 - EIGHTY
7 - SEVEN 18 - EIGHTEEN 90 - NINETY
8 - EIGHT 19 – NINETEEN
9 - NINE
10 - TEN
100 - HUNDRED
1000 - THOUSAND
10 000 - TEN THOUSAND
100 000 - HUNDRED THOUSAND
1 000 000 - MILLION
EVEN NUMBERS 2, 4, 10, 12, 20…
ODD NUMBERS 3, 5, 11, 27, 39…

Basic calculations.
Addition
3+5=8 three plus five it’s equals to eight
Substraction
20-5=15 twenty minus five it’s equals to fifteen
Multiplication
2x6=12 two times six it’s equals to twelve
Division
90/8=11.25 ninety divided by eight it’s equals to eleven point twenty five

Subject pronouns.
I Se usa para referirme a mí.
YOU Se usa cuando hablo con otra persona.
HE Se usa para referirse a una persona en masculino.
SHE Se usa para referirse a una persona en femenino.
IT Se usa para referirse a un objeto, cosa ó animal.
WE Se usa para referirse a un grupo de personas incluyendome.
THEY Se usa para referirse a un grupo de personas, objetos ó animales.

Possessive adjectives.
I like my job. (Me gusta mi trabajo)
What’s your name? (¿Cómo te llamas?)
His job is interesting. (Su trabajo es interesante)
Mexico is famous for its tequila and mariachi. (México es famoso por su
tequila y mariachi)

Demonstrative pronouns.
Prepositions & conjuctions.
IN
AND
BUT
FOR
OR
TO
OF
ABOUT
WITH
FROM

Question words (qw).
QW Ask about…
What General information
When Date/ time
Where Place/ location
Who Person/ people
Which Choice/ option
Why Reason/ explanation
How Manner/ way of doing something

CLASS 3: VERB TO BE
Subject Pronouns.
Possessive Adjectives.
Introducing verb “to be”.

Verb “to be” conjugation.
Grammar Builder
Verb “to be” affirmative.
Examples:
I am a doctor. (Soy doctor)
He is my best friend. (El es mi mejor amigo)
They are very intelligent. (Ellos son muy inteligentes)

Verb “to be” negative.
Examples:
I am not a singer. (No soy cantante)
It isn’t my cell phone. (Este no es mi celular)
We aren’t from Japan. (No somos de Japón)
Verb “to be” question.
Remember: you can use a “qw” before the verb be!
Examples:
Is he your friend? (¿El es tu amigo?)
Where is he from? (¿De dónde es él?)
Are you in the English class? (¿Estás en la clase de inglés?)
Where is the English class? (¿Dónde es la clase de inglés?)

Verb be sum up.
We use to be with:
1. Names: What’s your name? My name’s ____

2. Age: How old are you? I am 30.
3. Profession or occupation: what’s your profession or occupation: I am an
actor.
4. Marital status: what’s your marital status? I am single
5. Preferences: what’s your favorite dish? My favorite dish is pozole.
6. Physical description and personality: I am tall, serious, polite and a
kind person.
7. Moods or feelings: I am sad, happy, worried, etc

COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES.
The chart lists many of the countries or nations in the world, with the
following information:
name of country
adjective used for that country (also describes nationality)
noun used for a person from that country

CLASS 4: MODAL VERBS I
Los verbos modales son verbos auxiliares o complementarios que no pueden

funcionar como un verbo principal, a diferencia de los verbos auxiliares "be",
"do" y "have“.
Los verbos modales expresan modalidad, habilidad, posibilidad, necesidad,

futuro u otra condición.
Los verbos modales no funcionan sin otro verbo. Este otro verbo siempre va
después del verbo modal y está en la forma base (el infinitivo sin “to”).
La mayoría de los verbos modales siguen la misma estructura.
Grammar Builder

Can - Can´t (can not) expresa:
1. Habilidades e inhabilidades:
• I can speak German. (Sé hablar Alemán)

• I can´t dance very well. (No sé bailar muy bien)
2. Posibilidades e imposibilidades:
• Can you come to the party? (¿Puedes venir a la fiesta?)

• Sorry, I can’t go today. (Lo siento, no puedo ir hoy)
3. Solicitar permiso de modo informal:
• Can I use your pen? (¿Puedo usar tu pluma?)

• Can I go out for a moment? (¿Puedo salir un momento?)
4. Solicitar favores o peticiones de modo informal:
• Can you open the door? (¿Puedes abrir la puerta?)

• Can you help me to do my homework? (¿Puedes ayudarme a hacer mi
tarea?)
5. Ofrecer nuestra ayuda a alguién más:
• Can I help you? (¿Puedo ayudarte?)

• What can I do for you? (¿Qué puedo hacer por tí?)

Could - Couldn´t (could not) expresa:
1. Habilidades e inhabilidades en pasado.
• He could play chess. (Él sabía jugar ajedrez)

• I couldn´t dance tango. (No sabía bailar tango)
2. Posibilidades e imposibilidades en pasado:
• I couldn’t sleep last night. (No pude dormir anoche)

• David could solve the puzzle. (David pudo resolver el
rompecabezas)
3. Solicitar permiso, favor o petición de modo un poco más formal:
• Could you pass me the sugar? (¿Podrías pasarme el azúcar?

• Could you help me? (¿Podrías ayudarme?)
• Could you give her my message? (¿Le podrías dar mi mensaje?)
4. También se puede usar para posibilidades en el futuro.
• I think it could rain later. (Creo que podría llover más tarde)

Should – Shouldn’t (should not) expresa:
1. Una obligación o recomendación. Refleja una opinión sobre lo que es correcto

o incorrecto.
• You should call your parents more often. (Deberías llamar a tus padres
más a menudo.)
• He shoudn’t smoke very much. (Él no debería fumar mucho)
• Sarah should drink more water. (Sarah debe tomar más agua)
Must – Mustn’t (must not) expresa:
1. Una obligación, prohibición o necesidad.
• You must study a major to have better opportunities in life. (Debes

estudiar una carrera para tener mejores oportunidades en la vida)
• If he wants the job he must speak another language. (Si él quiere el
trabajo debe hablar otro idioma)
2. Probabilidad o deducción.
• Person A: It’s too late! She must be here! (¡Es muy tarde, ella debería
estar aquí!)

• Person B: Easy man! It must be the traffic! (¡Tranquilo, debe ser el

tráfico!)
3. Es posible también usarlo para preguntas retóricas.
• Must you always be late? (¿Siempre tienes que llegar tarde?)

