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Aerial Fiber Paper
Aerial Fiber Paper
Abstract
An aerial cable is an insulated cable usually containing all fibres required for a
telecommunication line, which is suspended between utility poles or electricity pylons. Aerial
optical cables are available in a variety of designs to suit every overhead application. Aerial
Cables are supplied as self-supporting including non-metallic ADSS variants, figure 8 which
includes an independent catenary wire or cables which can be lashed to existing overhead
catenaries. This document describes the most preferred methods for aerial installation.
Keywords
ADSS, Fig 8, Micro duct
1. Table of Contents
2 Introduction 2
3 GeneralPrecautions 4
4 Precautions 5
4.1 Cable Handling 5
4.2 LED and Laser Precaution 5
4.3 Optical Fiber Handling Precautions 5
4.4 Material Safety 6
4.5 Safety During Installation 6
4.6 Personal Protective Equipment 7
4.7 Traffic Safety 7
4.8 Placing Equipment 7
4.9 Cable Protection and Reel Handling 7
5 Preparation for Cable Placing 7
5.1 Pre-Construction Survey 7
5.2 Pre-Construction Fiber Measurements 10
6 Unique Aspects of the Messenger Strand (Suspension Strand) 10
7 Tools and Materials 12
8 Types of Aerial Plant 18
8.1 Aerial Cable Lashed to a Messenger Strand 18
8.1.1 Messenger Strands 18
8.1.2 Moving Reel Method 21
8.1.3 Stationary Reel Method 24
8.1.4 Cable Lashing 27
8.2 Self-Supporting Cable 30
8.2.1 Figure-Eight Cable 31
8.2.2 Dead-Ends 31
8.2.3 All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) cable 36
8.3 Micro-duct cable used in aerial plant 43
8.3.1 Micro-Ducts 44
8.3.2 Micro-Duct Cables 45
8.3.3 Jetting: Micro-Duct Cable Placing Method 46
8.3.4 Micro-Duct Cable Jetting 48
2. Introduction
This practice covers the basic guidelines for installation of aerial fiber-optic cable. It is intended
for personnel with prior experience in planning, engineering, or placement of aerial cable. Pole
line construction and strand installation are not covered in this document. A working familiarity
with aerial cable requirements, practices, and work operations is necessary as this guide does
not cover all aspects of aerial construction work.
Aerial optical cable is suspended in the air from poles and/or support structures. Most often it
is supported between poles by being lashed to a wire rope messenger strand with a small
gauge wire. The strand is tensioned to satisfactorily withstand the weight of the cable for the
span length it will be used on plus any climatic loading such as ice, snow, and wind. The
objective is to keep the cable in as low a state of stress as possible while maintaining sag in the
messenger and cable that is safe and within limits as prescribed.
Figure 2– Sterlite Loose Tube Figure-Eight Optical Cable for Aerial Applications
The next type of aerial cable is an All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Cable with extra aramid
yarn to provide its own support, eliminating the need for a messenger strand. ADSS cable is
often used to span large distances when being supported off power utility towers. It is also
popular when used near power utility lines as distribution plant.
Figure 3– Sterlite Aerial-Lite™ (ADSS) Optical Cable for Aerial Applications
The final optical cable covered in this document is a small diameter micro-duct cable, Micro
DUCT-LITE™ Optical Cable. It has a cross-sectional diameter in the range from 0.29” (6.0 mm)
to 0.41” (10.5 mm) for cables ranging from 12 to 288 fibers. Its cross-section consists of
between 1 and 24 loose buffer tubes wrapped around a dielectric central strength member
(CSM). It is an all dielectric cable so bonding and grounding issues are more relaxed. In its
present configuration, it has a dry core and wet buffer tubes (filled with thixotropic water
blocking gel).
Table 1– Commonly Used Aerial Plant Types for Various OSP Applications
Sub-ducts and micro-ducts are not used too frequently in aerial installations, but they are used
occasionally when the placing operation cannot interrupt surface traffic or extra protection is
required for the cable.
Micro-duct cable is blown (jetted) into the micro-duct. Normally, standard size fiber optic
cables can be pulled or blown into short lengths of aerial inner duct.
3. General
The aerial placing methods described in this document are intended as guidelines. National,
state, local, corporate regulations and industry recommendations normally take precedence
over the procedures contained herein. It is impossible to cover all the conditions that may arise
during a placing operation. Individual company practices for placing fiber optic cable should
supersede any conflicting instructions in this document whenever they do not exceed the
cable's optical and mechanical performance specifications. In addition, instructions provided
by hardware manufacturers should be followed.
The methods used to place aerial fiber optic cables are similar to those used to place copper
cable. Optical cable is a high capacity transport medium that is sensitive to excessive tensile
force, tight bends, and crushing forces, therefore, some care must be taken during the
installation procedure to respect these limitations.
Fiber optic cables are ordered in lengths as calculated by an OSP (Outside Plant) Engineer to
match the service route they will occupy. Their lengths are determined by measuring the
distance between the splice points plus adding the excess length to reach the two splice
locations and make the splices, and the required slack storage length for maintenance. In
addition, extra length should be included in the ordered length to be available to cover errors
are made during the splicing operation. If the excess splice length is not known, the splicing
foreman should be consulted. Never cut a fiber cable without first consulting the OSP Engineer
responsible for the job.
4.0 Precautions
4.1 Cable Handling
All optical cables are sensitive to damage during shipping, handling, and installation.
Some of the important parameters that need special attention during cable installation are:
Cable bending radius: Optical fiber cables are designed with a minimum bending radius
and maximum tensile strength. The cable should never be bent below its minimum bending
radius. Doing so can result in bending losses and/or breaks in the cable's fibers. Generally
the minimum bending radius of a fiber cable under load is 20 × D, where D is the diameter
of cable; the minimum bending radius of a fiber cable under no load is 15 × D.
Cable Placing Tension: Optical cables are designed with a maximum tensile strength. The
cable should never be loaded beyond its maximum tensile strength. Exceeding this value
provided by Sterlite in the Cable Data Sheet / Specification, can alter cable and fiber
performance and shorten its service lifetime.
Therefore,
Never look directly into a fiber end that has a laser or LED coupled to it.
Never look directly into a fiber end using any magnifying lens.
If an eye is accidentally exposed to an LED or laser beam, immediately seek
medical attention.
Hexane Isopropyl
Type of
Exposure Effect of Emergency Treatment1 Effect of Emergency Treatment2
Exposure Exposure
Irritation of Move victim to area containing
Irritation of Maintain respiration, the upper fresh air. Administer artificial
Inhalation the respiratory
bed rest. respiratory tract. respiration if breathing is irregular.
tract, cough.
Do not induce vomiting, Drunkenness Have victim drink water and milk.
Ingestion Nausea,Vomitig, immediately seek medical
Headache. and vomiting Seek medical assistance.
assistance.
Contact Wipe off affected area and Harmless to Wipe off affected area of skin
with Skin Irritation.
wash with soap and water. skin. and wash with soap and water.
