1

Unit – I Part – A Questions

1. Prepositions:
(a) Insert the correct preposition
1. Do you think it is a good idea to ban smoking___public places?
2. Look at the picture___ the wall.
3. My house is____ the end of the street.
4. I stopped____ Nancy's house.
5. Do you like walking____ the garden?
6. I found my keys____ the desk.
7. I met him____ Paris.
8. He was crying____ the back of the classroom.
9. I saw the film____ TV.
10. These people live____ my hometown.
(b) Prepositions – Place
1. ____the picture, I can see a woman.
2. The woman is sitting____ a table.
3. She is sitting ____ a chair.
4. There is another chair ____ the woman.
5. Her feet are ____the table
6. The woman is holding a cup ____ her hands.
7. ____the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator, an appointment calendar, two pens and a
muffin.
8. The woman is looking ____ her laptop.
9. The woman's bag is ____ the table.
10. In the picture, I can see a family ____ a kitchen.
11. There is a vase and fruits ____ the worktop.
12. The mother is standing ____ her husband and her daughter.
13. She is holding a mug ____ in her hand.
14. The father and the daughter are sitting ____ the worktop ____beautiful iron chairs.
15. There is a picture ____ the wall.
16. There is a window ____ the father.
17. The woman is looking ____ her daughter.
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(c) Use the right preposition of time:

1. What are you doing____ Saturday?
2. I am going to the countryside ____ the weekend.
3. I haven't been to the countryside ____ December.
4. I am leaving ____ the afternoon. May be ____ three o'clock pm. I am coming back ____ Sunday
evening. I'll catch the half ____ seven train ____ Sunday. I'll be here ____ nine o'clock.
5. So you'll be there ____ the whole weekend. I'll be missing you!
6. What are you doing ____the weekend?
7. I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema ____Saturday.
8. That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema ____so many years.
9. We could go there together ____the afternoon.
10. That would be great. But I would prefer to go there in the evening. I am visiting my grandma
____Saturday.
11. That's okay. The film starts ____eight o'clock.
12. It lasts ____two hours and forty-five minutes.
13. ____eight ____a quarter ____eleven.
14. That's right. But I must hurry home ____the film. I have to be home ____eleven o'clock.
(d) Put in the correct prepositions of place
1. The wine is ____the bottle.
2. Pass me the dictionary, it’s ____the bookshelf.
3. Kumar is ____work.
4. Berlin is ____Germany.
5. You have something ____your face.
6. Turn left ____the traffic lights.
7. He has a house ____the river.
8. The answer is ____the bottom of the page.
9. Suresh will be ____the plane now.
10. She lives ____London.
11. I’ll meet you ____the airport.
12. The cat is ____the house somewhere.
13. She has a house ____Japan.
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2. Wh-Questions:
(A) Choose the correct question words.
1. ___ do you live? - I live in London.
2. ___ 's that girl? - She's my sister.
3. ____do you go to school? - By bus.
4. ____do banks open? - At eight O'clock.
5. _____are you wearing that coat? - Because it's hot!
(B) Write questions about the words in bold.
1. They went to Spain.
2. He writes novels.
3. Lacy likes soccer.
4. The girls watched a serial.
5. He discovered the truth.
(C) Fill in who, what, how, when, where.
1. _____likes westerns? Brenda and John.
2. _____do you live? I live in a flat.
3. _____are your hobbies? Swimming and collecting stamps.
4. _____is your birthday? In April.
5. _____many minerals are in the box? Ten, I think.
6. _____is good at English? Tom.
7. _____old is her son? Seven.
8 _____your posters? Over my bed.
9. _____ much is this pullover? Twenty pounds.
10. _____colour is your car? Red.

3 – Simple Tenses
Exercises – 1 – Simple Present Tense
a) Complete the following sentences
1) Sheela _____________French very well.
2) We don’t often_______________coffee.
3) The swimming pool__________at 7.00 every morning.
4) Bad driving__________many accidents.
5) My parents___________in a very small flat.
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6) The Olympic Games___________place every four years.

7) The Panama Canal__________the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
8) The Sun____________in the west.
9) I_______to temple on Sundays.
10) It________in winter.
b) Put the verb into the correct form.
1) Meena______________(not / play) very often.
2) What time__________________(the college / close) here?
3) I’ve got a printer, but I ______________ (not / use) it much.
4) Where_______________ (Mathu / come) from?
5) What _________(you / do)? ‘ I’m a goldsmith.’
6) It ______________(take) me an hour to get to work. How long ___________(it / take) you?
7) Look at this sentence. What _____________________ (this word / mean)?
8) Das isn’t very fit. He ___________ (not / do) any sport.
9) Where________________(this road / leads) to?
10) Normally, I _______________(not / work) on Sundays.
c) Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative.
Believe eat flow go grow make rise tell translate open
1. The earth _______round the sun.
2. Rice________ in some countries.
3. The sun ______________in the east.
4. Bees___________honey.
5. Vegetarians___________meat.
6. An atheist_______________in God.
7. An interpreter___________________from one language into another.
8. Liars are people who_______________the truth.
9. The River Amazon ________________into the Atlantic ocean.
10. The café _____________at 7.30 in the morning.
d) Frame question from the following:
1. I work. 2. They play. 3. He sings. 4. It eats.
5. You learn. 6. Kishan practices. 7. Julie attends the class.
8. We cook. 9. They work hard. 10. She dances well.
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Exercises 2 –Present Continuous Tense

a) Correct the verbs in the following sentences.
1. The water boils. Can you turn it off?
2. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.
3. Can you hear those people? What do they discuss about?
4. I must go now. It gets late.
5. ‘Hurry up! It’s time to leave.’ ‘OK, I come.’
6. I hear you have got a new job. How do you get on?
7. He doesn’t get on well. He always argue.
8. I’m busy. What do you do?
9. Krish wants to work in North India, so he learn Hindi.
10. The population of the world increases very fast.
b) Put the verbs into the correct form.
1) Let’s go out. It _______________(not / rain) now.
2) Hurry up! Everybody ___________________(wait) for you.
3) ‘________________(you / listen) to the radio?’ ‘No, you can turn it off.’
4) The river______________(flow) very fast today – much faster than usual.
5) a: How is your French?
b: Not bad. I think it______________(improve) slowly.
6. Rafia is in USA at the moment. She ____________(stay) at the Park Hotel.
7. Can we stop walking soon? I______________(start) to feel tired.
8. Sabari___________ (look) for a place to live.
9. You__________(work) hard today.
10. I usually_________(enjoy) films, but I________(not / enjoy) this one very much.
11. Don’t put the dictionary away. I___________(use) it.
12. Who is that man? Why______________(he / look) at us?
13. I_______________(think) of selling my house. Would you be interested in buying it.
14. I_________(feel) hungry. Is there anything to eat?
15. Excuse me. (anybody / sit / there?)
16. My nephews ___________(arrive) here tomorrow.
17. Hurry up, the taxi ________(wait).
18. It__________(rain) hard. I am afraid the match will have to be cancelled.
 6

19. My sister__________(take) lessons in western music.

20. The boys__________(rehearse) a play for College Day.
(c) Finish the second sentences. Use always –ing.
1) a: I have lost my watch again.
b: Not again! ___________________________
2) a: The bus has broken down again.
b: That bus is useless. It___________________-
3) a: Look! You’ve made the same mistake again.
b: Oh no, not again! I
4) a: Oh, I’ve forgotten my purse again.
b: Typical!_____________________
5) a: Tinu is never satisfied.
b: She________________________
Exercises 3 – Present Perfect Tense
a) Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs.
Arrive break fall go up grow improve lose
1. Kumar is looking for his money. He can’t find it. He_____________
2. Malini can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. She________
3. Last week the bus fare was 2 rupees. Now it is 3 rupees. The bus fare____
4. Mala’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is better. Her English________
5. This morning I was expecting a phone call. Now I have it. The phone call____
6. Dinesh didn’t have a beard before. Now he has a beard. He_________
7. The temperature was 10 degrees. Now it is only 3. The __________
b) Complete the sentences by using the verbs in brackets.
1. Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. _________________ (I / just / have / lunch)
2. Do you know where Mahesh is? Yes, ___________________ (I / just / see / her)
3. What time is the train leaving? ________________ (it / already / leave)
4. What’s in the newspaper today? I don’t know. ___________________ (I / not / read / it yet)
5. Is Sasi coming to the cinema with us? No, ___________(she / already / see / the film)
6. Are your relatives here yet? Yes,___________ ( they / just / arrive)
7. What does Thomas think about your plan? _______________ (we / not / tell / him yet)
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(c) Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.
1. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ’Would you like something to eat?’
You say: No thank you. _______________________. (have lunch)
2. Madan goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, ‘Can I speak to Madan?’
You say: I’m afraid____________________. (go out)
3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.
You say: Wait a minute! ________________ (not / finish)
4. You are going to a theatre tonight. You phone to reserve a ticket. Later your friend says, ‘Shall I phone
to reserve a ticket.’ You say: No,________(do it)
5. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her.
You say: ___________________ ? (find)
6. You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘Where are you going for your
holiday?’ You say: ________________ (not / decide)
7. Leela went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, ‘Is Leela still at the
bank?’ You say: No, ___________________ (come back)
d) Complete the following sentences by using the clues given:
be play see have read meet eat be
1. How is Dilip these days? I don’t know. I_____________ him recently.
2. Are you hungry? Yes. I________________ much today.
3. Can you play cricket? Yes, but_______________ for ages.
4. What’s that book like? I don’t know. __________________ it.
5. Is Australia an interesting place? I’ve no idea. __________________there.
6. Muthu was late for work again today. Again? He______________ late every day this week.
7. What’s Mark’s sister like? I’ve no idea. ______________ her.
8. Are you enjoying your holiday? Yes, it’s the best holiday_____________ for a long time.
9. I hear your kitchen window broke down again yesterday. Yes, it’s the second time________ this week.
10. Who’s that boy by the door? I don’t know. ________________ him before.
(e) Read the situations and write sentences:
1. Jagadish is driving a car, but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do.
You ask: _______________________
He says: _______________________
2. Banu is playing tennis. He’s not good at it and he doesn’t know the rules.
 8

You ask: ________________________

She says: No, this is the first _______________________
3. Sujatha is riding a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable.
You ask: ________________________
She says: ________________________
4. Muthu is in London. He has just arrived and it’s very new for him.
You ask: __________________________
He says: __________________________
Exercises 4 – Present Perfect Continuous Tense
a) Write questions for each situation.
1. You meet Paul as he is leaving the swimming pool.
You ask: (you / swim?) ________________________
2. You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you.
You ask: (you / wait / long)____________________
3. You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty.
You ask: (what / you / do)____________________
4. A friend of yours is now working in a shop. You want to know how long.
You ask: (how long / you / work / there)__________
5. A friend tells you about his job – he sells computers. You want to know how long.
You ask: (how long / you / sell / computers?)___________
(b) Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. It’s raining. The rain started two hours ago.
It________________ for two hours.
2. We are waiting for the bus. We started waiting 20 minutes ago.
We________________ for 20 minutes.
3. I’m learning Spanish. I started classes in December.
I __________________________since December.
4. Meenakshi is working in Mumbai. She started working there on 18 January.
______________________________ since 18 January.
5. Our friends always spend their holidays in Switzerland. They started going there years ago.
_____________________________ for years.
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(c) Put the verb into the present perfect continuous.