• Must she talk so much? (¿Tiene que hablar tanto?)
May – May not expresa:
1.Como “could”, se usa “may” para indicar posibilidades en el futuro.
• I would bring an umbrella, it may rain later. (Llevaría un paraguas, tal

vez llueva más tarde)
• It may be better to finish this now. (Tal vez sea mejor terminar esto
ahora)
2. También se puede utilizar para dar permisos o instrucciones.
• You may leave if you like. (Puedes salir si quieres)

• You may use your cell phones now. (Pueden usar sus teléfonos ahora)
3.En frases interrogativas, el uso de “may” es más educado que “can” o
“could”.
• May I come in? (¿Puedo pasar?)

• May I go to the restroom? (¿Puedo ir al sanitario?)
Might – Might not expresa:
1. Se usa para indicar posibilidades en el presente o el futuro. En estos casos,

es un sinónimo de “may”.
• It might rain today. (Tal vez llueva hoy)

• He might not come. (Tal vez él no venga)

2. También se puede usar al igual que “may”, para pedir permisos o hacer
peticiones corteses, aunque este uso es mucho más común en el Reino Unido
que en los Estados Unidos.

CLASS 5: MODAL VERBS II
Will – Won’t (will not) expresa:
1. Se utiliza para formar el tiempo futuro.

2. También significa voluntad o determinación.
• I will do it. (Lo haré)
• You will learn English. (Aprenderás inglés)
• Erika will fly to Vancouver. (Erika volará a Vancouver)
• Mark won’t visit his parents on Christmas. (Mark no visitará a sus padres
en navidad)
3. También en frases interrogativas para pedir información sobre un tema, un
favor o elegir opciones.
• Will they find a cure for cancer? (¿Encontrarán una cura para el
cáncer?)
• Will you help me move? (¿Me ayudas a mudarme?
• Will he go to Paris by car or train? (¿Irá a París en coche o en tren?
Shall
1. Se usa como “will” para formar el tiempo futuro. Su uso es mucho más
común en el Reino Unido y en general es más educado.
• Ana shall be happy to see you. = Ana will be happy to see you. (Ana
estará feliz de verte)
• I shall take the 3 o’ clock train. = I’ll take the 3 o’ clock train (Tomaré
el tren de las 3)
2. También se puede utilizar para ofertas y sugerencias o para preguntar
sobre opciones o preferencias.
• Shall we meet at 10pm? (¿Nos vemos a las 10?)

• Shall we go to the movies or a museum? (¿Vamos al cine o a un museo?)

Would – Wouldn’t (would not) expresa:
1.Se usa para declarar una preferencia, ofrecer y preguntar por algo
educadamente.
• She would like to go to New York someday. (Le gustaría ir a Nueva York
algún día)
• Would you like some coffee? (¿Te gustaría un café?)
• Would you help me please? (¿Me ayudas por favor?)
(be) going to – (not be) going to expresa:
1. Se emplea sobre todo para hablar de nuestros planes e intenciones.
• I am going to have lunch with her. (Voy a comer con ella)

• Is Freddy going to buy a car? (¿Freddy va a comprar un auto?
• She is not going to go to the beach. (Ella no va a ir a la playa)
2. Para realizar predicciones basadas en evidencias actuales.
• He is going to be a brilliant architech. (Él va a ser un arquitecto

brillante)
• We are gonig to be late, hurry up! (Vamos a llegar tarde, ¡apúrate!)

Ought to - Ought not to (oughtn’t) expresa:
1. Es un sinónimo de “should” aunque es menos común.
• She ought to quit smoking = She should quit smoking. (Ella debería
dejar de fumar)
• They ought to work less = They should work less. (Deberían trabajar
menos)
• You ought to study law = You should study law. (Deberías estudiar
derecho)
2. La forma negativa “ought to” no es común. Usualmente se usa shouldn’t.
• You oughtn’t to work harder = You shouldn’t work harder. (No deberías
trabajar tanto)
• You oughtn’t to behave like that = You shouldn’t behave like that. (No
deberías portarte de ese modo)
Nota: Nunca se usa “ought to” en frases interrogativas en inglés

americano. Además en el inglés británico no es muy común, es muy formal, en
su lugar se utiliza should.
• Ought we to call the police? = Should we call the police? (¿Debemos

llamar a la policía?)
• Ought everybody to be more worried about the environment? = Should
everybody be more worried about the environment? (¿Debemos estar
más preocupados por el medio ambiente?)

CLASS 6: PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que está pasando en el
momento en el que hablamos.
• We are studying now. (Estamos estudiando ahora)

2. Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que está ya decidido que
se hará en el futuro próximo. Su uso indica que es bastante seguro que lo
planificado sucederá.
• I’m going to a party tonight. (Voy a una fiesta esta noche)

3. También lo usamos para hablar de algo que está sucediendo en la actualidad
pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. En este caso, se utilizan expresiones
de tiempo como “currently”, “lately” o “these days”.
• You are working much lately. (Estás trabajando mucho últimamente)
Spelling rules for –ing verbs.
1. A la mayoría de los verbos solo se les agrega –ing al final.
e.g. do – doing read – reading study – studying
2. Cuando termina en “e”, se quita la “e” y se agrega –ing al verbo.
e. g. have – having dance – dancing take – taking
Except: be – being
3. Cuando el verbo termina en consonante - vocal – consonante (CVC), se

duplica la ultima consonante y se agrega –ing al verbo.
e. g. run – running cut – cutting begin – beginning
Watch out!!
No se duplica w, x, y, z.
mix – mixing fix – fixing grow – growing

4. Verbos que terminan en –ee solo agrega -ing.

agree – agreeing flee – fleeing see - seeing
5. Verbos que terminan en –ie, cambia -ie por -y agrega -ing.

die – dying tie – tying lie - lying
Grammar Builder
Examples:
-I am reading a book. (Estoy leyendo un libro)
-You are paying attention. (Están poniendo atención)
-He isn’t eating. (El no está comiendo)
-Is he talking to her? (¿El está hablando con ella?)
-What are you doing? (¿Qué estás haciendo?)
Put the verb in brackets in the correct form to make different form of the
Present Continuous Tense.
John_________________ (read) a book now.
What ________________ (you do) tonight?
Jack and Peter____________ (work) late today.