Working Safely:
To minimize the risks of an accident in the work area, follow the existing rules for
setting up warning signs, barricades, manhole guards, and cones.
Before pulling cable directly from a figure-8 configuration, make sure that the area inside the
loop of the cable (figure-8) is clear of personnel and equipment. Failure to do so may result
in injury to the personnel or damage to the cable.
Ensure that the tools and equipment used for the cable installation are in proper working
order. Improperly functioning equipment may damage cables or cause injury to personnel.
1
Seek Emergency treatment for inhalation, ingestion, severe contact with skin, and contact with eyes.
Be careful when working near electrical hazards, if electric lines are passing through or near
the right-of-way where installation is being performed.
Bond all metallic components in the underground system together. At all points where
anyone may come in contact with the metallic components of the underground cable
system, ground the bonded metallic components to a proper earth ground to avoid electric
hazards produced by power lines or any other means.
Therefore, the placing crew needs to read, understand, and be familiar with all operating
procedures as well the safety issues outlined by the placing equipment manufacturer.
While loading or unloading cable reels, care must be taken to prevent collision with
other reels, or damage to the reel or cable.
The reel should not be rolled a long distance. If it is necessary to roll the reel, it should be
rolled on both flanges in the direction indicated by the arrow on the flange.
The reel should never be stored on its side.
Cable reels should always be stored on a flat surface with blocks placed under both
flanges to prevent rolling in either direction.
The cable on the reel should be covered at the factory with a UV/thermal wrap until
just prior to installation to protect it from exposure to the sun and high temperatures.
The reel should never be dropped.
5 Preparation for Cable Placing
5.1 Pre-Construction Survey
One of the most important steps in the engineering and placement of optical cable is the pre-
construction site survey. During this survey the placing supervisor and/or OSP engineer will be
able to observe any unusual situations that require special attention. The proposed placing
route will be evaluated for its ability to support the planned placing procedure. One of the main
objectives of the survey is to discover all potential pit-falls in the proposed placing operation so
they may be accounted for in the final procedure.
General Issues
If possible, select a route that follows existing telecommunications infrastructure.
Before any visit is made to a prospective construction site, develop an up-to-date plot plan
showing the location of existing utilities to be obtained from each of these utilities that
possible areas that may affect the construction operation. The plot plan shall be noted with
details characterizing each utility and phone numbers to call if there are problems.
Select a route that provides easy access for workers, equipment, and materials.
The placing route shall have a spacious and safe staging area convenient to the job site.
The staging area shall be a location in which cable reels can be unloaded and stored prior
to use with an all-weather surface. It shall also be a location at which fiber measurements
can be made. It shall be secure from vandalism and theft.
The job site and staging area shall be protected from both pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
Splice locations shall be selected on the basis of their ability to serve as a good cable feed
and/or cable pulling location, as the location where fiber branching occurs, and as an area
capable of supporting the splicing operation.
Placing operations in all types of plant (aerial, buried, and underground) is normally easier
when done downhill. Try to configure the placing operation downhill.
As optical cable is placed, care must be taken not to kink, distort, or crush the cable. The
cable manufacturer's recommended minimum bend diameter shall be respected. If no
diameter is recommended, use the following limits for the minimum bend diameter allowed
for the cable.
All splice locations and points where human contact may result in exposure to metallic
components in the cable, splice closures, or the cable infrastructure needs to be properly
bonded and grounded to an earth ground.
Sufficient space must be provided around the start of the cable placing operation to provide
a gentle transition pathway for the cable from the reel to the aerial support system. Usually
50 feet of unobstructed space should be provided for the pulling equipment to enable an
unobstructed and smooth cable transition.
New construction must follow the National Electric Safety Code; OSHA Safety
Requirements; and state, local, and federal guidelines.
All placing operations require constant high quality communications for the entire operation.
Radios are the most common means of communications for placing operations. The pre-
construction survey should ensure that the radios will work properly in all locations that will
be encountered during the installation.
Aerial Pre-Construction Survey
The bulk of the information about an aerial placement job will be obtained by the
examination of past records on the same support structures and from the visit to the job
site on the route survey.
If the cable is to be placed on structures that also support power transmission
equipment, the safety practices of the power utility company must be followed in addition to
those of the telecommunications company. National, state, and local requirements and
the safety procedures of the power utility company shall take precedence over
information contained in this document.
The overall condition of the support structures should be determined as well as the safe
location on the structures for the new plant.
The hardware setup on the support structure should be determined and the guying
system for the poles and support structures must be evaluated for suitability with the new
cable placing operation.
Any vegetation issue needs to be determined and if possible corrected. Traffic problems
need to be determined and any other situation that may require special action needs to be
determined and rectified.
Select splice locations that fit the cable logistics, and provide a safe and convenient
location for placing, splicing, and repair operations. The equipment and cable reels should
be stored in a safe and secure location, safe from vandalism or theft.
Each splice point should be provided with sufficient cable slack to enable the splice to be
made on the ground following the company's normal splice procedures. After cable
placement, approximately 2-3 meters of cable will be cut off each cable end to be assured
that no fibers are encountered that was damaged from the placing operation.
Normally an additional 15 to 30 meters of cable are required on the ground to make the
splice. If this distance is to be determined more precisely, it is equal the height of the cable
on the support structure plus the distance from the support structure to the location of the
splice in its vehicle or tent. In addition, at least 5 meters of fiber must be added to make the
splice. Company policy shall be followed to determine the amount of extra cable to store as
slack cable to enable maintenance operations on the cable route. Cable should be ordered
with sufficient length to provide the slack required to make splices and to repair any cable
that needs to be repaired.
It is important to pick the proper location for the cable reel and placing equipment. The
Stationary Reel Method cable reel must be carefully aligned with the first sheave on the
support structure and positioned back about 50 feet from the first support structure. For
cable mounted higher than 15 feet in the air, the cable reel shall be positioned
approximately four times the distance back from the support as its height on the structure.
As a rule of thumb, most aerial cable should have at least three aligned support structures
before the first large misalignment is encountered.
The cable needs to be dead-ended to the support structure at each of the following points:
At its ends
Cable line misalignment 20°
Otherwise, if the cable line misalignment is less than 20° a tangent support can
generally be used.
Table 3 provides recommended clearances between aerial plant and various infrastructure items.
The distance along the cable should be recorded on the construction prints at every other
support structure (pole) and both of its ends.
Messenger strands used in aerial plant are rated by their breaking strength and the steel
used in their construction. Some of the more common messenger strand sizes are listed below.
For general applications, contact Sterlite Customer Service for a determination of the
minimum stringing tensions for a particular cable and span length using different messenger
strand grades.
If Sterlite Technologies is provided with the type and outside diameter (OD) of the messenger,
the weight and OD of the optical cable, the loading district of the construction effort, the span
length, and any other pertinent information, it can calculate the cable's sag and strain for the
specific aerial installation. The recommended tensions and messenger types can also be
generated for these applications.
When a messenger strand is used to support a fiber optic cable, the most important concern is
that the strand is strong enough and that the strain in the cable is acceptable. It is important to
note that increasing the strands diameter also increases its weight. The effect of wind and ice
is also increased by the larger sail area of the larger strand. The net result is increasing the
strand diameter can also increase cable strain.