1. ___________________ (Menaka / learn) English for two years.
2. Hello, Dinesh. __________________ (I / look) for you. Where have you been?
3. Leela is a teacher. _______________ (she / teach) for ten years.
4. Sathya is very tired. ________________ (she / work) very hard recently.
5. ______________ ( I / talk) to Aruna about the problem and she agrees with me.
(d) For each situation, write a sentence using the words in brackets.
1. Tinu started reading a newspaper one hour ago. He is still reading it and now he is one page 15.
(read / for two hours) _________________________
2. Ram is from Austria. He is traveling round Europe at the moment. He began his trip three months ago.
(travel / for three months) She_________________________________
3. Pradeep is a football player. He began playing football when he was 8 years old. This year he is
national champion again – for the fourth time.
(play / football since he was eight)______________________________
4. When they left college, Lena and Sundar started doing business together. They still do business.
(do / business since they left college) __________________________________
(e) For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
1. You have a friend who is learning Guitar. You ask:
(how long / learn / guitar)____________________
2. You have just arrived to meet a relative. She is waiting for you. You ask:
(wait / long) Have________________________
3. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask:
(how long / teach?)_____________________
4. You meet somebody who is a poet. You ask:
(how long / write / poems)_______________________
5. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask:
(how long / save?)_____________________
(f) Put the verb into the present perfect continuous.
1. Where have you been? ____________________ (you / play) tennis?
2. You look tired. _________________________(you / work) hard?
3. Sorry I’m late. That’s all right. ______________________(I / not / wait) long.
4. ____________________ (I / read) the book you lent me.
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(g) Complete the following.

1. Balu is in hospital, isn’t he? Yes, he_____________in hospital since Monday.
2. Do you see Anju very often? No, I __________her for three months.
3. Is Muthu married? Yes, he______________married for then years.
4. Are you waiting for me? Yes, I _________for the last half hour.
5. You know Lakshmi, don’t you? Yes, we _____________each other a long time.
6. Do you still play volleyball? No, I ___________volleyball for years.
7. Is Sundar reading newspaper? Yes, he__________newspaper for all the day.
8. Have you got a headache? Yes, I ____________a headache all morning.
9. Mahesh is never ill, is he? No, he _______________ill since I’ve known him.
10. Sujatha lives in Delhi, doesn’t she? Yes, she_______________in Delhi for the last few years.
11. Do you go to the cinema a lot? No, I __________ to the cinema for ages.
12. Would you like to go to Russia one day? Yes, I___________________ to go to Russia. (use always /
want)

4. Word Formation
(i) Write the words in brackets in proper word formation:
1. The Sultan spent over fifty million dollars making the capital city's main hotel the most ____ in the
country. (luxury)
2. Police working on solving the bank robbery have by chance ____ a plan to murder a leading politician.
(cover)
3. We should go and eat at "Franco's" which is ____ a great little restaurant. (suppose)
4. I left the house at 8am and stared at the empty garage in____. My car was nowhere to be seen.
Someone had stolen it! (believe)
5. If you have any problems finding things, just ask Roger. He is very ____and will tell you where to find
what you want.(help)
6. You paid $25 for a simple breakfast?! They have certainly ____ you! You should go back and complain.
(charge)
7. The gang robbed three banks in the same city and all at about the same time. Not____, they were
caught by the police during the fourth attempt. (surprise)
8. Sarina is only my half sister because we have ____ mothers. (differ)
9. This queue hasn't moved in five minutes. I'm getting a bit____! (patient)
 11

10. Politicians should spend some time living on the streets like ____people have to and then they
would understand better the problems they have. (home)
11. Carl was calmly taking a photograph as this ____ large bear walked towards the car. It was a
terrifying experience...at least for me! (astonish)
12. If you go walking around the factory, ensure you have ____clothing on. (protect)
13. Are you sure you have cleaned the kitchen? There is still a pretty ____smell coming from it.
(pleasant)
14. Although it isn't definite we will see you tomorrow, it is quite____. (like)
15. Be sure not to put more than three ____of vodka into the mix, otherwise it will be too alcoholic.
(spoon)
16. Finding a cure for cancer will be a huge ____breakthrough for mankind. (medicine)
(ii) Put the following words in brackets in proper word formation:
1. It's totally ______________________________ (understand) that you stayed home when you were
sick.
2. Don't laugh at his stupid jokes! You'll only ______________________________ (courage) him to say
them again.
3. That sidewalk is ______________________________ (slip), I almost fell!
4. After Monday, I will no longer be a foreigner--I am receiving my _______________________(citizen)!
5. Arthur will be very lonely unless you ______________________________ (friend) him.
6. Every afternoon, the cooks __ (sharp) their knives in preparation for dinner.
7. I hate being around Mary Lou, she is so so ______________________________ (friendly).
8. The stock market crash of 1929 left my great-grandfather ____________________________ (penny).
9. I have a class at 8:00 a.m. but I always ______________________________ (sleep).
10. The groom may _______________ (veil) the bride only when their vows have been exchanged.
11. I think we should try something else. That strategy seems way too _______________________ (risk).
12. My father's death left me with a great ______________________________ (empty) in my heart.
13. George W. Bush is pretending that he attacked Iraq to ____________________(liberty) the Iraqis.
14. Americans fought hard to earn their ______________________________ (free) from Britain.
15. When you work at a nuclear power plant, you have to be extremely _____________ (care).
16. Every time I think I've beaten you, you ______________________________ (do) me!
17. had to take three months off when I was pregnant, but my boss has been very ______ (understand).
18. He will ____________________ (cork) the wine as soon as we are ready for dinner.
 12

19. You need to work on your orthography so you don't _________________ (spell) these words.
20. The weather ______________________________ (cast) looks bad for a picnic--rainy and windy!
(iii) Use a prefixes to find the opposite of these verbs:
1- wrap Unwrap
2- use Misuse
3- agree Disagree
4- engage Disengage
5- behave Misbehave
6- understand Misunderstand
7- fold Unfold
8- spell Misunderstand
9- connect Disconnect
10- close disclose

(iv) Put the words in brackets in the appropriate form (use a prefix or a suffix):
1. He was acting in a very ______ way. (child)
2. She looked ______. She started to cry. (happy)
3. He passed his exam. He was ______ for the second time. (succeed)
4. The team that he supported were able to win the ______. (champion)
5. I couldn't find any ______ in his theory. (weak)
6. He wants to be a ______ when he grows up. (mathematics)
7. There were only a ______ of people at the match. (hand)
8. The road was too narrow, so they had to ______ it. (wide)
9. I think that you should ____ your decision. It may not be the best thing to do. (consider)
10. You need a _____of motivation, organization and hard work to realize your dreams. (combine)

(v) Prefix Meaning Match

Match the prefix to it meaning by writing the letter in the blank.
Use the words after each prefix as a hint.
_______ 1. ex export A. again
_______ 2. bi bicycle B. not
_______ 3. pre preschool C. after
_______ 4. mis misspelling D. out or away from
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_______ 5. un unhappy E. two

_______ 6. ped pedal F. wrong
_______ 7. tri triangle G. before
_______ 8. re rebutton H. across
_______ 9. trans transport I. three
_______ 10. post postdate J. foot

5. Word Expansion (Root words /Etymology)

Prefixes: A) Fill in the missing prefix. Then write a sentence using the word.
1. _____literate____________________________________________________.
2. _____provement____________________________________________________.
3. _____happy____________________________________________________.
4. _____ology ____________________________________________________.
5. _____ordinate____________________________________________________.
6. _____ponent ____________________________________________________.
7. _____tribute ____________________________________________________.
8. _____sionary ____________________________________________________.
9. _____name ____________________________________________________.
10. _____tection ____________________________________________________.
11. _____pare ____________________________________________________.
12. _____convenient ____________________________________________________.
13. _____appointing ____________________________________________________.
14. _____scription ____________________________________________________.
15. _____dertow ____________________________________________________.

Prefixes
B) Circle all of the words that have a prefix.
1. prominent substance disappear gyroscope
2. constrict stutter vulgar composer
3. tinsel magnificent package jacked
4. forceps resulting clatter overpass
5. northward allegiance historian corkscrew
 14

6. obligate stride quadruple surpassing

7. mohawk posting verdict snooze
8. midnight slouch misread blazing
9. promote frugal bathrobe preside
10. gleaming sketch windmill correspondent
11. pressure kitchen segment hysterical
12. strangle corncob legislature strove
13. illiterate unreliable whatever imagery
14. trifling grumbling nursing carnivore
15. dainty parchment somebody counterclockwise
16. popularity apparatus circle treble
17. ritual whereabouts broadcasting paneling
18. resonant startling bicycle trachea
19. transatlantic boulder saliva opponent
20. intoxicate stinking nonsense irritable
21. malnutrition password showing dusting
22. paramount gymnast firearm fragile
23. cosmetic swivel magician petroleum
24. forefoot workman absolutely locomotive
25. imprint inspector projection carrot

Suffixes
C) Fill in the missing suffix. Then write a sentence using the word.
1. inva_____. ____________________________________________________.
2. defi_____. ____________________________________________________.
3. breath_____. ____________________________________________________.
4. stetho_____. ____________________________________________________.
5. like_____. ____________________________________________________.
6. afflu_____. ____________________________________________________.
7. abol_____. ____________________________________________________.
8. reun_____. ____________________________________________________.
9. refor_____. ____________________________________________________.
10. sever_____. ____________________________________________________.
 15

11. jewel_____. ____________________________________________________.

12. gener_____. ____________________________________________________.
13. conquer_____. ____________________________________________________.
14. deafen_____. ____________________________________________________.
15. simultane_____. ____________________________________________________.
Suffixes
D) Circle all of the words that have a suffix.
1. burglar dissect lieutenant numerous
2. premise microscopic fiddle pedigree
3. kickoff seafood ascend ballad
4. terrorize decibel gurgle longhorn
5. conclude midget cottonmouth expenditure
6. distasteful squeeze nourish bathrobe
7. nutrient evolution pesticide moccasin
8. struck convince machinist appropriate
9. stubborn shorten decathlon grindstone
10. hoodlum pebble corkscrew windshield
11. phonograph trumpet sweeten outsider
12. terrorism locksmith assurance grenade
13. anniversary bondage barrio deficiency
14. lengthwise discovery armchair revenge
15. elevated graphite shellac breathless
16. aspect custodian domain witness
17. massacre darken decade coleslaw
18. dashboard backboard expire comprehension
19. software apparel disease presume
20. kingdom improvement bottom crotch
21. hygiene twinkle dominion headstone
22. periscope encore mammoth domino
23. reference honestly likelihood exterior
24. interest thunderstorm naught upheaval
25. outward petroleum deafen birthmark
 16

Root Words
E) Fill in the blanks with the meaning of each word root.
Prefixes
inter = between, among
per = through
ob = against
in = into
Root Words
nat = birth, born
ject = to throw
manu = hand
radic = root
lud = to play
liter = letter
viv = life
corpor = body
1. international inter- , _______________ + nat , _______________ + ional
2. interlude inter- , _______________ + lud , _______________ + e
3. object ob- , _______________ + ject , _______________
4. literate liter , _______________ + ate
5. manual manu , _______________ + al
6. vivace viv , _______________ + ace
7. percolate per- , _______________ + colate
8. radical radic , _______________ + al
9. incorporate in- , _______________ + corpor , _______________ + ate
Match each definition with a word.
1. _______________ a person who can read and write
2. _______________ pass through
3. _______________ arising from or going to the root
4. _______________ from or between other countries
5. _______________ form a corporation
 17

6. _______________ a brief show (music or dance etc) performed between the sections of another
performance
7. _______________ a small handbook
8. _______________ lively, in music
9. _______________ a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

Root Words legal / divide / code / inform

Word Unscramble
Unscramble the words by writing the letters in the correct order in the space provided.
1) cndoee_________________________________________________
2) edvdii _________________________________________________
3) edco _________________________________________________
4) morfin _________________________________________________
5) niiovsdi _________________________________________________
6) legal _________________________________________________
7) coeedd _________________________________________________
8) frvmientoia _________________________________________________
9) lialelg_________________________________________________
10) iltelgay _________________________________________________
11) foaritnnmoi _________________________________________________
12) isivudbed _________________________________________________
13) iaglzeel _________________________________________________
14) nmroimisf_________________________________________________
 18