Silvia ___________________ (not listen) to music.
Maria__________________ (eat) next to Paul.
Complete the dialog.
A: What ________ you ________ (do)?
B: I ____________ (read) the newspaper.
A: And John? What __________ he _______________ (prepare)?
B: He _____________ (mix) the flour for the cake.
Complete the conversation using Present continuous form.
Rosanna: Hi, John. Nice to see you. What _______ you ________ (do) these
days?
John: Hi, Rosanna. I ___________ (work) in a hotel near the beach.
I_____________ (do) it because it's so interesting. And you? _______ you
___________ (study) French at the college?
Rosanna: Yes. I_____________ (not do) it very much because we have to work
too much. But one good thing is that I___________ (write) to a French boy who
lives in Marseilles. It helps with my French. _______ you __________ (go) to
work now?
Read the following text carefully.
It’s a rainy Saturday. It’s raining a lot and Mary and her family are spending the
afternoon at home. Her uncles are visiting them. Mary and her father are in the
living room. Mary is making a draw and her father, Mr. Harris, is surfing the net.
They are also talking.
Mary’s older brother, Peter, is in his bedroom playing computer games. He is a

computer fanatic and he spends much time playing on the computer. His little
brother, Jim is also in the living room. He is playing with his dinosaurs’
collection. Sometimes he teases Mary; he is a really naughty boy.

Mary’s mother, Mrs. Harris, is in the kitchen preparing a snack for all of them.
She is making some tea and talking to Mary’s uncles – Lucy and Tom. They are
from the nearest town and stopped by to say hello.
Fluffy, the family cat, is sleeping on the kitchen’s sofa. He is a true fluffy cat.
Answer the questions about the text.
1. What day of the week is it? __________________________________________

2. Where is Mary? ____________________________________________________
3. What is she doing? _________________________________________________
4. What is Mr. Harris doing? ___________________________________________
5. Is Mrs. Harris preparing a snack in the kitchen? ______________________
6. What is Fluffy, the cat, doing? _______________________________________

CLASS 7: SIMPLE PRESENT
1. El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que suceden

habitualmente. Pueden ser rutinas, hábitos, costumbres, actividades
cotidianas.
2. Se suele utilizar el presente simple con adverbios de tiempo como son
always, sometimes, usually, hardly ever, every day, once.
• You usually learn something new in class. (Normalmente aprendes
algo nuevo en clase)
3. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos científicos.
• Cangaroos live in Australia. (Los canguros viven en Australia)
4. Se usa para eventos programados en el futuro próximo.
• The bus leaves at 10:00. (El autobús sale a las 10)
5. Se usa para dar instrucciones (imperativo).
• Open the window. (Abre la ventana)
• Do your homework. (Haz tu tarea)
• Don’t cry. (No llores)
• They study English. (Ellos estudian inglés)

• You speak too much. (Hablas mucho)
• I go to the cinema. (Voy al cine)
• We have a party. (Tenemos una fiesta)

Para negar y preguntar en presente simple se utiliza un auxiliar, el verbo “do”

realiza dicha función.
• They don’t study English. (Ellos no estudian inglés)

• You don’t speak too much. (No hablas mucho)
• I don’t go to the cinema. (No voy al cine)
• We don’t have a party. (No temenos una fiesta)
• Do they study English? (¿Ellos estudian inglés?)

• Do you speak too much? (¿Hablas mucho?)
• Do I go to the cinema? (¿Voy al cine?)
• Do we have a party? (¿Tenemos una fiesta?)
Nota: Hay excepciones de ortografía en la tercera persona, según la letra en que

termina el verbo. Las reglas son las mismas que se utilizan para formar el
plural de los sustantivos.
1. Verbos que terminen en -o, -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z, agregar -es.
go – goes
catch – catches
wash – washes
pass – passes
fix – fixes
whiz – whizes

2. Verbos que terminen en consonante + y, sustituir “y” por “i” y agregar -es,
(-ies)
study – studies
carry – carries
worry – worries
fly – flies
cry – cries
3. Pero si el verbo termina en vocal + y solo agrega –s como al resto de los

verbos.
play – plays
enjoy – enjoys
say – says
see – sees
speak – speaks
sing – sings
tell – tells
swim – swims
Except:
have - has
-He studies an engineering. (El estudia una ingeniería)

-She watches thrillers. (Ella ve películas de suspenso)
-It works very well. (Esto funciona muy bien)
-Matt plays the guitar. (Matt toca la guitarra)
-Nataly has two puppies. (Nataly tiene dos cachorros)

-He doesn’t study an engineering. (El no estudia una ingeniería)

-She doesn’t watch thrillers. (Ella no ve películas de suspenso)
-It doesn’t work very well. (Esto no funciona muy bien)
-Matt doesn’t play the guitar. (Matt no toca la guitarra)
-Nataly doesn’t have two puppies. (Nataly no tiene dos cachorros)
-Does he study an engineering? (¿El estudia una ingeniería?)

-Does she watch thrillers? (¿Ella ve películas de suspenso?)
-Does it work very well? (¿Esto funciona muy bien?)
-Does Matt play the guitar? (¿Matt toca la guitarra?)
-Does Nataly have two puppies? (¿Nataly tiene dos cachorros?)
Simple Present Sum Up

Short Yes / No Answers.
Activity 1.
Choose the correct form of the verb.
My name’s Marie. I live/ lives in London. I speak/ speaks English and Spanish.
My husband’s name’s John. He speak/ speaks English. Our children Fred and
Sarah, speak/ speaks English and Spanish. At school they sing/ sings English and
Spanish songs.
We live/ lives in a big house.
Every day I cook/ cooks lunch and dinner and I clean/ cleans the house. Every
day my husband cook/ cooks breakfast and he clean/ cleans the yard. We eat/
eats big English breakfasts and big Spanish dinners.
Every day my husband and I read/ reads the newspaper. We drink/ drinks tea
and we listen/ listens to the radio.
I read/ reads Spanish newspapers and my husband read/ reads English

newspapers.
What do/ does you do every day? What languages do/ does you speak?
Activity 2.
Write your weekly schedule from Monday to Sunday in your notebooks, your
teacher will write an example for you on the board and he/she will help you
with vocabulary.

CLASS 8: VERB BE IN PAST
Bring “to be” back.
Verb “to be” conjugation.

Grammar Builder
Verb “to be” affirmative.
Examples:
• I was at the mall. (Estuve en el centro commercial)

• He was my classmate. (El era mi compañero)
• They were at the same classroom. (Ellos iban en el mismo salón)
• The Beatles were very famous. (The Beatles fueron muy famosos)
Verb “to be” negative.
Examples:
• I wasn’t good at maths. (No era bueno en matemáticas)

• It wasn’t my fault. (No fue mi culpa)
• We weren’t classmates. (No eramos compañeros)
• You weren’t with her. (No estuviste con ella)
Verb “to be” question.