The aerial span from the last pole outside a building to a building is the only span which may
have lower tension than the remainder of the aerial cable route. Installation technicians need to
pay close attention in this span to ensure that the cable's minimum bend radius of is not
exceeded.
Micro-duct cables can also be placed into micro-ducts which are housed directly in aerial inner
duct that is lashed to the messenger strand. Placing equipment is specially tuned to be
effective placing smaller micro-duct cables. Procedures and equipment are used to keep
bending and tensile stresses under the mechanical threshold limits established for the micro-
duct cable.
Table 5 and Table 6 provide a pictorial summary of the typical equipment and
hardware used in placing aerial optical cables.
Table 5– Summary of Typical Aerial Plant Placing Hardware
Roller Type Cable Guide GMP Single Lashing Aerial Cable Guide GM
D Cable Block with Lifter GMP Heavy Duty Fiber Block GMP
Pole Mount Fiber Block GMP Figure-Eight Cable Web Slitter GMP
Wire Raising Tool with Poles GMP Cable Offset Spacer Allied Bolt
Safety Devices
Examples of the special placing equipment and hardware that are used to place fiber
cable are shown in Table 6.
Table 6– Typical Placing Equipment Used to Place Micro-Ducts and Micro-Duct Cables
Side take-off winch with slip clutch (Condux) Cable Reel Trailer (Plumett)
Large Diameter Splittable Sheavet Manhole Sheave and Quadrent Block (GMP)
Figure 7– Tensioning the Messenger Strand Using a Dynamometer and Chain Hoist
The messenger strand shall be placed in accordance with the work plan and tensioned in
accordance with instructions, which are furnished, to the Contractor by the OSP Engineer.
The messenger strand shall be placed on the roadside of the pole line unless
otherwise directed by the OSP Engineer.
In tangent construction, the lip of the suspension strand clamp shall point toward the
pole. At angles in the line, the suspension strand clamp lip shall point away from the load.
When a thimble eye bolt is used both to mount the suspension strand clamp and to make
the guy attachment, the size of the suspension strand clamp shall be governed by the
size of the thimble eye bolt required for the guy.
The air temperature at the time and place of tensioning the strand shall be determined
by means specified by the OSP Engineer.
The suspension strand shall be made electrically continuous throughout its entire length.
Suspension strands shall be bonded to other bare cable suspension strands, and guys on
the same pole and grounded by connection to ground leads at locations specified by the
OSP Engineer and in the manner specified by the Engineer. Where the strand is to be
grounded to a multi-grounded neutral on a pole which does not carry a vertical pole
ground wire, a #6 AWG bare copper wire shall be left coiled and taped to permit it to be
extended up the pole and connected to the multi-ground neutral by a representative of the
power company.
There are two aerial cable placing methods that lash optical cable directly to messenger
stands: stationary reel and moving reel method.
Figure 11– Schematic Drawing of the Moving Reel (Drive-Off Method) to Place Aerial Cable
In the moving reel or drive-off installation method, the cable is payed off its reel, raised to strand
level, and lashed to the strand as the placement vehicle as it reaches the next pole in each
span. This method requires vehicle access to the placement side of the pole line, and the cable
route must be away from tree limbs, guy wires, and other obstructions. If the cable route has
significant elevation changes, it is preferable to lash downhill.
The moving reel method provides greater productivity and is less costly than the stationary reel
methods. It is a simpler procedure that uses less hardware in a single step procedure. In
addition, fewer technicians are required to complete the installation.
Since optical cables are typically manufactured and installed in long lengths, special
consideration must be given to reel placement to eliminate or reduce the extra effort
required to figure-eight the cable at a mid-run location or provide a series of mid-assist
pulls for both the moving and stationary reel installation methods.
Begin the installation by unreeling sufficient cable to reach from the messenger strand
level to the splicing location (probably a vehicle on the ground), plus 16 feet (5 m). This
lead-in tail should be safely stored at the starting pole. In addition, unspool enough slack
cable to assure that the cable's minimum bend radius is not exceeded when the cable is
raised to the strand level. Generally, the reel-carrying vehicle should be approximately 50
feet (15 m) ahead of the lasher.
Figure 12– Start Up Configuration for Moving Reel Aerial Placement Method (RUS1751F-635)
This procedure uses an aerial lift or bucket truck and a moving reel truck.
Position the aerial lift bucket so that the crew member working in it has a 4 feet (1.2 m)
access to either side of the lasher. The technician in the lift bucket should be the key
individual that is in charge of controlling the placing operation.
The cable is paid off the top of its reel on the moving placement vehicle, raised to strand
level, and lashed to the messenger strand as the placement vehicle moves along each
span.
No cable blocks or other temporary support hardware are used with the moving reel
method. As compared to the stationary reel method which requires several passes along
the cable route to complete the cable installation, the moving reel method is completed in
one pass.
Attach the lashing wire to the strand with a lashing wire clamp approximately 16 inches from
the pole centerline.
Figure 13– Typical Pole Attachment at Dead-End Pole Using Moving Reel Method
(RUS 1751F-635)
Place the lasher and the aerial cable guide on the messenger strand.
Raise the cable end to the technician in the bucket truck at strand level using a pole
mounted cable lifter.
Place the cable under the messenger strand using a strap and spacer approximately 14 inches
from the centerline of the pole, or 2 inches from the lashing wire clamp, toward the pole.
Position the cable in the cable guide and lasher as instructed by the instruction manual
provided by the lasher's manufacturer.
Attach pulling lines to the lasher and its pulling guide. The pulling lines can be
attached to the moving reel vehicle to provide movement during the placing operation.
Pull the cable lasher and its accessories with a constant speed and tension. Be vigilant
looking for the lashing wire causing the fiber optic cable to wrap around the strand. If this
occurs, correct the situation. Cable feeding must be smooth.
The moving vehicle carrying the reel should stay close to the pole line and maintain
alignment with the cable route, as close to the pole line as possible, during the cable
placement operation while maintaining a distance of 50 feet in front of the cable.
Upon reaching each pole, stop the vehicle. Transfer the lasher and its accessories to the
messenger on the opposite side of the pole. Temporarily clamp the lashing wire to strand
on the near side of the pole. Complete the cable “drip loop” around the pole by attaching
straps and spacers on both sides of the pole.
After transferring the lasher to the far side of the pole, complete the permanent
clamping of the lashing wire to the strand on both sides of the pole.
Repeat the procedure above for each pole line span until the entire run is permanently
lashed and properly sagged.
8.1 .2 Stationary Reel Method
The stationary reel placing method is often used when the cable route being placed is crossed
by existing cables or other obstructions. The method used should also be based on the
experience and equipment available to the installer. The stationary reel placing method requires
a series of temporary cable blocks to be installed on the messenger strand. It requires two
separate operations:
1. The cable is pulled into place for the cable run beneath the messenger strand and
supported by cable blocks hanging off the messenger strand.