Unit – 2
Part – A (2 marks)
1. Definitions
Write definitions for the following words:
1. Baroscope
2. Calculator
3. Calorimeter
4. Cooling tower
5. Dynamo
6. Fax
7. Flowchart
8. Fuel cell
9. Gas condenser
10. Generator
11. Laboratory
12. Lathe
13. Lubricant
14. Lunar
15. Microphone
16. Polymer
17. Printer
18. Semiconductor
19. Sensor
20. Solar cell
21. Thermometer
22. Transistor
23. Abacus
24. Aerial
25. Aeronautics
 19

2. Imperatives

Exercises
a) Change the following sentences into Imperatives.
1. He should have a job.!
2. We mustn't stop now.
3. You must go to bed.
4. You should get up early.
5. You mustn't stand here.
6. She can have a drink.
7. They must clean the carpet.
8. We needn't wait for him.
9. We must have a shower first.
10. You can't park in this street.
11. You must be here soon.
12. They should taste this cake.
b) Write the following sentences into imperatives using the clues given in brackets.
1. I don't have my credit card. (pay)
2. You needn't be afraid of the exam. (try it)
3. I'm not going to inform her. (tell)
4. Why should I carry the luggage? (take it)
5. Why don't you want my money? (take it)
6. You are so noisy! (be silent)
7. Give it to your mum.
8. Let us forget about it.
9. Let's think about it.
10. Be kind to her.
11. Let us have a break.
12. Take the car to the garage.
13. Do be quiet. (must)
14. Let me finish it first. (would like)
15. Repair your roof. (should)
 20

16. I'll dust the furniture and you hoover. (can - can)
17. Let's not go on foot. (should not)
18. Drive slowly, will you? (must)
19. Don't be angry. (mustn't)
20. Hurry up. (must)
21. Let them make an experiment. (can)
22. Do not touch the screen. (must not)
23. Do not let us worry about it. (need not)
24. Let us see them tomorrow. (could)
25. Come to my birthday party, will you? (must)
c) Put the following sentences in proper imperative sentences.
1. he/you/ladder/will/fetch
2. him/it/try/let/again
3. use/umbrella/do not/my/him/let
4. first/the/take/on/right/the/turning
5. mistake/us/not/make/let/a
6. do/seatbelt/your/fasten
7. quickly/it/you/will/do
8. about/protest/let's/don't/it
9. car/my/in/jump
10. tell/things/me/such/don't
11. ask/it/do/about/her
12. them/our/sleep/let/bedroom/in
d) Write the following sentences into imperative forms.
1. You must listen to your teachers.
2. You mustn't be noisy.
3. You mustn't cheat.
4. You must sit at your desk.
5. You mustn't be late.
6. You must write tests.
7. You mustn't bully your classmates.
8. You must pay attention.
 21

3. Subject – Verb Agreement

a) Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.
1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.
2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.
4. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
5. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.
6. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.
8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.
9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.
10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.
11. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
12. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
13. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.
14. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
15. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject.
16. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.
17. (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?
18. Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's.
19. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left!
20. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.
21. The committee (leads, lead) very different lives in private.
22. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially.
23. All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case.

b) Identify the subject and verb in the following sentences.

1. At Yellowstone Park grizzly bears (doesn’t, don’t) have names; they have numbers.
2. In the meeting between human and bear, a wild-card factor (throws, throw) all calculations and
studies to the wind.
3. The Yellowstone authorities should (has, have) kept thorough records on each bear.
4. When some bears (encounters, encounter) people, it is the bear who runs.
 22

5. The great national parks (holds, hold) about 200 grizzlies, with possibly 30 of them being breeding
females.
6. Behind an experimental fenced yard protecting campers in Glacier National Park, six visitors has been
fatally mauled by grizzlies in the past 19 years.
7. Meandering downriver toward a deer, three grizzly cubs comes within 15 yards of it.
8. To a grizzly almost anything are food except rocks.
9. Lingering snow patches often become playgrounds for grizzlies observed making snowballs.
10. Female grizzlies mates every third year in summer, without their fertilized eggs implanting in the
womb until fall.
c) Circle the correct verb in each of the sentences below.
1. Your friend (talk-talks) too much.
2. The man with the roses (look-looks) like your brother.
3. The women in the pool (swim-swims) well.
4. Bill (drive-drives) a cab.
5. The football players (run-runs) five miles every day.
6. That red-haired lady in the fur hat (live-lives) across the street.
7. He (cook-cooks) dinner for his family.
8. The boys (walk-walks) to school every day.
9. The weather on the coast (appear-appears) to be good this weekend.
10. The center on the basketball team (bounce-bounces) the ball too high.
d) Circle the correct verb in each of the sentences below.
1. Mumps (is-are) one of the most uncomfortable diseases.
2. One hundred dollars (is-are) not a lot of money to some people.
3. She (doesn’t-don’t) look very well today.
4. Twenty minutes (is-are) the amount of time it takes me to get home from work.
5. It (doesn’t-don’t) seem so cold today.
6. Gymnastics (is-are) easy for Angela.
7. Interesting news (is-are) what sells our paper.
8. A pound of cookies (cost-costs) about a dollar.
9. They (doesn’t-don’t) think they’ll win the game tonight.
10. He (don’t-doesn’t) speak very well.
 23

Unit – 3 (2 marks)

1. Tenses (Past)
Exercises–Past Tense

(a) Put the verb into the correct form.

1. It _________raining for a while, but now it’s raining again. (stop)

2. The police______________ three people, but later they let them go. (arrest)
3. I __________ for a job as a bus driver, but I wasn’t successful. (apply)
4. Where’s my bike? It __________ outside the house, but it’s not there now. (be)
5. The robbers_________ the traveler of all his money. (rob)
6. I __________this pen yesterday at the super bazaar. (buy)
7. He was badly wounded, and ________profusely. (bleed)
8. A scorpion __________ my brother. (sting)
9. Before he left for the London he ___________ farewell to his friends. (bid)
10. Our hen __________ two eggs yesterday. (lay)
11. I ______ a novel last month. (read)
12. All the guests___________ half an hour ago. (leave)
13. I meant to call you last night, but I _____________ (forget)
14. Tom __________his key. (loose)
15. I _________the tv yesterday. (repair)
(b) Are the underlined parts of the following sentences right or wrong? Correct them where
necessary.
1. My mother has grown up in Scotland. _____________
2. How many plays has Shakespeare written? ___________
3. The Chinese have invented paper. ______________
4. Where have you been born? ________________
5. Albert Einstein has been the scientist who has developed the theory of relativity.
__________
6. Have you eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child? __________
 24

7. I’ve bought a new car last week. _______________

8. Where have you been yesterday evening? __________
9. Lisa has left school in 1999. ______________
10. When has this book been published? _________
(c) Make sentences from the words in brackets.
1. (it / cold / last week) It __________________
2. (I / not / read / a newspaper / yesterday) I___________
3. (she / not / earn / so much / last year) ______________
4. ( I / buy / this car / in France / last week) _________
5. (Kumar / work / very hard / last month)_________
(d) write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets.
1. (something you didn’t do yesterday) _____________________
2. (something you did yesterday evening) __________________
3. (something you forgot last month)_____________________
4. (something you did enjoy last year) ____________
5. (something you did miss recently) _____________
6. (something you did want to do)__________
7. (something you did buy last week) __________
8. (something you did eat in hotel yesterday) ___________
9. (something you did play well last week) __________
10. (something you did not forget last month) ________

Exercises –Past Continuous

(a) What were you doing at these times? Write sentences. The past continuous is not always
necessary.
1. (at 7o’clock yesterday evening) _____________________
2. ( at 6 o’clock last Wednesday _____________________
3. (at 10.15 yesterday night) ________________
4. (at 7.30 this morning) __________________
 25

5. (at 1 o’clock yesterday afternoon)___________

6. (half an hour ago) __________________
7. (at 5 o’clock last week evening) _______________
8. (at 11.30am day before yesterday)______________
9. (today’s morning) ________________
10. (at 3.30pm last month) ___________
11. (one months before) ______________
12. (three weeks before) _____________
13. (at 5.30pm six months before) ______________
14. (last year) ________________
15. (ten minutes before) _____________
(b) Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.
1. Mathi phoned while we _______________
2. The doorbell rang while I _______________
3. We saw an accident while we ___________________
4. Amutha fell asleep while she______________________
5. The television was on, but nobody ______________
6. Kumar was playing on the ground, while we______________
7. The fridge was on, while we ___________________
8. The flight was taking off while we _________________
9. The dog was barking, while we __________
10. The bell was ringing, while the boys _______________
11. The thief was entering, while we ________________
12. The fans were on, but nobody _______________
13. The doors were opening, while _____________
14. The bus was moving, but nobody_____________
15. The boy was trying to play, but the teacher _____________
(c) Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
1. Jegan ________(wait) for me when I ______________(arrive).
 26

2. ‘What __________________ (you / do) at this time yesterday?’ ‘I was asleep.’

3. ‘____________________(you / go) out last night?’ ‘No, I was too tired.’
4. How fast __________________ (you / drive) when the accident _________(happen)?
5. Sam _____________(take) a photograph of me while I _____________ (not / look).
6. We were in a difficult position. We __________ (not / know) what to do.
7. I haven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last _____________ (see) him, he ___________(try) to
find a job.
8. I ________________(walk) along the street when suddenly I _____________(hear) footsteps
behind me. Somebody _____________________(follow) me. I was scared and I
___________(start) to run.
9. When I was young, I______________(want) to be a pilot.
10. Last night I __________(drop) a plate when I ______________(do) the washing up.
Fortunately it ___________(not / break)

Exercises–Past Perfect

(a) Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.
1. You went to Sudha’s house, but she wasn’t there.
(she / go / out) __________________
2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.
(it / change / a lot) ___________________
3. I invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn’t come.
(she / arrange / to do something else)_______________
4. You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late.
(the film / already / begin) _______________
5. It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time.
(I / not / see / him for five years) _______________
6. I offered Sue something to eat, but she wasn’t hungry.
(she / just / have / breakfast)___________
 27

7. I planned to meet principal, but I couldn’t.

(I / decide / to meet principal)_______________
8. The government tried to call off the lorry strike, but the lorry owners refused.
(the lorry owners / decide / to start the strike)_________________
9. Moderate rainfall occurred during last monsoon season. The crops were not grown
sufficiently.
(the crops / grow / enough in the last monsoon season) ___________________
10. Spain won the cup in the final match.
(Spain / win / the cup / in the final match.)
(b) For each situation, write a sentence ending with never… before. Use the verbs in brackets.
1. The man sitting next to you on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
(fly) ______________________
2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.
(see) I _______________________
3. Sundar played football yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first game.
(play) He____________________________
4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there.
(be there) We _______________________
5. Last month I saw a film. It was entirely a different movie.
(see) I _______________________
(c) Use the sentences to complete the paragraphs. These sentences are in the order in which
they happened. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you
need the past perfect.
1. (1) Somebody broke into the office during the night.
(2) We arrived at work in the morning.
(3) We called the police.
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody __________ into the office
during the night. So _____________________
2. (1) Laura went out this morning.
 28

(2) I tried to phone her.

(3) There was no answer.
I tried to phone Laura this morning, but ________no answer. She __________ out.
3. (1) Akash came back from holiday a few days ago.
(2) I met him the same day.
(3) He looked very well.
I met him a few days ago. ____ just ________holiday. ___________very well.
4. (1) Kumar sent Sekar lots of emails.
(2) He never replied to them.
(3) Yesterday he got a phone call from her.
(4) He was very surprised.
Yesterday Kumar____from Sekar. He _____very surprised. He ___lots of emails, but
she _________.
(d) Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps in the correct tense Past Perfect or Simple Past.
1) After Fred__________(to spend) his holiday in Italy he__________(to want) to learn
Italy.
2) Jill_________ (to phone) Dad at work before she___________(to leave) for her trip.
3) Susan ___________ (to turn on) the radio after she _______________(to wash) the
dishes.
4) When she ______________ (to arrive) the match already______ (to start).
5) After the man___________ (to come) home he______________ (to feed) the cat.
6) Before he______________(to sing) a song he __________(to play) the guitar.
7) She__________(to watch) a video after the children___________(to go) to bed.
8) After Eric_____________(to make) breakfast he_____________(to phone) his friend.
9) I______________(to be) very tired because I __________(to study) too much.
10) They __________ (to ride) their bikes before they_________(to meet) their friends.