Remember: you can use a “qw” before verb be!
Examples:
• Was he your friend? (¿El era tu amigo?)

• Were you in the English class? (¿Estabas en la clase de inglés?
• Where was he? (¿En dónde estaba el?)

CLASS 9: PAST CONTINUOUS
Bring Gerunds Back!!
• Do you remember gerunds?

• What characteristics do they have?
Spelling rules for –ing verbs.

✓ A la mayoría de los verbos se les agrega –ing.
e.g. do – doing read – reading study – studying
✓ Cuando un verbo termina en “e”, quitamos la “e” y agregamos –ing.

e. g. have – having dance – dancing take – taking
Except: be – being
✓ Cuando un verbo termina en consonante - vocal – consonante (CVC),

duplicamos la ultima consonante y agregamos –ing.
e. g. run – running cut – cutting begin – beginning
Watch out!!
No se duplican la w, x, y, z.
mix – mixing fix – fixing grow – growing
✓ Verbos que terminan en –ee solo agrega -ing.

agree – agreeing flee – fleeing see - seeing
✓ Verbos que terminan en –ie cambia -ie por -y, y agrega -ing.
die – dying tie – tying lie - lying

• El pasado continuo se utiliza para acciones que estaban sucediendo en

un momento específico en el pasado.
• Como el presente continuo, se forma con el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el

verbo + ing.
Grammar Builder
Examples:
-I was reading a book. (Estaba leyendo un libro)
-You were doing the dishes. (Estabas lavando los trastes)
-He wasn’t watching television. (El no estaba viendo la televisión)
-Marie wasn’t doing the housework. (Marie no estaba haciendo el quehacer)
-Were they having fun?. (¿Se estaban divirtiendo?)
Activity.
Put the verbs into the correct form (past continuous).
1.- Julie _________ (sleep) in the evening.
2.- You __________ (listen) to music too late.
3.- Luke __________ (not/ clean) the house.
4.- Peter and Anna _____________ (have) lunch together.

5.- They ____________ (not/ practice) for the festival.
6.- _____ you _______ (see) that magazine?
7.- What ______ she ______ (go) to do yesterday night?
8.- My friends and I ___________ (watch) the football match.
9.- Danny _________ (not/ dance) with her.
10.- We __________ (speak) up when the teacher came in.

CLASS 10: SIMPLE PAST
Regular and Irregular verbs.
Simple past tense.
1. Para verbos que terminan en una “e”, sólo añadimos “-d”.
• dance – danced
• change – changed
2. Si el verbo termina en una vocal corta y una consonante “cvc” (excepto ”w”,
“x”, ”y”, “z”) duplicamos la consonante final.

• stop – stopped
• comit – comitted
3. Con verbos que terminan en consonante + y, se cambia la “y” por una “i”.
• study – studied
• try – tried
Pronunciation.
Pronunciamos la terminación “-ed” de forma diferente dependiendo de la letra

que va al final del verbo. En general la “e” es muda.
1. Con los infinitivos que terminan en “p”, “f”, “k” o “s” (consonantes sordas,
excepto “t”) pronunciamos la terminación “-ed” como una /t/.
• cooked [cukt]
• passed [passt]
2. Con los infinitivos que terminan
en “b”, “g”, “l”, “m”, “n”, “v”, “z” (consonantes sonoras, excepto “d”) o una
vocal, pronunciamos sólo la “d”.
• cleaned [klind]
• called [Kold]
3. Con los infinitivos que terminan en “d” o “t”, pronunciamos la “e” como
una “i”.
• celebrated [selebreitid]
• wanted [wantid]
❖ El pasado simple en inglés es equivalente al pretérito imperfecto y

pretérito indefinido del español.
❖ Se usa para acciones completas en el pasado.
❖ El período de tiempo de estas acciones no es importante como en el
español.
❖ Se utiliza para hablar de una acción concreta que comenzó y acabó en el
pasado. En este caso equivale al pretérito indefinido español.
Generalmente, se usa con adverbios de tiempo como “last
year”, “yesterday”, “last night”.

• Kate worked last Saturday. (Kate trabajó el sábado pasado.)
❖ Se usa el pasado simple para un serie de acciones en el pasado.
• I received the good news and immediately called my

husband. (Recibí la buena noticia y llamé de inmediato a mi esposo)
❖ También lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado,

como se usa el pretérito imperfecto español.
• He walked 5 kilometers every day to work. (Caminaba 5 kilómetros

hasta el trabajo cada día)
❖ Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de períodos de largo tiempo en el

pasado, como el pretérito imperfecto español.
• He worked for many years in a museum. (Él trabajaba en un museo

durante muchos años)
❖ Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos del pasado.
• The Aztec lived in Mexico. (Los aztecas vivían en México)
Grammar Builder
Examples:
-You worked on Saturday. (Trabajaste el sábado)

-You didn’t work on Saturday. (No trabajaste el sábado)
-Did you work on Saturday? (¿Trabajaste el sábado?)
-He went to school. (El fue a la escuela)
-He didn’t go to school. (El no fue a la escuela)
-Did he go to school? (¿El fue a la escuela?)
Activity 1.
Complete the following examples with the correct form of the verb.
1. Terry ________________ (see) her last night
2. I ________________ (have) a date
3.George and Fred ________________ (buy) new smart phones two days ago
4. She________________ (eat) cake yesterday
5. Where ______ you ______ (go)?
Activity 2.
Change the next examples into negative and interrogative form.
1. Rachel understood the movie.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. My father read Harry Potter yesterday.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. The dog ran very fast.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. My friend gave her some flowers.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Tom and Jerry played together last Friday.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

CLASS 11: MODAL VERBS III
Had better – Had better not expresa:
1. Se utiliza para expresar acciones que creemos que la gente debe hacer o lo
cual es deseable en una situación específica. La forma del verbo siempre es
had, no have.
• It’s five o’clock. I’d better go now before the traffic gets too bad.
(Son las 5. Será mejor que me vaya ahora antes de que el tráfico
empeore)
2. Had better es una expresión fuerte. Se utiliza si creemos que los resultados
serán negativos si la persona no hace lo que sugerimos.
• She’d better get here soon or she’ll miss the opening ceremony. (Es
mejor que llegue pronto o se perderá la ceremonia de inauguración)
Nota: En el inglés cotidiano, la gente suele decir “had best” en

lugar de had better. Esto suena menos fuerte y directo.
• You’d best finish it on Monday. (Mejor deberías terminarlo el lunes)

• You’d best not leave your bag there. Someone might take it. (Mejor
no dejes ahí tu bolso. Alguien podría agarrarlo)
• You’d best not tell Elizabeth about the broken glass. (Mejor no le
digas a Elizabeth del vaso roto)
3. La forma interrogativa de had better es muy formal por eso es común utilizar
should.
• Had I better speak to John first? = Should I speak to John first? (¿Debería
hablar con John primero?)
• Had we better leave a note for him? = Should we leave a note for him?
(¿Deberíamos dejar una nota para él?)