2. The cable is lashed to the messenger strand beginning at the cable end and moving in
the opposite direction of the (step 1) cable placement and ending at the stationary reel
location.
A pull line is placed through the blocks and attached to the leading end of the cable using
a breakaway swivel and a cable pulling-grip.
Figure 14– Pulling Hardware Required to Place Cable onto Cable Blocks During the
First Stage of the Stationary Reel Placing Method
Figure 15- Starting Block for Cable Placement through Cable Blocks Used at First and Last
Pole
The pull line is then used to pull the cable through the cable blocks below the messenger
strand, see . Finally, the cable is lashed to the messenger strand. The lashing process begins
at the leading end of the cable and proceeds back towards the cable reel.
Figure 18– Stationary Reel Method, Cable Being Pulled into Cable Blocks Prior to Lashing
Operation
The stationary reel method, shown in and , consists of a cable reel, a suitable device
for supporting the cable reel, and rollers attached to the strand to support the cable
during the installation.
Figure 19– Stationary Reel Method Lashing Aerial Cable to Messenger Strand
Being Pulled in the Opposite Direction of the Cable Placing Operation
When using the stationary reel method, the pulling tension and bending radius of the
optical cable should be kept within its stated limits. Rollers used in the stationary reel
method should be installed on the strand at a spacing of approximately 35 feet (10.67 m).
Rollers should also be installed at all bends in excess of 45 degrees from normal.
The cable should be pulled over the rollers in the stationary reel method using either a
winch linewire rope approximately 0.25 inch (6.4 mm) in diameter or synthetic rope
approximately 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) in diameter. Larger diameter starting blocks should be
used at both ends of the cable placement operation.
Since optical cables are typically manufactured and installed in long lengths, special
consideration must be given to reel placement to eliminate or reduce the extra effort
required to figure-eight the cable at a mid-run location or provide a series of mid-assist
pulls for both the moving and stationary reel installation methods.
This procedure uses an aerial lift or bucket truck, winch truck, and cable reel trailer.
Position the aerial lift bucket at the pole from which the lashing will begin. The technician in the
bucket should have 4 feet (1.2 m) access to either side of the lasher. The technician in the lift
bucket should be the individual that is in charge of controlling the start of the placing operation.
Before beginning the lashing, check to be certain there is sufficient cable at the final pole (pole B) to
complete the splice and satisfy any slack cable requirements.
Attach the lashing wire to the strand with a lashing wire clamp approximately 16 inches from the pole
centerline.
Figure 20– Pole Attachment at Dead-End Pole using Moving Reel Method (RUS 1751F-635)
Place the lasher and the aerial cable guide on the messenger strand.
Place the cable under the messenger strand using a strap and spacer approximately 14 inches
from the centerline of the pole, or 2 inches from the lashing wire clamp, toward the pole.
Position the cable in the cable guide and lasher as instructed by the instruction manual provided by
the lasher's manufacturer.
Attach pulling lines to the lasher and pulling guide. The pulling lines can be attached to a moving reel
vehicle to provide movement during the placing operation.
Pull the cable lasher and its accessories at a constant speed and tension. Be vigilant looking for the
lashing wire causing the fiber optic cable to wrap around the strand. Cable feeding must be smooth.
The vehicle pulling the lasher or thetechnician pulling the lasher should stay close to the
pole line and maintain alignment with the cable route asclosely as possible during the
lashing operation while maintaining a distance of 50 feet in front of the lasher.
Upon reaching each pole, stop the lashing operation. Transfer the lasher and its accessories to
the messenger on the opposite side of the pole. Temporarily clamp the lashing wire to the
messenger strand. Complete the cable “drip loop” around the pole by attaching straps and
spacers on both sides of the pole.
After transferring the lasher to the far side of the pole, complete the permanent clamping of the
lashing wire to the strand.
Repeat the procedure above for each pole line span until the entire run is permanently lashed and
properly sagged.
8.1 .4 Cable Lashing
Lashing machines are manufactured to spin a small diameter wire around the cable and
strand to couple the two units together. The size of the lashing machine used on the
construction project is related to the outside diameter of the cable to be installed. The
lashing machine should wrap the lashing wire around the cable and suspension strand in
a counterclockwise direction. Where the construction must be performed on a slope, the
lashing of the cable to the strand should be performed in the downhill direction.
Figure 21– Cable Lasher Used to Lash Fiber Cable to Messenger Strand, GMP
Stainless steel lashing wire should be used to lash cable or cables to the messenger
strand. The diameter of the lashing wire should be based on the outside diameter and
weight of the cable to be installed and the size of the lashing machine.
One or two types of lashing wire clamps are used in lashing cables to strands. The first
type is a temporary or permanent clamp called the D Lashing Wire Clamp and the
second, the E Lashing Wire Clamp for permanent clamping, shown in Figure 22.
Figure 22– D Lashing Wire Clamp (left) for Temporary or Permanent Strand/Lashing
WireClamping and the E Cable Lashing Clamp (right) for Permanent Strand Clamping
Guide drawings in RUS Bulletin 345-153 (RUS Form 515f) show how lashing wires are
clamped in various situations. Lashing wire should be clamped at each side of each utility
pole.
Lashing wires should be spliced using stainless steel compression sleeves sized for the wire.
When an optical cable is lashed at temperatures below 30°F (-1.1°C), the cable should be
tensioned more than is required at higher temperatures. This will prevent bowing in hot
weather.
When required because of construction constraints, an optical cable may be lashed to the
same suspension strand or as a new copper or an optical cable may be lashed over an
existing cable to the same strand. The combined diameters of the two cables cannot
exceed the diameter for which the lashing machine or supporting messenger strand was
designed.
To promote firm lashing when lashing two optical cables to the same strand, the
diameter of first cable should not be more than twice the diameter of the second cable.
If the diameter of a copper cable or of two copper cables exceeds 2.0 inches (51 mm),
two nuts should be placed between the suspension clamp and washer to provide
clearance between the pole and cables.
The lashing operation in the moving reel placement method starts at the first pole (pole A)
and moves toward the pole at the end of cable (pole B). The stationary reel method lashing
is in the opposite direction, starting at the last pole from the cable pulling operation (pole B)
and moving toward and ending at the first pole for the pulling operation (pole A).
Before lashing new optical cables to an existing cable on the same strand, the existing
lashing wire should be examined for corrosion, pitting, breakage, sharp points or edges,
which could damage the new cable during installation. If the existing lashing wire is found
to be severely corroded or pitted, broken, or containing sharp points or edges, the
existing lashing wire should be removed before installation of the new cable. The removal
of the existing lashing wire is infrequent.
Begin the lashing operation by leaving enough slack cable at the beginning of the run, to
reach down the pole to the splice location or end termination.
Lift the lasher to the technician in a bucket truck at the first pole in the placing operation.
Place the lasher and the aerial cable guide on the messenger strand and cable.
If the moving reel method is being used, lift the cable to the technician in the bucket truck
to position it in place under the messenger strand to begin the lashing operation. If a
stationary reel method is used, the cable will already be in place to begin the lashing
operation, by a technician in the bucket truck.