Exercises–Past Perfect Continuous

a) Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.
1. I was very tired when I arrived home.
 29

(I / work / hard all day)____________________

2. The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired.
(they / play / football) __________________
3. I was disappointed when I had to cancel my holiday.
(I / look / forward to it)_______________
4. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’t know where she was.
(she / dream)_______________________
5. When I got home, Tom was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(he / watch / a film)___________________
b) Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. We played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain.
We ___________________________________when ______________.
2. I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I
suddenly realized that I was in the wrong restaurant.
I ___________________for 20 minutes when I ________________the wrong restaurant.
3. Sarah got a job in factory. Five years later the factory closed down. At the time the
factory______________, Sarah ________________ there for five years.
4. I went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a man in
the audience suddenly started shouting.
The orchestra____________________________when__________________________.
5. I began walking along the road. I __________________ when __________________.
(c) Using the Past Perfect Continuous tense, fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the
verbs shown in brackets.
1. We __________________ for an apartment. (to search)
2. She _______________ extra courses. (to take)
3. We ____________________ the grass. (to cut)
4. You ______________________ at the photographs. (to look)
5. They _____________________ you the letters. (to give)
6. He _____________________ for us. (to wait)
 30

7. She _____________________ a business. (to run)

8. It ______________________ all night. (to rain)
9. We ______________________ them. (to encourage)
10. You ___________________ on the beach. (to lie)
11. They ______________________ the sauce. (to taste)
12. He ____________________ behind. (to lag)
d) Rewrite the following affirmative statements as questions, negative statements, negative
questions without contractions, negative questions with contractions, and affirmative
statements followed by negative tag questions. For example:
She had been keeping a diary.
Had she been keeping a diary?
She had not been keeping a diary.
Had she not been keeping a diary?
Hadn't she been keeping a diary?
She had been keeping a diary, hadn't she?
1. We had been raking the leaves.
2. You had been visiting your cousins.
3. They had been swimming in the lake.

2. Sequence Words
Exercise – 1

Finally or Lastly, or At last,)

Choose the appropriate bold words above to fill in the blanks below:

1) _________ I fed the kids, next I put the garbage out. _______ ______, we all left.

2) It's easier if you go first to the gas station, _________ go to the market, ________ _____ to
the pharmacy, and then to the post office. _________, you pick me up.

3) ________ I got home, and ________ I started studying. Later _______ _____, I fell asleep.
 31

4) I'm finishing this work, ____ _____!

5) I'll call you first, ok? ____ we decide what to do.

Exercise – 2

Rewrite the paragraph using the following words. Use each item at least once.

After that finally first next then while

Scrambled Eggs

1.__________, take four eggs and 2. ________________break them into a bowl. 3. _______add
½ cup of milk. 4. ____________mix the milk and the eggs with a fork. 5. ______, add salt and
pepper. 6. ___________melt a tablespoon of butter in a frying pan. 7. _____________, pour the
eggs into the frying pan. Stir the eggs. 8._________________ they are cooking. Cooking them
until they are soft but not dry.

Exercise – 3

Identify sequence words in the following paragraphs

Once upon a time, there was a wicked queen who asked her magic mirror, "Mirror, mirror, on
the wall, who's the fairest of them all?" Each time this question was asked, the mirror would
give the same answer. "You, O Queen, are the fairest of all."

Then, one morning when the queen asked, "Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the fairest of
them all?" she was shocked when it answered: "You, my queen, are fair; it's true. But Snow
White is even fairer than you." After that, the queen grew so angry that she ordered the
huntsman to take Snow White into the forest, and leave her there, never to return.

All of a sudden, Snow White saw that she was alone in the great forest, and she did not know
what to do. But then, she saw a small house and went inside to rest. Later that day, the owners
of the small house returned home. They were the seven dwarfs who mined for gold in the
 32

mountains. They saw Snow White sleeping and wondered who she was. Then, when Snow
White woke up, they told her she could live with them if she took care of their small house.

The next day, the wicked queen, who was disguised as an old woman, knocked on the door and
gave Snow White a poisoned apple. If Snow White ate the apple, it would put her to sleep for
100 years. Snow White was very hungry, so she ate the shiny, red apple. All of a sudden, she
became very, very sleepy, and she lied down and fell asleep. After a while, the seven dwarfs
returned home and found Snow White asleep. They knew the wicked queen had poisoned her,
and they were very sad.

Later that night, a handsome prince riding his horse stopped at the small house looking for food
and shelter. When he saw Snow White sleeping, he gave her a kiss. Suddenly, Snow White woke
up! Then, when Snow White learned what had happened, she was so happy that the Prince's
kiss woke her up, she decided to married him. In the end, Snow White, the Prince, and the
seven dwarfs all lived happily ever after.

3. Adjectives

1. Definite numeral adjectives:

(i) Cardinals
(1) One of the parrots escaped from the cage.
(2) Two parrots were left in the cage.
(3) Three kids stood under the tree, staring at the parrot which had escaped.
(4) I have bought six eggs.
(ii) Ordinals
(1) The first child to reach the ice cream vendor got the biggest cone.
(2) The second child to reach the ice cream vendor chose the chocolate cone.
(3) The third child to reach the ice cream vendor realized that there were no chocolate cones
left.
(5) Who was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physics?
 33

2. Indefinite numeral adjectives:

(i) Many of the swings in the park were unsafe.
(ii) Some of the swings in the park were broken.
(iii) All the swings in the park needed to be cleaned.
(iv) No child was allowed to sit on the swings in the park.
(v) Several of the children left the park with their parents on realizing that they could not play
on the swings.
(vi) A few children visited the park that day.
(vii) Most of the children who came to the park left early.
(viii) More funds were required to repair the swings in the park.

Exercise – 1: Identify Numeral Adjectives in the following sentences

1. I wrote two letters.

2. There are seven days in a week.
3. I have learnt many languages.
4. Most boys like cricket.
5. Abdul won the second prize.
6. The hand has five fingers.
7. Few cats look well.
8. All men must die.
9. Ram came first in the race.
10. There are ten class rooms in our school.

Comparative Adjectives

Exercise – 2: Fill in the spaces with the correct comparative adjectives

1. The red jacket is______(cheap) than the blue jacket.

2. The shoes are _____ (nice) than the boots.
3. The pink socks are _____ (expensive) than the white socks.
 34

4. The brown sweater is _____ (good) than the blue sweater.

5. The chocolate looks ______ (bad) than the candy.
6. The radio is ______ (new) than the DVD player.
7. The Cds are _____ (old) than the DVDs.
8. These apples are _______ (bright) than those apples.
9. This dress is _______ (beautiful) than that dress.
10. Those green tomatoes are ______ (sweet) than the red tomatoes.
Exercise – 3: Fill in the spaces with the correct comparative adjectives
1. His gift was ____ (surprising) than hers.
2. My hat is ____ (cool) than your hat.
3. He is ____ (shy) than his brother.
4. Tim is ____ (calm) than Janet.
5. Those fireworks were ___ (incredible) than the fireworks last year.
6. He is a ____ (good) writer than his friend.
7. Today is ____ (hot) than yesterday.
8. These monkeys are ____ (crazy) than the elephants.
9. Do you think she is ____ (intelligent) than her classmate?
10. Your boots are _____ (dry) than before.
Exercise – 3: Fill in the blanks with the comparative adjectives.
1. Apples are _____than chips. (healthy)
2. Elephants are ____ (big) than bears.
3. Gold is _____than silver. (expensive)
4. Bikes are ____ than cars. (slow)
5. I am _____ at English than my brother. (good)
6. My friend is ______than me. (tall)
7. Sandy is _____than Tamara. (thin)
8. My father is ______ than Tom's father. (strong)
9. "Harry Potter "books are ______ than "The Book of the Jungle". (interesting)
10. The tiger is _____than a fox. (heavy)
 35

11. The weather is _____than yesterday. (hot)

12. The girls are _____ than the boys. (happy)
13. Berta is ______than Debby. (beautiful)
14. French is _______than English. (difficult)
15. Tina is 5 years old. Sandra is 10 years old. Sandra is _____ than Tina. (old)
16. Russia is ______ than France. (large)
17. I am ______ at Mathematics than my best friend. (bad)
18. Love is ______ than money. (important)
19. His car is ______ than mine. (cheap)
20. The first movie is ______than the second. I don't recommend it. (boring)
Exercise – 4: Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative adjectives.

1. I think London is more__________(expensive) than New York.

2. Is the North Sea_____ (big) than the Mediterranean Sea?

3. Are you a____ (good) student than your sister?

4. My dad's ______ (funny) than your dad!

5. Crocodiles are_______ (dangerous) than dolphins.

6. Physics is _____ (bad) than chemistry.

7. Cars are ______ (safe) than motorbikes.

8. Australia is _____ (far) hotter than Ireland.
9. My house is ______ ( big) than yours.
10. This flower is _____ (beautiful) than that one.
11. Non-smokers usually live ______ (long) than smokers.
12. A holiday by the sea is ______ (good) than a holiday in the mountains.
13. It is strange but often a coke is _______ (expensive) than a beer.
14. The weather this summer is even ______(bad) than last summer.
 36

4. Different Forms and uses of words

Write different forms and their uses of the following words:
1. above 2. Back 3. Better 4. Down 5. Like 6. Near
7. Right 8. Round 9. Up 10. Hard 11. Water 12. Enough
13. No 14. Only 15. More 16. That 17. Next 18. Right
19. little 20. More 21. Up 22. Since 23. Before 24. Even
25. Both 26. Either
5. Cause and Effect Words

Write sentences using the following cause and effect words:

1. because 2. since 3. consequently 4. this led to...so 5. if...then
6. nevertheless 7. accordingly 8. because of 9. as a result 10 in order to
11. may be due to 12. yet 13. for this reason 14. not only...but also
 37

Unit – 4 (2 marks)

1. Adverbs
Adverb – exercises
1. Choose the meaning that fits the sentence, write a letter in the box.
1.a.-He only ate a bit of bread.
b.-Only he ate a bit of bread.
______Nobody else ate it.
2.a.-Honestly, do you think he will get it?
b.-Do you think he will get it honestly?
______I want your sincere opinion.
3.a.-Frankly,she doesn´t want to talk about that.
b.-She doesn´t want to talk about that frankly.
______ To tell you the truth,she doesn´t feel like talking.
4.a.-We have often told them not to do that .
b.-We have told them not to do that often .
______ We don´t want them to repeat the same action so many times.
5.a.-Mary only promised to write once a month.
b.- Only Mary promised to write once a month.
______ Nobody else said they were going to write.
6.a.-I don´t really like his parents.
b.-I really don´t like his parents.
______ I don´t like them at all.
7.a.-Has he come late?
b.-Has he come lately
______ Was he late?
8.a.-Just wait here.
b.-Wait just here.
______ Don´t do anything else.
 38

9.a.-This is her last play.

b.-This is her latest play.
______ She isn´t going to write more plays.
10.a.-At length,I wrote to the manager of the company and complained.
b.-I wrote to the manger of the company at length and complained
______ It was a long letter
2. Choose the meaning that better fits the sentence,write a letter in the box.
1.a.-He only ate a bit of bread.
b.-Only he ate a bit of bread.
______He couldn´t get more than that
2.a.-Honestly, do you think he will get it?
b.-Do you think he will get it honestly?
______ Do you think he´ll be honest
3.a.-Frankly,she doesn´t want to talk about that.
b.-She doesn´t want to talk about that frankly.
______ I think she is lying
4.a.-We have often told them not to do that .
b.-We have told them not to do that often .
______ We have insisted they shouldn´t
5.a.-Mary only promised to write once a month.
b.- Only Mary promised to write once a month.
______ She didn´t say she was phoning or coming
6.a.-I don´t really like his parents.
b.-I really don´t like his parents.
______ I am not sure about what I think about them
7.a.-Has he come late?
b.-Has he come lately
______ Have you seen him recently?
8.a.-Just wait here.
 39

b.-Wait just here.