(be) able to – (not be) able to
1. Se utiliza cuando queremos decir que alguien es capaz de algo, que

puede hacer algo. “Can” y “Could” pueden ser reemplazados en ciertos
casos por esta forma verbal.
2. La expresión "be able to" posee un significado similar a la de los modales

"can" y "could", sin embargo no es un auxiliar modal dado que puede
conjugarse en todos los tiempos verbales.
• Helen can speak five languages fluently.

(Helen puede hablar cinco idiomas con fluidez)
• Helen is able to speak five languages fluently. (poco común)
(Helen puede hablar cinco idiomas con fluidez)
• Can you hear me well?
(¿Me puedes oír bien?)
• Are you able to hear me well? (poco común)
(¿Me puedes oír bien?)
3. "Be able to" se emplea más a menudo en combinación con otros

auxiliares, “will”, “would”, so on.
• You will be able to get tickets to the concert if you arrive at the
box office early.
(Podrás conseguir boletos para el concierto si llegas a la taquilla
temprano)
• The police were finally able to solve the mystery.
(La policía pudo finalmente resolver el misterio)

CLASS 12: PRESENT PERFECT
1. El presente perfecto equivale más o menos al pretérito perfecto del

español.
En general, es una mezcla entre el presente y el pasado.
2. Se usa para expresar acciones en el pasado que tienen importancia en

el presente.
3. Se usa para acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo no concreto antes de

ahora. El tiempo específico no es importante.
4. Se puede usar con expresiones de tiempo no concretas como son

“never”, “ever”, “many times”, “for”, “since”, “already”, “yet”,
“just”.
5. Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia.
- I have flown to London many times. (He volado a Londres muchas veces)
6. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el tiempo.
- Your English has been improved. (Tu inglés ha mejorado)
7. Se usa para expresar los éxitos o logros.
- Our soccer team has won the championship three times. (Nuestro equipo
de fútbol ha ganado el campeonato tres veces)
8. Usamos el presente perfecto para acciones que todavía no han sucedido.

El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que aún estamos
esperando la acción, por eso, frecuentemente usamos los adverbios
“yet” y “still”.
- David hasn’t finished his homework yet. (David aún no termina su tarea)
- Our team still hasn’t won a championship. (Nuestro equipo aún no ha

ganado un campeonato)
9. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar sobre acciones en diferentes

momentos en el pasado. El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos
indica que son posibles más acciones en el futuro.

- I love New York! I have been there 5 times already and I can’t wait to go
back. (¡Me encanta Nueva York! Ya he estado allí 5 veces y no puedo
esperar para regresar)
Grammar Builder
Contractions.
Los nativos suelen contraer have (´ve) y has (´s) cuando hablan y escriben.
• I´ve done my homework.

• She´s studied Russian.
• They´ve played together.
• Robert’s been to London.
For – Since.
• We have played on a soccer team for two years.
• I haven´t seen Karla since we graduated from college.
• She hasn´t seen her parents since last Christmas.
• Has he been here for a long time?

Activity.
1.- Complete the following phrases with for or since.
1. _____ 1999
2. _____ two years
3. _____ one hour
4. _____ this morning
5. _____ a year
6. _____ lunch time
7. _____ December
8. _____ three months
9. _____ last night
10. _____ a long time
2.- Write complete ideas using the Present Perfect based on the information
provided. Make sure to include for or since.
e.g. I – speak - English – I was a little kid
I have spoken English since I was a little kid.
1. We – know – Mary – many years.

_______________________________________________________
2. You – talk – to us – three years. (negative)
_______________________________________________________
3. Peter – live – in Chicago – 1994.
_______________________________________________________
4. They – take English classes – two years.
_______________________________________________________
5. The doctor – work - in that hospital. (negative)
_______________________________________________________
6. (interrogative) you – travel - abroad?
_______________________________________________________
Ever / Never.
Ever se usa usualmente en forma de pregunta en presente perfecto.
Never se usa comunmente en respuestas negativas.

• Have you ever been to Europe?

• Has he ever given flowers to her?
• Have you ever seen a bear?
• No, I have never seen one / I haven’t ever seen one.
Activity.
Write questions using ever.
e.g. you – play tennis / Have you ever played tennis?
1. you – eat Japanese food. ________________________________

2. your sister – be to Asia. _________________________________
3. they – buy a car. _______________________________________
4. Gloria – get a good job. _________________________________
5. Tania – go surfing. _____________________________________
“How long”
How long have you studied English?
How long has she been here?

Activity.
Ask questions with How long? Based on the information provied. Pay
attention to the personal pronoun to choose the correct auxiliary verb.
e.g. Your brother / be / a teacher
How long has your brother been a teacher?
1. Martin and Tania / be / together

_______________________________________________________
2. Lucy / have / that car
_______________________________________________________
3. Tony / speak / German
_______________________________________________________
4. Joseph / be / married
_______________________________________________________
5. Susy / live / in Vancouver
_______________________________________________________
6. you / know / Clara
_______________________________________________________
Already, Yet, Just, *Still.
La posición de éstas palabras puede variar. Por ejemplo, puedes

usar already después del auxiliar o al final, yet usualmente va al
final de un enunciado y just generalmente va después del auxiliar.
En cambio still se adapta al auxiliar y se coloca después del sujeto.

Activity.
Complete the following ideas using already, yet, or just.
e.g. Too bad you arrived late. Daniel has just left.
1. Don´t stop to buy soda, I´ve _____ bought some.
2. I´m very tired and I haven´t finished this information _____.
3. She hasn´t finished the report _____ but she´s about to do it.
4. I´m ready to go on vacations. I´ve _____ finished all my duties here.
5. We haven´t seen that movie _____, but we´ll go this week.
6. What took her so long? The bus has _____ left, but if she runs she can catch
it!