Attach the lashing wire to the strand with a lashing wire clamp approximately 16 inches from
the pole centerline.
Position the cable in the cable guide and lasher as instructed by the instruction manual
provided by the lasher's manufacturer.
Figure 23– Typical Pole Attachment at Dead-End Pole using Moving Reel Method
(RUS 1751F-635)
Place the cable under the messenger strand using a strap and spacer approximately 14
inches from the centerline of the pole, or 2 inches from the lashing wire clamp, toward the
pole.
Attach the pulling lines to the lasher and pulling guide. The pulling lines can be attached to
a vehicle or manually pulled to provide movement during the placing operation.
Pull the cable lasher and its accessories with a constant speed and tension. Be vigilant
looking for the lashing wire causing the optical cable to wrap around the strand. If this
occurs, correct the situation. Cable feeding must be smooth.
The moving vehicle (moving reel method) carrying the reel should stay close to the pole
line and maintain alignment with the cable route as close to the pole line as possible
during the cable placement operation while maintaining a distance of 50 feet in front of the
cable
Once the pole at the end of the first span has been reached, move the lasher to the
messenger on the opposite side of the pole. Temporarily clamp the lashing wire to the
strand. Complete the cable “drip loop” around the pole by attaching straps and spacers
on both sides of the pole.
Figure 24– Intermediate Pole, Strand, and Clamp Attachment Hardware(RUS 1751F-635)
After transferring the lasher to the far side of the pole, complete the permanent
clamping of the lashing wire to the strand as was done at the start pole.
Repeat the procedure above for each pole line span until the entire run is permanently
lashed and properly sagged.
8.2 Self-Supporting Cable
The cable placing operations described in this section do not use a messenger stand as part of
their installation hardware. The cables are supported by strength members that are designed
into their cable sheaths as part of the cable design. Two types of cables, Figure-Eight and All
Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Cable, are cables that comprise this family of cables. The
actual installation method for both types of cable is similar, but because the cables are
configured somewhat differently, the support hardware is similar in function, but somewhat
different in design.
Figure-eight cables carry their own messenger and get their name from their shape. The
messenger is in the upper portion of the cable. It has an extruded over jacket. The cable is
supported from the messenger portion of the cable with a thin plastic web. As with other lashed
cable, the messenger portion must be properly tensioned to resist the expected loading while
keeping sag between safe and within acceptable limits. The next type of self-supporting cable
is an all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) cable with extra aramid yarn in its outer jacket to
provide its own support, eliminating the need for a messenger. ADSS cable is often used to
span large distances when being supported off power utility towers. It is also popular when
used near power utility lines as distribution plant.
Figure 25– Two Main Self-Supporting Cables: Figure-Eight and ADSS Cables
Both types of n cables are supported directly off their support structures (poles) and the tension
in the catenary they form as they span the open space between supports must be adjusted to
compensate for the weight of the cable, ice, snow, wind, and temperature effects. Cables need
to be clamped in place at their dead-end starting point and raised to the next support structure.
Their strength member that serves the purpose as a strand needs to be properly tensioned to
the appropriate tension to resist the loading it will experience duringservice. Installation
proceeds from span to span positioning the cable on the far support, then tensioning the cable
for the loading and span length.
8.2.1 Figure-Eight Cable
8.2.1.1 Separating Figure-Eight Cable Components
The messenger portion of the figure-eight cable must be separated from the cable portion
at a splice closure to properly terminate the cable and to splice the fibers. The two
portions of the figure-eight cable can be separated at the web using a web splitting tool
(GMP® model # 82730 Web Splitter, or equivalent) or a splicer's knife and then pulling
both portions apart.
The tool is used by positioning its blade over the web at the point to be split. Squeeze the
handles of the tool to have its blade penetrate the cable web. Pull the tool along the web
causing it to separate the messenger and cable portions of the figure-eight cable. Up to
150 m of cable can be separated with this type of tool.
8.2.2 Dead-Ends
Dead-end poles are the anchor points for the tensioned messenger at the start and end points
of each cable. They are also used at supports in which the intersecting cables are greater than
30°. The messenger strand is fixed to dead-end poles with dead-end fittings which maintain the
tensile loading of the span. The following paragraphs describe two basic types of dead-end
fittings: strandvises and strand grips (wrap type).
1. Determine where on the cable strand the wrap strand grip will be mounted and mark that
location on the strand portion of the cable.
If you are installing the dead-end at the end of a cable span or providing slack for a future
splice point (prior to beginning the cable installation) allow for the appropriate slack
requirements.
If the dead-end is being installed on a tensioned cable at its installation level, ensure that
the span is properly tensioned. Support the figure-eight cable extending beyond the dead
end location to prevent damage from bending and or tension once the messenger is cut.
2. Separate the two figure-eight cable components with a web splitter or splicer's knife,
starting about 11 inches (27.5 cm) ahead of where the messenger will enter the strand grip.
The compon ent separation length may vary with different strand grips. The actual length
can best be determined by holding the strand grip you are using alongside the cable.
3. Determine the strip length required to fit both the messenger component into the strand grip
and provide sufficient length for a bonding/grounding clamp to be clamped on the exposed
end(s) of the strand. At least 3 inches (7.5 cm) of stripped messenger should extend out of
the strand grip toward the pole. Finally, cut the messenger strand to length with a pair of
bolt cutters.
4. Remove the jacket from the messenger component of the figure-eight cable by running a
splicer's knife along the strand. Peel the jacket away from the strand. Perform this step with
care to avoid personal injury and to avoid any damage to the anti-corrosive zinc coating of
the strand.
5. Assemble the strand grip on the stripped portion of strand according to its manufacturer's
instructions.
6. Use a weather proofing tape around the strand at the point where the jacket is stripped
off of the messenger to seal the jacket.
7. Use weather resistant cable ties or straps to re-connect the separated stand and cable and
to keep the separation from propagating along the cable
The strandvise type dead-end has a spring-type compression sleeve to grip the bare messenger strand.
NOTE: The cartridge sleeve can be removed from the yoke and bale. The cartridge shall not
be reused although it is possible to reuse the yoke and bale if they are not damaged or corroded.
The strand vise should be used with a guy hook. Install a strand vise dead-end on a figure-
eight cable as follows:
1. Determine where on the cable strand the strand vise will be mounted, then mark that
location on the strand portion of the cable.
If you are installing the dead-end at the end of a cable span or providing slack for a future
splice point (prior to beginning the cable installation) allow for the appropriate slack
requirements.
If the dead-end is being installed on a tensioned cable at its installation level, ensure that
the span is properly tensioned. Support the figure-eight cable extending beyond the dead
end location to prevent damage from bending and or tension once the messenger is cut.
2. Separate the two figure-eight cable components with a web splitter or splicer's knife,
starting about 11 inches (27.5 cm) ahead of where the messenger will enter the strandvise.
The component separation length may vary with different strandvises. The actual length can
best be determined by holding the strandvise you are using alongside the cable.