______ Don´t leave this room.
9.a.-This is her last play.
b.-This is her latest play.
______ this her newest, most recent play
10.a.-At length,I wrote to the manager of the company and complained.
b.-I wrote to the manager of the company at length and complained
______ I finally decided to write to the manager begosantao
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb.
1. James is careful. He drives carefully .
2. The girl is slow. She walks slowly.
3. Her English is perfect. She speaks English perfectly.
4. Our teacher is angry. She shouts angrily .
5. My neighbor is a loud speaker. He speaks loudly.
6. He is a bad writer . He writes badly.
7. Jane is a nice guitar player. He plays the guitar nicely.
8. He is a good painter . He paints well.
9. She is a quiet girl. She does her job quietly.
10. This exercise is easy. You can do it easily.

2. Single Word Substitutes

♦ Herbivorous – An animal that lives on herbs
♦ Honorarium – An emolument over and above fixed income or salary
♦ Reproof – An expression of mild disapproval
♦ Command – An imaginary name assumed by an author for disguise
♦ Reflex – An involuntary action under stimulus
♦ Momentous – An occasion of great importance
♦ Sinecure – An office or post with no work but high pay
♦ Honorary office – An office for which no salary is paid
♦ Summon – An official call to appear in a court of law
 40

♦ Windfall – An unexpected stroke of good luck

♦ Gregarious – Animals live in flocks
♦ Graminivorous animals – Animals living on grass
♦ Cannibals – Animals living on human flesh
♦ Carnivorous animals – Animals living on meat
♦ Centrifugal – Anything tending to move away from centre
♦ Postscript – Anything written in a letter after it is signed
♦ Chronological – Arrangement in order of occurrence
♦ Economical – Avoiding wastage
♦ Personify – Be the embodiment or perfect example of
♦ Heresy – Belief or opinion contrary to what is generally accepted
♦ Universal – Belonging to all parts of the world
♦ Supernatural – Beyond the power of nature
♦ Stoicism – Calmness and indifference to suffering
♦ Transparent – Capable of being through
♦ Monotonous – Characterised by dull uniformity
♦ Fosterchild – Child brought up by persons who are not his parents
♦ Rotunda – Circular building or hall with a dome
♦ Circumstantial – Clues available at a scene
♦ Protocol – Code of diplomatic etiquette and precedence
♦ Alliteration – Commencement of adjacent words with the same letter
♦ Attempt – Constant effort to achieve something
♦ Illegal – Contrary to law
♦ Unnatural – Contrary to nature
♦ Indictment – Crime of offence
♦ Polygamy – Custom of many wives
♦ Pensive – Deep in thought
♦ Sadism – Deriving pleasure from inflicting pain on others
♦ Ignorant – Destitute of knowledge
 41

♦ Interment – Detaining and confining someone

♦ Diagnose – Determine the nature of the disease
♦ Hypochondria – Excessive preoccupation with one’s health
♦ Eligible – Fit to be chosen
♦ Eatable, Edible – Fit to be eaten
♦ Palatable – Food which agrees with one’s taste
♦ Bullion – Gold or silver before using for manufacturing ornaments
♦ Autocracy – Government by a ruler who has unlimited power
♦ Biennial – Happening every second year
♦ Bigamy – Have two wives or two husbands at a time
♦ Meticulous – He is very careful and particular about everything he does
♦ Stoicism – Indifference to pleasure or pain
 Alimony – Allowance paid to wife on legal separation

3. Use of Abbreviations & Acronyms

Common Abbreviations & Acronyms
A.B. Artium Baccalaureus [Bachelor of Arts] long. longitude
abbr. abbreviation(s), abbreviated Lt. Lieutenant
Acad. Academy Ltd. Limited
A.D. anno Domini [in the year of the Lord] M meter(s)
alt. Altitude M minute(s)
A.M. ante meridiem [before noon]; Artium M.D. Medicinae Doctor [Doctor of Medicine]
Magister [Master of Arts]
AM amplitude modulation Mg milligram(s)
Assn. Association Mi mile(s)
at. no. atomic number Min minute(s)
at. wt. atomic weight Mm millimeter(s)
Aug. August Mph miles per hour
Ave. Avenue Mr. Mister (always abbreviated)
AWOL absent without leave Mrs. Mistress (always abbreviated)
b. born, born in Msgr Monsignor
B.A. Bachelor of Arts mt. Mount, Mountain
 42

B.C. Before Christ mts. mountains

b.p. boiling point Mus. Museum
B.S. Bachelor of Science N north; Newton(s)
Btu British thermal unit(s) NAACP National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People
C Celsius (centigrade) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
c. circa [about] NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Cal calorie(s) NE northeast
Capt. Captain no. number
cent. century, centuries Nov. November
Cm centimeter(s) OAS Organization of American States
co. county Oct. October
Col. Colonel; Colossians Op. Opus [work]
Comdr. Commander Oz ounce(s)
Corp. Corporation pl. plural
Cpl. Corporal pop. population
Cu cubic pseud. pseudonym
d. died, died in pt. part(s)
D.C. District of Columbia Pt pint(s)
Dec. December pub. published; publisher
dept. department Qt quart(s)
dist. district Rev. Revelation; the Reverend
div. division rev. revised
Dr. doctor R.N. registered nurse
E east, eastern Rpm revolution(s) per minute
ed. edited, edition, editor(s) RR railroad
est. established; estimated S south
et al. et alii [and others] S second(s)
F Fahrenheit SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Feb. February SEC Securities and Exchange Commission
fl. floruit [flourished] Sec second(s); secant
fl oz fluid ounce(s) Sept. September
FM frequency modulation Ser. Series
Ft foot, feet Sgt. Sergeant
gal. gallon(s) Sq square
Gen. General, Genesis Sr. Senior
GMT Greenwich mean time SSR Soviet Socialist Republic
 43

GNP gross national product St. Saint; Street

GOP Grand Old Party (Republican Party) UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
Gov. governor uninc. unincorporated
grad. graduated, graduated at Univ. University
H hour(s) U.S. United States
Hon. the Honorable USA United States Army
Hr hour(s) USAF United States Air Force
i.e. id est [that is] USCG United States Coast Guard
in. inch(es) USMC United States Marine Corps
inc. incorporated USN United States Navy
Inst. Institute, Institution USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
IRA Irish Republican Army VFW Veterans of Foreign Wars
IRS Internal Revenue Service VISTA Volunteers in Service to America
Jan. January vol. volume(s)
Jr. Junior vs. versus
K Kelvin W west; watt(s)
Kg kilogram(s) WHO World Health Organization
Km kilometer(s) wt. weight
£ libra [pound], librae [pounds] Yd yard(s)
lat. latitude YMCA Young Men's Christian Association
Lb libra [pound], librae [pounds] YWCA Young Women's Christian Association
Lib. Library
 44

Unit – 5 (2 marks)

1. Direct & Indirect speech

1. Change the following sentences into indirect speech

1. "I admire you."

2. "It is too late."
3. "I have replied."
4. "I met you yesterday."
5. "I cannot come."
6. "I could fall down."
7. "I will pay tomorrow."
8. "The Himalayas are the highest."
9. "I may lend you some money."
10. "I have been watching a film."
11. "Suresh must rest."
12. "I have not done it today."
13. "If I was younger, I would accept it."
14. "I was with him last week."
15. "You needn't change your shoes in our house."
16. "I am calling my mum."
17. "I will finish this picture tomorrow."
18. "I would buy it."
19. "Greg used to be my friend."
20. "Sit down, please!"
21. "Put it here."
22. "What do you do?"
23. "Do you want it?"
24. "Don't forget!"
25. "Where did you live?"
 45

26. "Park your car behind the house, please."

27. "Do not hesitate."
28. She said, “Liz doesn't speak Greek.”
29. “I have never met you,” he said.
30. They told, “We will start tomorrow.”

2. Read the dialogue and report it.

Example:
Mike: "What are you doing here, Liz? I haven't seen you since June."
Liz: "I've just come back from my holiday in Ireland."
Mike: "Did you enjoy it?"
Liz: "I love Ireland. And the Irish people were so friendly."
Mike: "Did you go to the Wicklow Mountains?"
Liz: "It was my first trip. I can show you some pictures. Are you doing anything tomorrow?"
Mike: "I must arrange a couple of things. But I am free tonight."
Liz: "You might come to my place. What time shall we meet?"
Mike: "I'll be there at eight. Is it all right?"
1. Mike asked Liz_______ . And he said________
2. Liz explained that __________ .
3. Mike wondered_____________.
4. Liz told him that_________ and that ____________.
5. Mike wanted to know ________.
6. Liz said that ________ and that she ________.
7. And then she asked him if _______.
8. Mike explained that ________.
9. But he added that _________.
10. Liz suggested that _______ and asked him ________.
11. Mike said ___________
12. And then he asked ___________.
 46

3. Complete the sentences:

1. "Where are you?"
2. "What will you choose?"
3. "Please, get in touch with them today."
4. "Don't leave your luggage unattended."
5. "Are you flying soon?"
6. "May I ask you a question?"
7. "Jump in!"
8. "Have you set your alarm clock?"
9. "Is Prague the capital?"
10. "You mustn't touch the screen!"
11. "Would you rather dance?"
12. "How long have you been standing here?"
13. "Stop laughing!"
14. "Pass me the salt, please."
15. "What did you say?"

2. Fixed and Semi-fixed Expressions

I – Match the sentence heads with their endings to make acceptable sentences.
1. But despite his humble quiet Behavior a. help me proof read my thesis.
2. When it was time to sow b. there was a heavy rain.
3. A few days later when he came c. you can extend your help by giving some money.
4. If you feel sorry for him d. he was humiliated by his friends every day.
5. As soon as he stepped out e. the farmers tilled their fields.
6. If you see anything strange f. the princess fed her with affection.
7. But before the queen could ask for food g. he was aghast to see the house full of flower
pots.
8. I would be grateful to you if you could h. bring it to our notice immediately.
 47

II - Insert the right sentence heads in the blanks using the ones given in the box.

If that were so We are really fortunate to have

It was said that flowers would bloom Now let me see
In the evening when everyone had left I hereby appoint you
As a matter of fact I am looking for As a token of appreciation
Hearing the man’s cries As if in answer

1. _____________ her as our principal.

2. _____________ only in some seasons.
3. _____________ ,why should there be a commotion?
4. _____________ he felt lonely.
5. _____________ how this gadget works.
6. _____________ , Tom gave a gesture.
7. _____________ as the secretary of this organisation.
8. _____________ his wife rushed to him.
9. _____________ I would like to give you a memento.
10_____________ s a job in a multi- national company.
III – Choose the right sentence head from the four options to make a meaningful sentence.
1. _____________ he could not stand steady.
a) But this is nothing b) The way he was acting
c) In the pursuit of d) Now that he was old
2. _______________ dancing he fainted.
a) As you may have heard b) Troubled by his thoughts
c) But this is nothing d) One day while he was
3. ______________ he saw a puppy in his house.
a) Troubled by his thoughts b) When he awoke
c) After much deliberation d) The way he was acting
4. _____________, she faced many hardships in her life.
 48

a) Troubled by his thoughts b) The good part is that

c) Now that he is old d) As you may have heard
5. ______________, she committed suicide.
a) But this is nothing b) Now that he is old
c) One day while he was d) Troubled by her thoughts
6. _______________, I thought she was filthy rich.
a) In the pursuit of the stag b) The way he was acting
c) When he awoke d) As you may have heard
7. _________________, he decided to take up a foreign assignment.
a) In the pursuit of b) one day while he was
c) After much deliberation d) But this is nothing
8. _______________, you will not have to pay anything to enrol on the
course.
a) Now that he is old b) Troubled by his memories
c) The good part is that d) When he awoke
9) _______________, happiness, he made a pilgrimage to Manasa
Sarovar.
a) After much deliberation b) One day while he was
c) In pursuit of d) The ways he was acting

IV – Make sentences using the sentence heads given below.