CLASS 13: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
El presente perfecto continuo, algunas veces tiene la equivalencia a la

traducción “llevar + gerundio” en español, pero el uso de esta forma es más
frecuente en inglés.
1. Se utiliza para acciones que han empezado en el pasado pero continúan

en el presente.
2. Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la

continuidad de una acción que ha comenzado en el pasado y que dura
todavía en el presente o que acaba de terminar.
3. Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un período de

tiempo, por lo tanto, usamos las preposiciones de tiempo “for” y “since”.
4. Si usamos el presente perfecto continuo sin un período de tiempo, se

utiliza “lately” o “recently”.
• I can’t believe it is still raining. It’s been raining for a week now!
(¡No puedo creer que todavía esté lloviendo. Ha estado lloviendo
desde hace una semana!)
• John has been working at the bank since 2003. (John ha estado
trabajando en el banco desde el 2003)
• We’ve been planning our vacation for over a month. (Hemos
estado planeando nuestras vacaciones desde hace más de un
mes)
Grammar Builder

Activity.
Read the situations and write a sentence using the Present Perfect
Continuous.
e.g. They work at the bank. They started working there two years ago.
They have been working at the bank for two years.
1. Sarah is waiting for you. She started 30 minutes ago.

__________________________________________________________
2. Lucy dances tango. She started doing it when she was six years old.
__________________________________________________________
3. It´s raining. It started ten minutes ago.
__________________________________________________________
4. Jacob is chatting. He started at ten in the morning.
__________________________________________________________
Use the Present Perfect Continuous in the following situations.
What might you say if you found that...
e.g. your scissors didn´t cut properly
Someone´s been using them.
1. Your new box of chocolates was almost empty

_________________________________________________________
2. Half of your new bottle of shampoo was gone
_________________________________________________________
3. Many of your things were layed around the floor
_________________________________________________________
4. Your jacket pocket was torn
_________________________________________________________
5. The papers on your desk were all mixed up
_________________________________________________________

Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect continuous).
1. They (sleep) _______________ for 10 hours when an earthquake woke

them up.
2. I (not/walk) ________________ for a long distance, when it suddenly
began to rain.
3. Samantha (look for) ________________ her keys for hours and then we
found them in her handbag.
4. My friends and I (wait) ________________ at the bus station for an hour
when it finally arrived.
5. My sister (write) ___________________ a love letter all night long for
her boyfriend when she saw him kissing other girl.
Write a question for each situation.
e.g. You arrive home and there is a very strong smell coming from the
kitchen.
You ask your mum: (you/cook?) What have you been cooking?
1. You meet your brother in the street. His hands are all dirty.
You ask: (what/you/do?)
_____________________________________________________________
2. You arrive late to a date in a restaurant. Your girlfriend is already there.
You ask: (you/wait/long?)
_____________________________________________________________
4. A friend tells you that he writes comics. You want to know for how long.
You ask: (how long/you/write comics?)
_____________________________________________________________
3. A friend tells you that she teaches at Harvard. You want to know for how
long. You ask: (how long/you/teach at Harvard?)
_____________________________________________________________

CLASS 14: PAST PERFECT
1. El pasado perfecto en inglés corresponde al pluscuamperfecto de

español. En general, lo usamos para acciones que ocurrieron antes de
otra acción en el pasado.
2. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una acción o evento que

comenzó en el pasado y que es anterior a otra acción también en el
pasado. La acción que ocurrió primero es en pasado perfecto y la que
sigue en pasado simple.
• I had read the book before I saw the movie. (Había leído el libro antes
de ver la película)
3. Se usa para acciones que ocurrieron antes de un tiempo específico en el

pasado.
• I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7 am. (Ya me
había despertado cuando sonó el despertador a las 7 am)
4. También, como en el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el

pasado perfecto para situaciones que empezaron en el pasado y que
siguieron hasta un punto específico en el pasado.
• She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW. (Ella
solo había tenido un coche antes de que comprara su nuevo BMW)
Grammar Builder

Activity.
Make the past perfect.
1. When I arrived at the airport, the plane ____________________ (take

off).
2. She ____________________ (live) in Cuba before she went to Spain.
3. After they ____________________ (eat) hamburgers, they began to feel
sick.
4. If you ____________________ (listen) to me, you would have got the
job.
5. Jane didn’t arrive until after I ____________________ (leave).
6. When we ____________________ (finish) lunch, we went out.
7. The garden was dead because it ____________________ (be) dry all
summer.
8. He ____________________ (meet) her before somewhere.
9. We were late for the airplane because we ____________________
(forgot) our passports.
10. She told me that she ____________________ (study) a lot before the
exam.
11. The grass was dry because it ___________________ (not / rain) all
summer.
12. The gas went off because she ___________________ (not / pay) the gas
bill.
13. The children ___________________ (not / do) their homework, so they
were in trouble.
14. They ___________________ (not / eat) so we went to a restaurant.
15. We couldn’t go into the concert because we ___________________ (not
bring) our tickets.
16. She said that she ___________________ (not / visit) the US before.
17. John and Amy ___________________ (not / meet) before the party.
18. I ___________________ (not / have) breakfast when he arrived.

19. He ___________________ (not / use) email before, so I showed him how

to use it.
20. You ___________________ (not / study) for the test, so you were very
nervous.

CLASS 15: PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. El pasado perfecto continuo en inglés corresponde al pluscuamperfecto

de español en el que se usa el indicativo del verbo “estar” y el verbo +
ing.
2. En general, se usa para acciones en proceso de realización en el pasado

antes de otra acción ocurrida.
3. Usamos el pasado perfecto continuo para referirnos a algo que habíamos

estado haciendo (en proceso) cuando otra acción interrumpió. El pasado
perfecto continuo se utiliza para la acción en proceso y el pasado simple
para la acción que interrumpe. Cuando nos referimos a algo que hemos
estado haciendo en un período de tiempo, por lo tanto, solemos usar las
preposiciones de tiempo “for” o “since”.
• I’d been working for hours when I fell asleep at my desk. (Había
estado trabajando durante horas cuando me quedé dormido en mi
escritorio)
• Tom bought a book. He’d been looking for it since last year. (Tom
compró un libro. Lo había estado buscando desde el año pasado)
4. Se utiliza para demostrar causa y efecto en el pasado.
• She was tired because she’d been working too much. (Estaba
cansada porque había estado trabajando demasiado)
• They were angry because they’d been waiting for me for hours.
(Estaban molestos porque habían estado esperándome durante
horas)
Grammar Builder

CLASS 16: FUTURE PERFECT
1. Se usa para acciones que ya se habrá terminado antes de otra acción en

el futuro. También, se puede usar para expresar que algo va a suceder
antes de un momento específico en el futuro.
• I’ll have finished my studies before I start my new job. (Habré

terminado mis estudios antes de comenzar mi nuevo trabajo)
2. Utilizamos el futuro perfecto para mostrar que algo va a continuar hasta

otra acción en el futuro.
• Next week, I’ll have lived in Germany for 1 year. (La semana que
viene habré vivido en Alemania desde hace 1 año)
Grammar Builder