3. Determine the strip length required to fit both the messenger component into the strandvise
and provide sufficient length for a bonding/grounding clamp to be clamped on the exposed
end(s) of the strand. At least 3 inches (7.5 cm) of stripped messenger should extend out of
the strandvise. Finally, cut the messenger strand to length with a pair of bolt cutters.
4. Remove the jacket from the messenger component of the figure-eight cable by running a
splicer's knife along the strand. Peel the jacket away from the strand. Perform this step with
care to avoid personal injury and to avoid any damage to the anti-corrosive zinc coating of
the strand.
5. Slide the bare messenger strand into the strandvise cartridge assembly as directed by the
strandvise manufacturer's instructions.
6. Use weather resistant cable ties or straps to connect the separated stand and cable
and to keep the separation from propagating along the cable
7. Use a weather proofing tape around the strand at the point where the jacket is
stripped off of the messenger to seal the jacket.
Self-supporting, fiber optic cables should be installed using the moving reel method whenever
possible. It should be placed using cable blocks on the poles where it will remain during the
remainder of the placing and tensioning operations. As with all placing methods, the maximum
pulling tension and minimum bend radius of the cable should not exceed the manufacturer's
recommendations.
Figure 30– Two Types of Cable Blocks: Clip on Strand (Left) and Bolt to Pole (Right)
The messenger portion of the self-supporting, optical cable should be tensioned with the use of
a dynamometer. Figure 8 shows a similar operation in which the messenger strand is being
tensioned. Figure-eight cable tensioning is similar except it has an optical cable under the
messenger being tensioned. The cable should be temporarily supported at each pole on rollers
until after the cable has been tensioned at all dead-end poles and the tensioned equalized in all
spans of the section being placed. Tension should be applied slowly while the entire length of
cable being installed is observed for evidence of snagging or failure to move freely through its
temporary supports at the poles.
The initial stringing tension for the cable will depend on the size of its support strand, the size of
cable, the NESC storm loading district for the construction project, the span length, the
temperature at the time of tensioning, and Sterlite's recommendations.
After placement, tensioning, and attachment to the pole structure, the cable is spiraled
by hand from alternate poles following the instructions found in Figure 31 (as found in RUS
1753F-152 ).
Care should be exercised to prevent continuous spiraling from occurring during the stationary
reel method installation of self-supporting fiber cable. Since the cable will be spiraled by hand
from alternate poles after tensioning, any existing spirals in the cable would be increased in one
span and removed in the adjacent span. It would then be very difficult to obtain a uniform
number of spirals in every span.
The initial sags and tensions for self-supporting, optical cables installed with various span
lengths and at different temperatures in the three NESC storm loading districts should be
obtained from Sterlite.
When tensioning self-supporting, optical cables, at intermediate support points, the insulation
over the messenger strand should not be damaged. Tensioning by means of grips placed over
the insulated support strand is the preferred method, provided that the tensioning can be
accomplished without rupturing the insulation.
After placement, tensioning, and attachment to the pole structure, the cable is spiraled by
hand from alternate poles; see Figure 31 for detailed instructions.
ADSS cable can be placed using both the stationary reel and the moving reel methods. The
moving reel method is the preferred method, if right-of-way is generally free of obstructions that
would inhibit the movement of the cable reel. The moving reel method is much easier to setup
and is more cost effective than the stationary reel method for self-supporting cable.
This is a widely used method to place all types of aerial cable.For ADSS cable, the stationary
reel method is often slower and more costly than the moving reel method, but can be used
anywhere since it does not require an unobstructed right-of-way or vehicular access to the pole
line. Higher costs are imposed by the difficulty of setting up and coordinating the pulling
operation over the length of the cable route.
In this procedure, the cable reel is positioned at the starting end of the cable placement and
positioned at least 50 to 60 feet from the first support to provide clear and unobstructed
passage of the cable from the cable reel to the first sheave or quadrant block on the first cable
support structure. The first sheave or traveler should have a radius at least 20 times the
diameter of the cable being placed. A sheave shall be positioned on each support structure.
Misalignments of 20° or more should be provided with a sheave having a radius at least 20
times the diameter of the cable being placed. Those supports in good alignment with the cable
route should be equipped with a sheave having a radius at least 10 times the diameter of the
cable being placed. The cable end shall be attached to a winch line of similar unit weight to the
cable with a double-rotating, break-away swivel that has been threaded thought the support
sheave on each support structure.
A standard optical cable tension measuring and/or tension limiting cable winch shall be used to
pull the cable into place. Placing hardware shall be positioned to provide clear and
unobstructed passage for the winch line as it passes through the large diameter sheaves on the
first and final cable support structures.
After the cable has been pulled into position, transfer it from the temporary supports to the
permanent cable supports as it is tensioned to the levels specified by Sterlite Engineering to
meet the expected maximum loading for its cable weight and span length.
1. The stationary reel method uses a placing procedure that can be compared to underground
cable placing, but instead of placing cable underground into conduit, it is placed in the air
suspended off supports at each support structure. The cable is pulled from support to
support using a winch line similar in weight to the cable using a tension monitoring winch at
the far end of the cable route and a fusible-link swivel as part of the pulling hardware.
During the placing operation, the cable is supported by a temporary hardware on each
pole. The supports consist of travelers, sheaves, and quadrant blocks.
2. All of the key points for the stationary reel placing method that were selected during the
survey should be verified as satisfactory at the time of setup for the cable placing operation.
Locations for the cable reel and the cable winch shall be checked and all intermediate
points shall be verified.
3. Several key issues will prove helpful during placement:
For routes with significant change in elevation, it is easier to place the cable downhill.
The entire operation will require clear and constant communication between all
participants. A good two-way radio system is recommended. Communications needs to
be established between the cable reel, the winch, and observers located at key points
along the cable route.
The cable reel needs to be located in an accessible area that is not encumbered with either
pedestrian or vehicular traffic.
If an intermediate feed point is required for long, or difficult, placements, use a figure-
eight coil to store the cable for the second part of the pull. The figure–eight coil must be
done carefully and should be coiled in an area 5 to 10 meters in size.
Try to use the same reel location for the two adjacent cable placing operations.
Cable alignment is absolutely necessary during the cable placing operation. The cable
cannot be allowed to run over the edge or flange of any of the sheaves, travelers, or
quadrant block frames. It also must not be allowed to rub on any of its cable reel flanges.
Smooth passage between support structures and the cable/winch line shall be provided
by properly aligned travelers, sheaves, and quadrant blocks.
The connection between cable and winch line shall be made with a tension-limiting
(fused),ball bearing type swivel. Vinyl tape shall be used to smooth the transitions along
the surface of the pulling array.
The cable shall be pulled off the top of its reel during placement.
Sufficient technicians shall be available to monitor all phases of the cable placing
operation. A person is required to monitor the cable reel, winch, all dead-end locations,
and all intermediate support points.