But despite his humble behaviour I would be grateful if you would

If you feel sorry for him We are really fortunate to have
If you see anything strange As if in answer
As a token of appreciation The good part is that
As you may have heard As a matter of fact
After much deliberation
 Unit – I (16 marks)

1. Skimming a Reading Passage

Exercise 1
Read the first sentence of each paragraph in the following text.
THE PERSONAL QUALITIES OF A TEACHER
Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question: What personal qualities are desirable in a
teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be
generally accepted.
First, the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people
who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule
out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and over-bearing : I
would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality. I still stick to what I said in my
earlier book: that school children probably 'suffer more from bores than from brutes'.
Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy -
in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people,
especially, since most teachers are school teachers, to the minds and feelings of children. Closely related
with this is the capacity to be tolerant - not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity
of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.
Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This does not mean
being a plaster saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will
have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no
contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the
technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an
act - to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a
world that is rather larger than life.
A teacher must remain mentally alert. He will not get into the profession if of low intelligence, but it is
all too easy, even for people of above-average intelligence, to stagnate intellectually - and that means to
deteriorate intellectually. A teacher must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however
improbable and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment's notice. (Here I should stress that
I use 'he' and 'his' throughout the book simply as a matter of convention and convenience.)
On the other hand, a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I may say, is largely a matter of
self-discipline and self-training; we are none of us born like that. He must be pretty resilient; teaching
makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable
petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.
Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is
a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. There are
three principal objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the methods by
which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and - by far the most
important - the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The two cardinal
principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is
best acquired through full and active co-operation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.
(From Teaching as a Career, by H. C. Dent, Batsford, 1961)
Notice how reading these sentences gives you a good idea about the meaning of the text: six qualities of
a teacher. If you need more details, read the text again.

Exercise 2
Read the first sentence of each paragraph in the following text.
BODY LANGUAGE
What does scientific literature tell us about the idea that body language reflects our real feelings? One
experiment carried out about 10 years ago by Ross Buck from Carnegie-Mellon University in
Pennsylvania suggests that spontaneous facial expression is not a very good index of real emotional
state. Buck and his colleagues tested the accuracy with which people could identify the emotions felt by
another person. They presented one set of subjects with colour slides involving a variety of emotionally-
loaded visual stimuli - such as "scenic" slides (landscapes, etc), "maternal" slides (mothers and young
children), disgusting slides (severe facial injuries and burns) and unusual slides (art objects). Unknown to
these subjects, they were being televised and viewed by another matched set of subjects, who were
asked to decide, on the basis of the televised facial expressions, which of the four sets of slides had just
been viewed. This experiment involved both male and female pairs, but no pairs comprising both men
and women; that is men observed only men, and women observed women. Buck found that the female
pairs correctly identified almost 40 per cent of the slides used - this was above the level which would be
predicted by chance alone. (Chance level is 25 per cent here, as there were four classes of slide). But
male pairs correctly identified only 28 per cent of slides - not significantly above chance level. In other
words, this study suggests that facial expression is not a very good index of "real" feeling - and in the
case of men watching and interpreting other men, is almost useless.
Paul Ekman from the University of California has conducted a long series of experiments on nonverbal
leakage (or how nonverbal behaviour may reveal real inner states) which has yielded some more
positive and counter-intuitive results. Ekman has suggested that nonverbal behaviour may indeed
provide a clue to real feelings and has explored in some detail people actively involved in deception,
where their verbal language is not a true indication of how they really feel. Ekman here agrees with
Sigmund Freud, who was also convinced of the importance of nonverbal behaviour in spotting deception
when he wrote: "He that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep
a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his finger-tips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore."
Ekman predicted that the feet and legs would probably hold the best clue to deception because
although the face sends out very quick instantaneous messages, people attend to and receive most
feedback from the face and therefore try to control it most. In the case of the feet and legs the
"transmission time" is much longer but we have little feedback from this part of the body. In other
words, we are often unaware of what we are doing with our feet and legs. Ekman suggested that the
face is equipped to lie the most (because we are often aware of our facial expression) and to "leak" the
most (because it sends out many fast momentary messages) and is therefore going to be a very
confusing source of information during deception. The legs and feet would be the primary source of
nonverbal leakage and hold the main clue to deception. The form the leakage in the legs and feet would
take would include "aggressive foot kicks, flirtatious leg displays, abortive restless flight movements".
Clues to deception could be seen in "tense leg positions, frequent shifts of leg posture, and in restless or
repetitive leg and foot movements."
Ekman conducted a series of experiments to test his speculations, some involving psychiatric patients
who were engaging in deception, usually to obtain release from hospital. He made films of interviews
involving the patients and showed these, without sound, to one of two groups of observers. One group
viewed only the face and head, the other group, the body from the neck down. Each observer was given
a list of 300 adjectives describing attitudes, emotional state, and so on, and had to say which adjectives
best described the patients. The results indicated quite dramatically that individuals who utilised the
face tended to be misled by the patients, whereas those who concentrated on the lower body were
much more likely to detect the real state of the patients and not be misled by the attempted deception.
These studies thus suggest that some body language may indeed reflect our real feelings, even when we
are trying to disguise them. Most people can, however, manage to control facial expression quite well
and the face often seems to provide little information about real feeling. Paul Ekman has more recently
demonstrated that people can be trained to interpret facial expression more accurately but this, not
surprisingly, is a slow laborious process. Ekman's research, suggests that the feet and legs betray a great
deal about real feelings and attitudes but the research is nowhere near identifying the meanings of
particular foot movements. Ray Birdwhistell of the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute has gone
some way towards identifying some of the basic nonverbal elements of the legs and feet, and as a first
approximation has identified 58 separate elements. But the meanings of these particular elements is far
from clear and neither are the rules for combining the elements into larger meaningful units. Perhaps in
years to come we will have a "language" of the feet provided that we can successfully surmount the
problems described earlier in identifying the basic forms of movement following Birdwhistell's
pioneering efforts, of how they may combine into larger units, and in teaching people how they might
make sense of apparently contradictory movements. In the meantime, if you go to a party and find
someone peering intently at your feet - beware.
(From Manwatching by Desmond Morris, Triad Panther, 1977)
Notice how reading these sentences gives you a good idea about the meaning of the text. If you need
more details, read the text again.

2. Scanning for specific information

Exercise 1
Read the following text quickly and fill in the table. What do the numbers given in the table refer to?
1%
2%
6%
13%
16%
30%
3/4
86%

Spoon-fed feel lost at the cutting edge

Before arriving at university students will have been powerfully influenced by their school's approach to
learning particular subjects. Yet this is only rarely taken into account by teachers in higher education,
according to new research carried out at Nottingham University, which could explain why so many
students experience problems making the transition.
Historian Alan Booth says there is a growing feeling on both sides of the Atlantic that the shift from
school to university-style learning could be vastly improved. But little consensus exists about who or
what is at fault when the students cannot cope. "School teachers commonly blame the poor quality of
university teaching, citing factors such as large first-year lectures, the widespread use of inexperienced
postgraduate tutors and the general lack of concern for students in an environment where research is
dominant in career progression," Dr Booth said.
Many university tutors on the other hand claim that the school system is failing to prepare students for
what will be expected of them at university. A-level history in particular is seen to be teacher-
dominated, creating a passive dependency culture.
But while both sides are bent on attacking each other, little is heard during such exchanges from the
students themselves, according to Dr Booth, who has devised a questionnaire to test the views of more
than 200 first-year history students at Nottingham over a three-year period. The students were asked
about their experience of how history is taught at the outset of their degree programme. It quickly
became clear that teaching methods in school were pretty staid.
About 30 per cent of respondents claimed to have made significant use of primary sources (few felt very
confident in handling them) and this had mostly been in connection with project work. Only 16 per cent
had used video/audio; 2 per cent had experienced field trips and less than 1 per cent had engaged in
role-play.
Dr Booth found students and teachers were frequently restricted by the assessment style which remains
dominated by exams. These put obstacles in the way of more adventurous teaching and active learning,
he said. Of the students in the survey just 13 per cent felt their A-level course had prepared them very
well for work at university. Three-quarters felt it had prepared them fairly well.
One typical comment sums up the contrasting approach: "At A-level we tended to be spoon-fed with
dictated notes and if we were told to do any background reading (which was rare) we were told exactly
which pages to read out of the book".
To test this further the students were asked how well they were prepared in specific skills central to
degree level history study. The answers reveal that the students felt most confident at taking notes from
lectures and organising their notes. They were least able to give an oral presentation and there was no
great confidence in contributing to seminars, knowing how much to read, using primary sources and
searching for texts. Even reading and taking notes from a book were often problematic. Just 6 per cent
of the sample said they felt competent at writing essays, the staple A level assessment activity.
The personal influence of the teacher was paramount. In fact individual teachers were the centre of
students' learning at A level with some 86 per cent of respondents reporting that their teachers had
been more influential in their development as historians than the students' own reading and thinking.
The ideal teacher turned out to be someone who was enthusiastic about the subject; a good clear
communicator who encouraged discussion. The ideal teacher was able to develop students involvement
and independence. He or she was approachable and willing to help. The bad teacher, according to the
survey, dictates notes and allows no room for discussion. He or she makes students learn strings of
facts; appears uninterested in the subject and fails to listen to other points of view.
No matter how poor the students judged their preparedness for degree-level study, however, there was
a fairly widespread optimism that the experience would change them significantly, particularly in terms
of their open mindedness and ability to cope with people.
But it was clear, Dr Booth said, that the importance attached by many departments to third-year
teaching could be misplaced. "Very often tutors regard the third year as the crucial time, allowing
postgraduates to do a lot of the earlier teaching. But I am coming to the conclusion that the first year at
university is the critical point of intervention".
Alison Utley, Times Higher Education Supplement. February 6th, 1998.
Exercise – 2
Answer the questions after scanning the text
1. When did computer mice appear?
2. What other pointing devices exist?
3. When was the first computer with a graphical user interface introduced?

Computer mice began to appear in the early 1980s, but many computers required an additional
expansion board/card to use them during this period of history. Other pointing devices like trackballs,
joysticks, and light pens were more common. According to wikipedia.org, Xerox made history by
introducing the first computer with a mouse and a graphical user interface in 1981, but it took years for
other brands to begin doing the same. Many mice were beige or white, but Tandy offered a black mouse
with an orange button for their TRS-80 Color Computer series. It is important to realise what is the
nature of the information the reader is looking for while scanning. Two questions in the example imply
that the reader will be looking for a definite year; numbers are easy to identify. The second question
implies that the reader should find certain enumeration, so considering syntactical structure of
sentences may appear useful.

3. Free writing on any given topic.

1. Write about your favourite places in 500 words. (minimum 5 places)
2. Write your hobbies in 500 words
3. Write something about your school life in 500 words.
4. Write about your favourite player in not more than 500 words.
5. Write about your favourite film star in 500 words.
6. Write about the review of a film which you have seen recently in 500 words.
7. Write about the food(s) you like most.
8. Write about the person you like most.
9. Write about the incident(s) which affects you most.
10. Write what you want to be in future.
11. Write about the musician you like most.
12. Write about the teacher (school/college) you like most.
13. Write about the games you like the most and why.
14. Write about your contribution towards the nation building process.
15. Write your views on peace process in border areas of our country.
16. Write your ideas about good governance.
17. What is your opinion about strengthening government functioning.
18. Write your own views to change the present educational system.
19. Write your opinions on uplifting economically weaker sections of the society.
20. What do you think about various welfare schemes of the government?

4. Note – Making:

Note making is a useful skill which comes in handy not only in attempting questions but also in
preparing you for life. Notes form an essential part of your academic life and help you in the
following ways.

 Notes help you to remember the information you have gathered.

  Notes come in handy for making quick revision before exams.
 Lengthy lessons can be condensed into short relevant pieces by making notes.
 Notes help in understanding the texts better.