CLASS 17: FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Utilizamos el futuro perfecto continuo para mostrar que algo va a

continuar hasta otra acción o tiempo en el futuro.
• Jessica will have been studying English for 5 years when she moves to
England next April. (Jessica habrá estado estudiando inglés durante 5
años cuando se mude a Inglaterra el próximo abril)
2. El uso del futuro perfecto continuo es una manera de mostrar causa y

efecto en el futuro.
• I’m not worried about the marathon as I’ll have been running 20
kilometers a day for several weeks before. (No me preocupa el maratón,
ya que habré estado corriendo 20 km diarios durante varias semanas).
Grammar Builder

REGULAR VERBS

IRREGULAR VERBS

Vowels Diphthongs Consonants
Long Short Cake eɪ Voiceless Voiced
iː Bee Fish ɪ Nose əʊ p Soup Ball b
ɑː Car Cat æ Eye aɪ k Clock Gift g
ɔː Dog Cup ʌ Cow aʊ f Face Vase v
PHONETIC BOARD
uː Moon Book ʊ Boy ɔɪ t Light Die d

Bed e Deer ɪə * s Mouse Zebra z
Chair eə ʃ Shoe Treasure ʒ

Boat oʊ θ Thumb Mother ð
Semi-vowels * tʃ Cheese Jeans dʒ
w Whale h House Lion l
j Jet Rabbit r
* Sibilants Money m
Schwas Note n
ə Banana King ŋ
əː Bird Ruler r
Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández

72
MOST USED PHRASAL VERBS
RELACIONES
Phrasal verb Meaning Translation
To invite so. to go out Invitar a alguien a salir con intención romántica

Ask out
for a romantic date
To be in a better Estar en una mejor situación que antes

Be better off
situation than before
To separate, to put an Separarse, terminar, ponerle fin a algo

Break up
end to st.
To talk to so. to try to Ligar, hablarle a alguien para tratar de llamar su atención
Chat so. up
get their attention
To betray, to have a Traicionar, tener una relación secreta con otra persona
Cheat on secret relationship
with so. else
To become Enamorarse, interesarse románticamente en alguien

Fall for / fall in love with romantically
interested in so.
To develop in a Llevarse bien, tener una buena relación

Get along positive way, have a
good relationship
To have a romantic Tener una relación romántica con alguien, no

relationship with so. necesariamente seria
Go out with
not necessarily a
serious one
To begin living a Empezar a tener una vida estable, establecerse con una
steady life, to get persona
Settle down
settled with only one
person
To separate, to end a Separarse, terminar una relación

Split up
relationship

TRABAJO
To give reason or explanation Dar razón o explicación de algo

Account for (st)
for st
To put st in action, to Poner en acción, llevar a cabo

Carry out
accomplish
To have a new idea or Tener una nueva idea o dar una respuesta
Come up with
produce an answer o solución
To take action about st, to Tomar medidas acerca de algo, lidiar con
Deal with
take care of it by facing it algo
To review st, to examine Revisar algo, examinar cuidadosamente

Go over (st)
carefully
To discuss st, to go over st Discutir algo, repasar algo hasta encontrar

Go through
until you find a solution una solución
To yield a profit or result, to Obtener un beneficio o resultado, tener

Pay off
have a successful result un resultado exitoso
To explain st specific, to call Explicar algo específico, llamar la atención

Point out
attention to st sobre algo
To make st, to produce and Hacer algo, producir y lanzar

Put out
launch
Take over To take control of st Tomar el control de algo, hacerse cargo
To start a company or a Iniciar una compañía o una empresa,

Set up
venture fundar
VIAJES
Be due in To be expected to arrive Esperar la llegada

Be off To go out to (some place) Ir (a un lugar), salir para
Get back to To return to, to back to Regresar, volver
To arrive (a plane, for Llegar (de un avión) por ejemplo

Get in
example)
Pull in To arrive (for trains) Llegar (por tren)
Pull out To depart (for trains) Salir, irse, partir (por tren)
To accompany so. as they Despedir a alguien cuando se va de viaje

See (so) off
depart
Set off To leave on a trip or journey Salir de viaje, partir
To make a brief pause in a Hacer una breve pausa en un viaje, hacer

Stop over trip, either to change escala ya sea para cambiar de avión o
airplanes or to rest descansar
Take off To leave flying (for planes) Despegar (para aviones)
VIDA DIARIA
Catch up To learn the newest facts Enterarse de las noticias más recientes
To enter (a discussion, a car) Entrar, meterse en (una discusión o un

Get into
auto)
Hold on To wait for a little while Esperar por un momento
To be without, to be with Agotar, quedarse sin

Run out of
nothing left
Bring up To raise a child Criar un niño
To be presented in public, to Presentarse en público, convertirse o

Come out
become or result in resultar en
To discover, to learn a new Descubrir, aprender un hecho nuevo

Find out
fact
To quit, to abandon hope, to Desistir, perder la esperanza, dejar de

Give up
stop trying intentar

Go on To continue, not to stop Continuar, no detenerse
To search for information, to Buscar información, consultar (un libro,

Look up consult (a book, a readable una fuente legible)
source)
To cancel what one said, to Retirar lo dicho

Take back
“unsay”
DEPORTES
To gain weight or increase de Aumentar masa muscular, aumentar

Bulk up
size volumen
Call off To cancel Cancelar
To arrive (at a certain Llegar en una determinada posición,

Come in
position) entrar
Fall off To fall from st. Caerse (de algo)
To play the last game in Jugar el último partido de la competencia

Play off competition to decide de para decidir el ganador
winner
To briefly practice before Practicar brevemente antes de empezar

Warm up
starting an activity una actividad, calentar
To exercise to keep in shape Hacer ejercicio para mantenerse en forma

Work out
or to improve physically o para mejorar físicamente
To give support and Animar, dar apoyo o estímulo

Cheer on
encouragement
To accompany, to follow and Acompañar, seguir y tener el mismo ritmo

Keep up
have the same pace
To hit so. so hard they pass Golpear a alguien con fuerza al grado del
Knock out
out desmayo, noquear
To compete with, to fight Competir con, luchar contra, enfrentar

Take on
against

FINANZAS
To help so. out of a financial Ayudar a alguien a salir de un problema

Ball out
issue financiero, rescatar
Cought up To give money unwillingly Dar dinero de mala voluntad, soltar dinero
Dip into To spend part of one’s savings Gastar parte de los ahorros
To have just enough money Tener dinero suficiente para las

Get by
for one’s needs, nothing else necesidades de uno, nada más
To give money back to so. Devolver dinero a alguien, pagar lo que se

Pay back
debe
Put aside To save money for a purpose Ahorrar con un propósito
To spend much on Gastar demasiado en cosas innecesarias

Splash out
unnecessary things
To help so. with money until Ayudar a alguien con dinero hasta que
Tide over
they can get by pueda salir adelante, sacar de un apuro
MOST COMMON IDIOMS AND PHRASES
A hot potato
Speak of an issue which many people are talking about and which is usually disputed.
A penny for your thoughts
A way of asking what someone is thinking.
Actions speak louder than words
People's intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say.
Add insult to injury
To further a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an unfavorable situation.
An arm and a leg
Very expensive or costly. A large amount of money.