1. Sufficient slack must be provided at each splice point to enable the splice to be made and
to provide for any cable maintenance. This slack length shall equal the height of the cable
on the support structure plus the distance from the support structure to the location of the
splice in its vehicle or tent. In addition, at least 5 meters of fiber must be provided to make
the splice. Company policy shall be followed to determine the amount of extra cable to store
as slack cable to enable maintenance of the cable. When the splice has been completed,
the splice closure shall be safely mounted on the support structure and the excess cable
shall be wrapped either around special storage frames or in neat coils and mounted on the
existing cable near the splice closure. Special care is required to assure that the cable's
minimum bend radius is observed during this process.
2. The winch line shall be carefully fed through all the support hardware. The reel and the
winch shall be positioned on opposite ends of the cable placing operation, approximately
50 to 60 feet from the support structure with which they respectively interact.
3. Before any placing operation is started, the cable shall be affixed to the support
structure at the start of the pull using dead-end hardware.
11. Each dead-end segment is placed and tensioned sequentially until the entire cable is
completed. Once the dead-ended cable segment is tensioned, each intermediate support
must have its temporary support structure replaced by a permanent support.
10. The sequence in which the cable sections are tensioned and dead-ended is unimportant
as long as a central pole is not converged upon from both directions by the tensioning
operation.
9. When the cable has been pulled into place on its support structures, it shall be tensioned
and affixed to each dead-end structure. The cable is then removed from each of its
intermediate support (J hook or cable block) and transferred to the clamps that will serve as
its permanent supports which will remain loose on the cable until the tensioning is
completed.
8. When the cable reaches the location of the winch, do not allow it to pass around or interact
with the winch unless the winch maintains the cable's minimum bend radius tensile strength.
7. Placing tension for the cable shall be kept below the maximum rated placing tension stated
by Sterlite for that particular cable. If a winch line matched to the weight of the cable is
used, the placing tension at the cable winch will approximately equal the maximum tension
at the winch that was required to place the pull line.
6. After the pull starts and once the cable is determined to be moving without any
misalignment with its support hardware, the speed of the placing operation can be
gradually increased to 150 feet per minute. All observers need to continue to be vigilant for
any problems. If a misalignment of the sheath or rubbing between the cable and support
hardware occurs, the pull should be stopped and the problem corrected.
5. The cable payoff from the reel shall be controlled by the reel brake. The brake will be used
to keep the cable from free-reeling or from jerky payout that causes spikes in the cable
tension or in the worst-case situation, from throwing a cable loop. The cable payout should
always be under slight braking. Care must be taken not too provide excessive braking,
because it is possible to cause the cable's rated tensile load to be exceeded with too much
braking.
4. Once everyone is in position and given a “ready to start” indication, the pull should be
started at a slow rate. Each observer shall verify that as the cable passes their position it is
moving smoothly, unencumbered, and not rubbing any hardware that could damage its
jacket.
Figure 37– Tensioning of ADSS at Dead-End Support
In the moving reel or drive-off method, the cable is paid off the top of the cable reel carried by a
moving vehicle as it drives along the pole line. As the vehicle passes each pole, the cable is
raised into place by a technician in a lift bucket. The cable is placed into a “J” hook or block
fitting bolted to the support structure for temporary support. This procedure continues as the
cable reel moves along the cable line until a “dead-end” pole is reached. A “dead-end” pole is
either a start or ending support or a support in which the cable route is misaligned by 30° or
more.
At this point, the cable is tensioned and terminated into “dead-end” fittings. The cable between
“dead-end” fittings is transferred from the permanent support at each of the intermediate poles
and placed into permanent assemblies.
1. All of the key points for the moving reel placing method that were selected during the survey
should be verified as satisfactory at the time of setup for the cable placing operation.
2. Sufficient slack must be provided at each splice point to enable the splice to be made and
to provide for any cable maintenance. This slack length shall equal the height of the cable
on the support structure plus the distance from the support structure to the location of the
splice in its vehicle or tent. In addition, at least 5 meters of fiber must be provided to make
the splice. Company policy shall be followed to determine the amount of extra cable to store
as slack cable to support maintenance operations. When the splice has been completed,
the splice closure shall be safely mounted on the support structure and the excess cable
shall be wrapped either around special storage frames or in neat coils and mounted on the
existing cable near the splice closure. Special care is required to assure that the cable's
minimum bend radius is observed during this process.
3. Several key issues will prove helpful during placement:
For routes with significant change in elevation, it is easier to place the cable downhill.
The entire operation will require clear and constant communication between all
participants. A good two-way radio system is recommended. Communication needs to be
established between the moving cable reel and observers located at key points along the
cable route.
If an intermediate feed point is required for long, or difficult, placements, use a figure-
eight coil to store the cable for the second part of the pull. The figure-eight coil must be
done carefully and cable should be coiled in an area 5 to 10 meters in size.
The cable shall be pulled off the top of its reel during placement.
The cable must not be allowed to rub on any of its cable reel flanges during placement.
Smooth passage by the support structures of the cable shall be provided by carefully
aligned Jhooks and/or cable blocks at each support.
Sufficient technicians shall be available to monitor the cable placing operation. A person is
required to monitor the cable reel, all dead-end locations, and all intermediate support
points.
4. Before any placing operation is started, the cable shall be attached to the support structure
at the start of the dead-end located at the first support pole.
5. Once everyone is in position and given a “ready to start” indication, the operation should be
started at a moderate pace. Each observer shall be sure that as the cable passes their
position, it is moving smoothly, unencumbered, and not rubbing over any hardware that
could damage its jacket.
6. The cable payoff from its reel shall be controlled by the reel brake. The brake will be used to
keep the cable from free-reeling off the drum or from jerky payout that causes spikes in the
cable tension or in the worst-case situation, from throwing a cable loop. The cable payout
should always be under slight braking. Care must be taken not to provide excessive
braking, because it is possible to cause the cable's rated tensile load to be exceeded with
too much braking.
7. After the placement starts, if a misalignment of the sheath or rubbing between the cable
and reel occurs, the pull should be stopped and the problem corrected.
8. Placing tension for the cable shall be kept below the maximum rated placing tension
specified by Sterlite for that particular cable.
9. When the cable has been placed and held by its support structures, it shall be tensioned
and affixed to the dead-end structure, see Figure 37. The cable is then removed from each
of its intermediate supports and transferred to the clamps that will serve as its permanent
support which will remain loose on the cable until the tensioning is completed.
10. Once a cable span from one dead-end support to the next temporary dead-end support is
installed, that section of cable is tensioned to the tension level specified by Sterlite for the
cable size and weight, the span length, and the NESC loading area. Each dead-end
segment is placed and tensioned sequentially until the entire cable is placed and tensioned.
Once the cable segment (cable bounded by dead-ends) are tensioned, each intermediate
support can be clamped in place on the cable.
After the cable span has been properly tensioned, determine and mark the proper attachment
location for the cable on the pole. Drill the appropriate clamp support holes or use a band
attachment for concrete or metal poles to mount the supporting hardware. Refer to the
manufacturer's recommended instructions to install all hardware.
If vibration dampeners are required to resist wind induced vibrations, dampers should be
installed following the manufacturer's instructions.