How to make notes:

 The students are required to read the passage to get a gist of the passage, to know what
it is all about or what the theme is.
 The main idea or the central theme of the passage should be found out.
 The important points related to the main theme are noted.
 Add the sub-points which supplement the main points. There is no need to give
examples.
 Pay attention to the way you would like to present the notes. There is a proper format
for note making you have to follow it and make your notes in the proper format.
 Use abbreviations wherever necessary.
 Use proper indentation to present the notes as shown here. (use either or the two given
below.)

A) 1. _______________________________________

(a)………………………………………………..

(b)………………………………………………..

(c) ………………………………………………..

2. _______________________________________

(a)………………………………………………..

(b)………………………………………………..

(c) ………………………………………………..

B) 1. _______________________________________
 (1.1)………………………………………………..

(1.2)………………………………………………..

(1.3) ………………………………………………..

2. _______________________________________

(2.1)………………………………………………..

(2.2)………………………………………………..

(2.3) ………………………………………………..

Note: The points are numbered in different ways, but numbering should be consistent.
Complete sentences should not be written.

Abbreviations and symbols used:

a) Abbreviation helps in writing the information briefly. The following are some of the ways in
which you can use abbreviations.

1. Capitalized initial information:

E.g. U.N. for United Nation, M.L.A., B.Sc., M.P., U.S.A.

2. Taking the first two letters of the words:

Sc. – Science; Pract. – Practical; Edu. – Education

3. Takings the first and the last two letters of the word:

Rdng – Reading; admn- Administration; pds – Periods; rg – Regarding;

4. Arithmetic Symbol

% - percentage; +ive – positive; <> - greater than or less than.

Read the following passage carefully:

 The heart is a specialized muscle that serves as a pump. This pump is divided into four
chambers connected by tiny doors called valves. The chambers work to keep the blood flowing
round the body in a circle.

At the end of each circuit, veins carry the blood to the right atrium, the first of the four
chambers 2/5 oxygen by then is used up and it is on its way back to the lung to pick up a fresh
supply and to give up the carbon dioxide it has accumulated. From the right atrium the blood
flow through the tricuspid valve into the second chamber, the right ventricle. The right ventricle
contracts when it is filled, pushing the blood through the pulmonary artery, which leads to the
lungs – in the lungs the blood gives up its carbon dioxide and picks up fresh oxygen. Then it
travels to the third chamber the left atrium. When this chamber is filled it forces the blood
through the a valve to the left ventricle. From here it is pushed into a big blood vessel called
aorta and sent round the body by way of arteries.

Heart disease can result from any damage to the heart muscle, the valves or the
pacemaker. If the muscle is damaged, the heart is unable to pump properly. If the valves are
damaged blood cannot flow normally and easily from one chamber to another, and if the
pacemaker is defective, the contractions of the chambers will become un-coordinated.

Until the twentieth century, few doctors dared to touch the heart. In 1953 all this changed
after twenty years of work, Dr. John Gibbon in the USA had developed a machine that could
take over temporarily from the heart and lungs. Blood could be routed through the machine
bypassing the heart so that surgeons could work inside it and see what they were doing. The
era of open heart surgery had began.

In the operating theatre, it gives surgeons the chance to repair or replace a defective
heart. Many parties have had plastic valves inserted in their hearts when their own was faulty.
Many people are being kept alive with tiny battery operated pacemakers; none of these repairs
could have been made without the heart – lung machine. But valuable as it is to the surgeons,
the heart lung machine has certain limitations. It can be used only for a few hours at a time
because its pumping gradually damages the bloods cells.

On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it, using headings & Sub
headings. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary (minimum 4). Use a format you
consider suitable. Supply an appropriate title to it.

Title: Heart

Notes:
i)Function of Heart

a) Vital for living (i) never stop wrkg.

b) Supplies oxygen rich blood to diff. parts of the body.

ii)Structure of the heart

a)div. 4 chambers connected by valves

b)Blood purified in the lungs.

cArteries carry pure blood to diff. Part of the body.

iii) Heart disease – cause

a) Weak muscles

b) Defective valves

c) Defective pace maker

iv) History of open heart Surgery.

1953 – Dr. Gibbon inv. Heart lung machine

b) Blood could pass through the machine

c) Enabled open heart surgery

d) Limitation

(i) can be used only for a few hrs. at a time.

(ii damages flood cells.

Abbreviation used
Diff. Different

inv. Invented

div. Division

chamb. Chambers
hist. History

hrs. Hours

Summary:-

The heart is a vital organ of the body, which never stop working. It supplies oxygen rich
blood to all parts of the body. It is divided into four chambers inter connected by valves. Blood
is purified in the lungs and arteries carry it to different parts of the body. Heart disease has
various cause such as weak muscles defective valves or a defective pace maker. The era of
open-heart surgery began in 1953 when Dr. Gibbon developed the heart lung machine.
Replacement of valves and other areas of a damaged heart is now possible.

5. Sentence Completion

1. She hadn’t eaten all day, and by the time she got home she was ______.
a. blighted b. confutative c. ravenous d. ostentatious e. blissful
2. The movie offended many of the parents of its younger viewers by including unnecessary ______ in
the dialogue.
a. vulgarity b. verbosity c. vocalizations d. garishness e. tonality
3. His neighbors found his ______ manner bossy and irritating, and they stopped inviting him to
backyard barbeques.
a. insentient b. magisterial c. reparatory d. restorative e. modest
4. Steven is always ______ about showing up for work because he feels that tardiness is a sign of
irresponsibility.
a. legible b. tolerable c. punctual d. literal e. belligerent
5. Candace would ______ her little sister into an argument by teasing her and calling her names.
a. advocate b. provoke c. perforate d. lament e. expunge
6. The dress Ariel wore ______ with small, glassy beads, creating a shimmering effect.
a. titillated b. reiterated c. scintillated d. enthralled e. striated
7. Being able to afford this luxury car will ______ getting a better paying job.
a. maximize b. recombinant c. reiterate d. necessitate e. reciprocate
8. Levina unknowingly ______ the thief by holding open the elevator doors and ensuring his escape.
a. coerced b. proclaimed c. abetted d. sanctioned e. solicited
9. Shakespeare, a(n) ______ writer, entertained audiences by writing many tragic and comic plays.
a. numeric b. obstinate c. dutiful d. prolific e. generic
10. I had the ______ experience of sitting next to an over-talkative passenger on my flight home from
Brussels.
a. satisfactory b. commendable c. galling d. acceptable e. acute
11. Prince Phillip had to choose: marry the woman he loved and ______his right to the throne, or marry
Lady Fiona and inherit the crown.
a. reprimand b. upbraid c. abdicate d. winnow e. extol
12. If you will not do your work of your own ______, I have no choice but to penalize you if it is not done
on time.
a. predilection b. coercion c. excursion d. volition e. infusion
13. After sitting in the sink for several days, the dirty, food-encrusted dishes became ______.
a. malodorous b. prevalent c. imposing d. perforated e. emphatic
14. Giulia soon discovered the source of the ______ smell in the room: a week-old tuna sandwich that
one of the children had hidden in the closet.
a. quaint b. fastidious c. clandestine d. laconic e. fetid
15. After making ______ remarks to the President, the reporter was not invited to return to the White
House pressroom.
a. hospitable b. itinerant c. enterprising d. chivalrous e. irreverent
16. With her ______ eyesight, Krystyna spotted a trio of deer on the hillside and she reduced the speed
of her car.
a. inferior b. keen c. impressionable d. ductile e. conspiratorial
17. With a(n) ______ grin, the boy quickly slipped the candy into his pocket without his mother’s
knowledge.
a. jaundiced b. nefarious c. stereotypical d. sentimental e. impartial
18. Her ______ display of tears at work did not impress her new boss, who felt she should try to control
her emotions.
a. maudlin b. meritorious c. precarious d. plausible e. schematic
19. Johan argued, “If you know about a crime but don’t report it, you are ______ in that crime because
you allowed it to happen.”
a. acquitted b. steadfast c. tenuous d. complicit e. nullified
20. The authorities, fearing a ______ of their power, called for a military state in the hopes of restoring
order.
a. subversion b. premonition c. predilection d. infusion e. inversion
21. The story’s bitter antagonist felt such great ______ for all of the other characters that as a result, his
life was very lonely and he died alone.
a. insurgence b. malevolence c. reciprocation d. declamation e. preference
22. It is difficult to believe that charging 20% on an outstanding credit card balance isn’t ______!
a. bankruptcy b. usury c. novice d. kleptomania e. flagrancy
23. The ______ weather patterns of the tropical island meant tourists had to carry both umbrellas and
sunglasses.
a. impertinent b. supplicant c. preeminent d. illustrative e. kaleidoscopic
24. Wedding ceremonies often include the exchange of ______ rings to symbolize the couple’s promises
to each other.
a. hirsute b. acrimonious c. plaintive d. deciduous e. votive
25. Kym was ______ in choosing her friends, so her parties were attended by vastly different and
sometimes bizarre personalities.
a. indispensable b. indiscriminate c. commensurate d. propulsive e. indisputable
26. Phillip’s ______ tone endeared him to his comical friends, but irritated his serious father.
a. aloof b. jesting c. grave d. earnest e. conservative
27. Brian’s pale Irish skin was ______ to burn if he spent too much time in the sun.
a. prone b. urbane c. eminent d. erect e. daunted
28. A fan of historical fiction, Joline is now reading a novel about slavery in the ______ South.
a. decorous b. rogue c. droll d. antebellum e. onerous
29. Over the years the Wilsons slowly ______ upon the Jacksons’ property, moving the stone markers
that divided their lots farther and farther onto the Jacksons’ land.
a. encroached b. jettisoned c. conjoined d. repudiated e. teemed
30. Mary became ______ at typing because she practiced every day for six months.
a. proficient b. reflective c. dormant d. redundant e. valiant
31. To find out what her husband bought for her birthday, Susan attempted to ______ his family
members about his recent shopping excursions.
a. prescribe b. probe c. alienate d. converge e. revere
32. Juan’s friends found him in a ______ mood after he learned he would be homecoming king.
a. jovial b. stealthy c. paltry d. gullible e. depleted
33. His suit of armor made the knight ______ to his enemy’s attack, and he was able to escape safely to
his castle.
a. vulnerable b. churlish c. invulnerable d. static e. imprudent
34. Choosing a small, fuel-efficient car is a ______ purchase for a recent college graduate.
a. corrupt b. tedious c. unhallowed d. sardonic e. judicious
35. Such a ______ violation of school policy should be punished by nothing less than expulsion.
a. copious b. flagrant c. raucous d. nominal e. morose
36. With all of the recent negative events in her life, she felt ______ forces must be at work.
a. resurgent b. premature c. malignant d. punctilious e. antecedent
37. The ______ rumors did a great deal of damage even though they turned out to be false.
a. bemused b. prosaic c. apocryphal d. ebullient e. tantamount
38. When her schoolwork got to be too much, Pam had a tendency to ______, which always put her
further behind.
a. dedicate b. rejuvenate c. ponder d. excel e. procrastinate
39. Racha’s glance was a ______ invitation to speak later in private about events of the meeting.
a. treacherous b. scintillating c. tactful d. tacit e. taboo
40. She reached the ______ of her career with her fourth novel, which won the Pulitzer Prize.
a. harbinger b. apogee c. metamorphosis d. dictum e. synthesis
41. The ______ townspeople celebrated the soldier’s return to his home by adorning trees with yellow
ribbons and balloons.
a. somber b. jubilant c. pitiless d. cunning e. unsullied
42. The governor-elect was hounded by a group of ______ lobbyists and others hoping to gain favor
with her administration.
a. facetious b. abstruse c. magnanimous d. fawning e. saccharine
43. The mock graduation ceremony—with a trained skunk posing as the college president—was a
complete ______ that offended many college officials.
a. tempest b. epitome c. quintessence d. travesty e. recitative
44. The busy, ______ fabric of the clown’s tie matched his oversized jacket, which was equally atrocious.
a. mottled b. bleak c. credible d. malleable e. communicable
45. Kendrick’s talent ______ under the tutelage of Anya Kowalonek, who as a young woman had been
the most accomplished pianist in her native Lithuania.
a. bantered b. touted c. flourished d. embellished e. colluded
46. The children were ______ by the seemingly nonsensical clues until Kinan pointed out that the
messages were in code.
a. censured b. striated c. feigned d. prevaricated e. flummoxed
47. As the ______ in Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is a hero able to capture the audience’s sympathy by
continually professing his love for Juliet.
a. protagonist b. enigma c. façade d. activist e. catechist
48. The chess master promised to ______ havoc upon his opponent’s pawns for taking his bishop.
a. wreak b. warrant c. ensue d. placate e. endow
49. I have always admired Seymour’s ______; I’ve never seen him rattled by anything.
a. aplomb b. confluence c. propriety d. compunction e. nostalgia
50. The soldiers received a military ______ to inspect all their vehicles before traveling.
a. allotment b. dominion c. affectation d. calculation e. mandate
 Unit – 2
Part – B (16 marks)
1. Process Descriptions

Questions
1. Attempt a process description for taking printout from the Printer.
2. Write process description for making a coffee.
3. Attempt a process description of how a gas stove words.
4. Write a process description of working principle of a computer.
5. Attempt a process description of building a house.