At the drop of a hat
Without any hesitation; instantly.
Back to the drawing board
When an attempt fails and it's time to start all over.
The ball is in your court
It is up to you to make the next decision or step.
Barking up the wrong tree
Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the wrong person.
To be glad to see the back of someone
Be happy when a person leaves.
Beat around the bush
Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue.
The best thing since sliced bread
A good invention or innovation. A good idea or plan.
Bite off more than you can chew
To take on a task that is way too big.
Blessing in disguise
Something good that isn't recognized at first.
Burn the midnight oil
To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric lighting.
Can't judge a book by its cover
Cannot judge something primarily on appearance.
Caught between two stools
When someone finds it difficult to choose between two alternatives.
Cross that bridge when you come to it
Deal with a problem if and when it becomes necessary, not before.

Cry over spilt milk
When you complain about a loss from the past.
Curiosity killed the cat
Being Inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation.
Cut corners
When something is done badly to save money.
Cut the mustard
To succeed; to come up to expectations; adequate enough to compete or participate.
Devil's Advocate
To present a counter argument.
Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched
This idiom is used to express "Don't make plans for something that might not happen".
Don't give up the day job
You are not very good at something. You could definitely not do it professionally.
Don't put all your eggs in one basket
Do not put all your resources in one possibility.
Drastic times call for drastic measures
When you are extremely desperate you need to take drastic actions.
Elvis has left the building
The show has come to an end. It's all over.
Every cloud has a silver lining
Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
Far cry from
Very different from.
Feel a bit under the weather
Feeling slightly ill.

Give the benefit of the doubt
Believe someone's statement, without proof.
Hear it on the grapevine
This idiom means 'to hear rumors' about something or someone.
Hit the nail on the head
Do or say something exactly right.
Hit the pillow / sack / sheets / hay
To go to bed.
In the heat of the moment
Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment.
It takes two to tango
Actions or communications need more than one person.
Jump on the bandwagon
Join a popular trend or activity.
Keep something at bay
Keep something away.
Kill two birds with one stone
This idiom means, to accomplish two different things at the same time.
Last straw
The final problem in a series of problems.
Let sleeping dogs lie
Do not disturb a situation as it is - since it would result in trouble or complications.
Let the cat out of the bag
To share information that was previously concealed.
Make a long story short
Come to the point - leave out details.

Method to my madness
An assertion that, despite one's approach seeming random, there actually is structure to it.
Miss the boat
This idiom is used to say that someone missed his or her chance.
Not a spark of decency
It means there’s no manners.
Not playing with a full deck
Someone who lacks intelligence.
On the ball
When someone understands the situation well.
Once in a blue moon
Something that happens very rarely.
Picture paints a thousand words
A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words.
Piece of cake
A job, task or other activity that is easy or simple.
Put wool over other people's eyes
This means to deceive someone into thinking well of them.
See eye to eye
This idiom is used to say that two (or more people) agree on something.
Sit on the fence
This is used when someone does not want to choose or make a decision.
Speak of the devil!
This expression is used when the person you have just been talking about arrives.
Steal someone's thunder
To take the credit for something someone else did.

Take with a grain of salt
This means not to take what someone says too seriously.
Taste of your own medicine
Means that something happens to you, or is done to you, that you have done to someone else.
To hear something straight from the horse's mouth
To hear something from the authoritative source.
Whole nine yards
Everything. All of it.
Wouldn't be caught dead
Would never like to do something.
Your guess is as good as mine
To have no idea, do not know the answer to a question.

Ingles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ingles

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ingles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sum it up 2ND EDITION

Student’s name: ________________________________

Coach’s name: _________________________________

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 2

Special thanks to curso-inglés.com on-line

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 3

IDIOMS AND PHRASES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….77

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 4

CLASS 1: ENGLISH FIRST SIGHT I

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 5

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 6

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 7

Days of the week.

Months of the year.

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 8

Siempre es plural. El que decide el género es el sustantivo (noun).

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 9

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 10

Unos globos: ____ balloons.

La persona: ____ person.

Un hermano: ____ brother.

Unas sillas: ____ chairs.

Las oraciones: ____ sentences.

Un reloj: ____ clock.

Unos minutos: ____ minutes.

Una hora: ____ hour.

El número: ____ number.

La esposa amorosa. ___________________________________

Un hombre celoso. ____________________________________

Unas preguntas difíciles. _______________________________

Un desayuno rápido. ___________________________________

Una vida fácil. ________________________________________

Unos gatos salvajes. ___________________________________

Una canción triste. ____________________________________

La noche fría. _________________________________________

La casa grande. _______________________________________

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 11

CLASS 2: ENGLISH FIRST SIGHT II

• see you tomorrow

• see you next month

• have a nice week

• thank you/ thanks

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 12

• what about you?/ how about you?

1 - ONE 12 - TWELVE 30 - THIRTY

2 - TWO 13 - THIRTEEN 40- FORTY

3 - THREE 14 - FOURTEEN 50 - FIFTY

4 - FOUR 15 - FIFTEEN 60 - SIXTY

5 - FIVE 16 - SIXTEEN 70 - SEVENTY

6 - SIX 17 - SEVENTEEN 80 - EIGHTY

7 - SEVEN 18 - EIGHTEEN 90 - NINETY

10 000 - TEN THOUSAND

100 000 - HUNDRED THOUSAND

1 000 000 - MILLION

EVEN NUMBERS 2, 4, 10, 12, 20…

ODD NUMBERS 3, 5, 11, 27, 39…

Carried out by Melissa P. Hernández 13

3+5=8 three plus five it’s equals to eight