Micro-duct systems use small ducts and compact, small diameter fiber cables to enable the
unique micro-duct system to work. Figure 42 and Figure 43 show examples of micro-ducts and
multiple chamber micro-duct units. In addition to the special ducts and cable, equipment
specially tuned to place micro-duct cables in micro-ducts is available. This equipment will be
briefly described in this Note; however, each manufacturer publishes instructions on how to use
their equipment. The manual associated with the equipment being used should be read,
understood, and consulted before any placing operation is attempted.
The individual micro-ducts are available in different diameters to match the cable diameter that
they will contain. The ducts are also available in different wall thicknesses to match their
intended use. Most often, micro-ducts are color coded to help identify their diameter. Most
micro-ducts are made from HDPE and often they are lined with a low-friction material to assist in
keeping placing loads low.
8.3.1 Micro-Ducts
Traditionally, full-size underground optical cables have been placed in polyethylene sub-ducts
often called inner ducts, nominally 25-51 mm in diameter. Inner ducts are located in
conventional telecommunications duct systems, 75 to 100 mm inside diameter made of PVC,
concrete, clay tile, or bituminous fiber. Usually 3 to 4 inner ducts can be placed inside a 100
mm main conduit. One telecommunications standard size optical cable is generally placed in
each inner duct. By using smaller diameter micro-ducts matched to the size of new, small
diameter micro-duct cables, the telecommunications conduit system can be divided into many
small, but secure, locations for the smaller diameter “micro-duct” optical cables. These micro-
ducts can be placed in inner ducts, sub-ducts, or larger telecommunication conduits already in
place in the OSP. A related multi unit product is produced by factory installing micro-ducts into
new inner ducts or sub-ducts; alternately, micro-ducts can be factory installed into larger
casings that group multiple micro-ducts into a flexible over-cased unit (see Figure- 43) which
can be lashed to a messenger strand. These micro-ducts allow fiber cable to be installed to
match current service demands and spare duct space to be used at a later date to provide
space to place new cables to match future demands when those demands arise.
Figure - 43 shows color coded micro-ducts that are either field installed or factory installed in inner
duct and assembled as a multiunit over-cased structure.
Figure 44– Micro-Ducts Field Installed into Inner duct (right), Factory Installed in
Inner duct (middle), and Factory Assembled into an Over-Cased Multi unit (left).
(photograph courtesy A-D Technologies)
Micro-ducts provide the cables they house with additional mechanical protection at cable
splice closures and in the OSP along their right-of-way. The protection includes the micro-duct
or inner duct. Micro-duct can be purchased in different wall thicknesses and diameters to
match the micro-duct cable used and the protection required.
In most cases, aerial use of micro-ducts and cable are specifically to exploit the extra
protection from the encasing conduit or to provide an aerial pathway to place cable at some
future time when the right-of-way may not be as accessible as it was at the time the micro-duct
was lashed in place. Examples of micro-duct cable use in aerial plant are: road, rail, or river
crossings and long spans between the supports.
The micro-ducts provide an air tight enclosure for the cables which enables air jetting to be
used as a cable placing technique. The inside bore of many micro-ducts are coated with a low
friction material to ease cable placing forces.
There are many micro-duct and sub-duct manufacturers that produce high quality, robust ducts
that remain serviceable with good pressure resistance for future cable jetting installation many
years after installation. These ducts are made from materials that will remain specially tuned for
the micro-duct cable system and jetting procedure and remain stable for over 15 years.
Aerial micro-ducts are placed exactly as standard size aerial optical cable would be placed,
using either the stationary reel method or the moving reel method. The net result is micro-ducts,
either in inner ducts, over-cased units, or uncased are lashed to messenger strands whenever
aerial micro-duct cables are being used.
The micro-ducts are lashed to the messenger strand between the two pole supports that bound
the portion of the aerial cable route. Tails approximately 40 to 50 feet long should be provided
on each end of the lashed micro-duct aerial section. The tails will be used as lead-in and lead-
out pathways for the jetted cable. Once the cable is in place the micro-duct can be trimmed at
the two bounding poles and held in position using plastic banding t would be used with plastic
spacers. The excess lengths of micro-duct can be removed from each tail. The trimmed micro-
duct tails should be plugged to prevent water, dirt, and animals from entering the micro-duct.
Micro-duct systems have been used successfully as a standard cable system throughout the
Americas and the remainder of the world for the last decade.
Cable weight (gravity). This results in a placing force that is proportional to the
installed weight of the cable which is directly related to the cable size, design, and the
length of the cable.
Coefficient of friction. The material property that relates the normal force to frictional
force between cable and duct (or adjacent cable when several cables are present in the
same duct). The coefficient of friction affects the cable tension linearly in straight runs. In
bends and undulations of the duct, the tensile pulling force increases exponentially with
respect to the undulation's curvature and the coefficient of friction. This effect is known as
the capstan effect. It can dominate most cable placements.
Cable tensile force. The resulting placing load for a cable is the combination of cable
weight, curvature of the bends, location of the bends, coefficient of friction, and weight of
cable (unit weight and length). The total cable placing force required to place the cable
must not exceed the rated cable tensile strength.
Cable compressive force. The cable can buckle from the compressive force a cable
pusher exerts and/or become crushed from additional sidewall forces that build up on the
inside of a bend. This can also lead to a pulling force built-up that limits the distance it
can be pushed.If a cable pusher is used to assist cable placing as it enters the sub-duct
and if it continues to push even after a cable jam occurs, the compressive force could
cause the cable to buckle, unless the placing engine is adjusted to stop pushing when
cable compressive load reaches a set safe level.
Cable stiffness in bends and undulations in the duct trajectory. The greater the
cable stiffness, the larger the frictional force from cable stiffness in bends and
undulations in the duct.
8.3.3 Jetting: Micro-Duct Cable Placing Method
The force to install a cable by jetting is caused by sidewall forces between cable and micro-
duct, the stiffness of the cable, and the friction coefficient between the interacting materials.
Micro-ducts and micro-duct cables are designed to reduce the surface contact forces between
the cable and its supports, lower the coefficient of friction between interacting materials, and
optimize the fiber capacity of the available space. The placing method discussed in this
section has been developed to enable standard size optical cables and micro-duct cables to
be placed efficiently, safely, and economically.
Jetting (blowing)– A system used in previously installed aerial micro-ducts using air
pressure that is similar to that used in longer lengths of underground plant. Standard
optical cables and/or micro-duct cables can be placed using jetting. Jetting is most
effective in smaller ducts of 50 mm diameter or less (micro-ducts). It is possible to place
micro-duct cable using jetting in continuous lengths of 4,000 to 6,000 feet, depending
upon the geometry of the right-of-way
The placing equipment shall be setup to provide direct and smooth passage of the cable
into the micro-duct. All equipment shall be cleaned and adjusted to assure that all parts
are properly sized to grip and/or pass the cable that is being installed.
Micro-ducts, innerducts, and feed tubes shall be adjusted to keep bends in the cable
from violating the cable minimum bend radius. If macro-duct is being placed, care must
be taken not to kink, distort, or crush the duct. The micro-duct manufacturer's
recommended minimum diameter shall be maintained, if no diameter is recommended,
use the minimum diameter recommended for the cable.
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