2. Recommendations

1. Write a set of eight recommendations to control water pollution.

2. Write a set of eight recommendations to improve the quality of education.
3. Write a set of eight recommendations to improve the communication skills.
4. Write a set of eight recommendations to avoid flood disaster.
5. Write a set of eight recommendations for safety measures in a chlorine plant.
6. Write a set of eight recommendations to prevent deforestation.
7. Write a set of eight recommendations to prevent soil erosion.
8. Write a set of eight recommendations that will help the public to save petrol.
9. Write a set of eight recommendations for safety measures in Nuclear Power Plants.
10. Write a set of eight recommendations for the proper maintenance of two wheelers.
11. Write a set of eight recommendations to preserve underground water resources.
12. Write eight set of recommendations to keep city clean and green.
13. Write eight set of recommendations to maintain rules and regulations in traffic.
14. Write eight set of recommendations to maintain rules and regulations in traffic.
15. Write eight set of recommendations to maintain your computer in good working condition.
16. Write eight set of recommendations to maintain your computer in good working condition.
 3. INSTRUCTIONS

1. Write a set of eight instructions to be followed in the chemistry laboratory.

2. Write a set of eight instructions to be followed by the citizens of India in order to preserve the
environment.
3. Write a set of eight instructions in giving first aid to a victim of a road accident.
4. Write a set of eight instructions to maintain two wheelers and four wheelers in good working
condition.
5. Write a set of eight instructions that are to be given to your friend in the USA who visits Chennai
for the first time.
6. Write a set of eight instructions to use the laptop carefully.
7. Write a set of eight instructions to be followed in the computer laboratory.
8. Write a set of eight instructions while working in the nuclear power plants.
9. Write Eight of Instructions for maintaining houses in good.
10. Write a set of eight instructions to protect the ozone layer.
11. Write eight instructions that can be followed in the chemistry lab.
12. Write a set of instructions that could be followed by students in the College Library.
13. Write a set of instructions that could be followed by students in the examination hall.
 UNIT – 3 (16 MARKS)

1. Reading and Interpreting Visual Material

1. Write a paragraph comparing the two wheelers in the following table

S.NO SCOOTER / KM/ LIT OF PRICE

MOTOR CYCLE PETROL
1 Activa 30 30000
2 Kinetic Honda 26 42000
3 Scooty pep 24 35000
4 Pulsar 58 62000
5 Yamaha 54 46000

2. Describe the flowchart and attempt a process Description

MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT

RAW MATERIALS

ROLLER PRESS

GRINDING MILL

SIX STAGES – ROTARY KLIN (1200 – 1450)

CLINKER (120C)

ADD GYPSUM – CEMENT MILLL

STORAGE

PACKING UNIT

DESPATCH
3. Study the flowchart and a short paragraph.

EXTRACTION OF GOLD

PRESENT AS VEINS IN GRAVEL OR ROCK

ORE OBTAINED

TRANSPORTED TO MILL AND OIL IS CRUSHED

ORE IS WASHED USING WATER

RECOVERY OF PURE GOLD

FLOTATION AMALGAMATION CYNIDE PROCESS

GOLD

4. Refer to the chart and write a paragraph

MODES OF TRANSPORT
BICYCLE
5%
MOTOR
CYCLE
34% BUS
15%
TRAIN
19%
CAR
14% PEDESTRIA
NS
13%

5. Read the following and write as a paragraph

PREPARATION OF RICE HUSK

EQUAL WEIGHT

RICE HUSK LIME SLUDGE WASTE LIME (SUGAR)

 MIXED THOROUGLY

CAKES PREPARED

DRIED

URNT IN OOPEN

ASH COLLECTED

GROUND TO FINE

RICE HUSK CEMENT

6. Read the following table and write a paragraph

S.NO GENERAL CONTENT TECHNICAL CONTENT

1 General Vocabulary Specialized Vocabulary
2 No formal elements formal elements
3 Both informal & formal in style Always formal in style
4 Both objective & Subjective objective
5 Not always structured Logically structured

7. Read the following table and write a paragraph

S.NO PARTICULARS OF THE ITEM QUANTITY

1 Tape recorder 555
2 Radio set 524
3 Cassettes 265
4 Stabilizer 248
5 Record player 526

8. Refer to the chart and write a paragraph

 FAMILY BUDGET
50

40

30

20

10

0
Eduction savings medical food media

9. Refer to the graph and write a paragraph

Series 1
50
40
30
20
10
0
Novels drama poetry prose

10. Refer to the bar and write a paragraph

BRANCHES SELECTED BY THE

STUDENTS
MECH
ECE
CIVIL
AUTO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
11. Refer to the area and write a paragraph

100
90
80
70
60
50
40 factories
30
20 industries
10 Teachers colony
0

12. Refer to the chart and write a paragraph

Sales
SKODA, 20%

TOYOTA, 45
%

INDICA, 25%

TATA, 10%

13. Refer to the chart and write a paragraph

 4.4

2.8 TRAIN
2.4
1.8 CAR

2006 2007 2008 2009

14. Refer to the graph and write a paragraph

EDUCATION : 2004 - 2007

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2004 2005 2006 2007

15. Refer to the relationship and write a paragraph

 water
air soil

pollution

2. Paragraph Writing
1 – Comparison and contrast paragraph

Fill in the blanks using the clues below.

However likewise another difference similarly whereas
Also while but on the other hand
Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are different in many
ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of
114,000 square miles, _______Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of
only 1,214 square miles. ___________ is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona
has about four million people living in it, ___________ Rhode Island has less than one
million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For
example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much
rainfall every year. ___________ Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an
average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, ___________ Arizona is a landlocked state
and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant
coastline.

Fill in the blanks using the clues below.

In the same way likewise another similarity similarly whereas too
While both however
 Even though we come from different cultures, my wife and I are alike in several ways. For
one thing, we are _______thirty-two years old. In fact, our birthdays are in the same month,
hers on July 10 and mine on July 20. _________ is that we both grew up in large cities. Helene
was born and raised in Paris and I come from Yokohama. Third, our hobbies are alike
_________. My wife devotes a lot of her free time to playing jazz piano. _________, I like to
spend time after work strumming my guitar. A more important similarity concerns our values.
For example, Helene has strong opinions about educating our children and raising them to
know right from wrong. I feel _________. Our children should receive a good education and
also have strong moral training.
 Unit – 4 (16 marks)
1. Making Inference from the Reading Passage

In this section, you will find short passages (one and two paragraph), accompanied by
questions that ask you to identify explicit information, analyze, and interpret what is written.
This is your first chance to use everything you've learned so far. Pay special attention to the
details and the facts, and make a habit of trying to identify the author's main idea; also, try to
think of the author's motive for writing the passage. Ask the questions, "Who? What? When?
Where? How? and Why?" Is the author's purpose to inform you of facts, persuade you of
something, or simply to entertain you?
As you read, try marking up the passages or taking notes. The more active a reader you are, the
more likely that you will understand and fully enjoy what you read.

INFERENCE
Using information that is stated in a passage to draw a conclusion that is not stated.
For example, “The furry animal sat in her master’s lap, purring contently.”
You might conclude that the “furry animal” is a cat, given the information – and that
would be an inference.

Some of the questions following the passages ask you to make inferences from the passages.
To infer means to arrive at a conclusion by reasoning from evidence. Synonyms for infer are
deduce, judge, or conclude. If you are told to infer something from a passage, you are basically
being asked what conclusions can be drawn from the content of the story. Tip: If you replace
the word infer with conclude in a question, it may make more sense to you.
In cities throughout the country, there is a new direction in local campaign coverage.
Frequently in local elections, journalists are not giving voters enough information to
understand the issues and evaluate the candidates. The local news media devotes too much
time to scandal and not enough time to policy.
1. This paragraph best supports the statement that the local news media
 a. is not doing an adequate job when it comes to covering local campaigns.
b. does not understand either campaign issues or politics.
c. should learn how to cover politics by watching the national news media.
d. has no interest in covering stories about local political events.
The use of desktop computer equipment and software to create high-quality documents such
as newsletters, business cards, letterhead, and brochures is called Desktop Publishing, or
DTP. The most important part of any DTP project is planning. Before you begin, you should
know your intended audience, the message you want to communicate, and what form your
message will take.
2. The paragraph best supports the statement that
a. Desktop Publishing is one way to become acquainted with a new business audience.
b. computer software is continually being refined to produce high-quality printing.
c. the first stage of any proposed DTP project should be organization and design.
d. the planning stage of any DTP project should include talking with the intended
audience.
The entire low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet argument is so prevalent that one would
think that these are the only two options available for losing weight and staying healthy.
Some experts even feel that the low-carb/low-fat debate distracts us from an even more
important issue—our culture's reliance on processed and manufactured foods.
3. The paragraph best supports the statement that
a. experts state that not all fats are equal, so we need not reduce our intake of all fats;
just those that contain partially hydrogenated oils.
b. important health concerns get overlooked when we focus exclusively on the low-fat
versus low-carb question.
c. low-carbohydrate diets lead to significant and sustained weight loss.
d. processed foods can lead to many adverse health problems including heart disease,
cancer, diabetes, and obesity.
very year, Americans use over one billion sharp objects to administer healthcare in their
homes. These sharp objects include lancets, needles, and syringes. If not disposed of in
puncture-resistant containers, they can injure sanitation workers. Sharp objects should be
disposed of in hard plastic or metal containers with secure lids. The containers should be
clearly marked and be puncture resistant.
4. The paragraph best supports the idea that sanitation workers can be injured if they
a. do not place sharp objects in puncture-resistant containers.
b. come in contact with sharp objects that have not been placed in secure containers.
c. are careless with sharp objects such as lancets, needles, and syringes in their
homes.
d. do not mark the containers they pick up with a warning that those containers
contain sharp objects.
Litigation is not always the only or best way to resolve conflicts. Mediation offers an
alternative approach and it is one that can be quite efficient and successful. Mediation can be
faster, less expensive, and can lead to creative solutions not always possible in a court of law.
Additionally, mediation focuses on mutually acceptable solutions, rather than on winning or
losing.
5. This paragraph best supports the idea that
a. there is too much reliance on litigation in our society.
b. litigation is expensive, slow, and limited by its reliance on following the letter of the
law.
c. mediation is the best way to resolve a crisis.
d. mediation can be an effective way to resolve conflicts.
One of the missions of the Peace Corps is to help the people of interested countries meet
their need for trained men and women. People who work for the Peace Corps do so because
they want to, but to keep the agency dynamic with fresh ideas, no staff member can work for
the agency for more than five years.
6. The paragraph best supports the statement that Peace Corps employees
a. are highly intelligent people.
b. must train for about five years.
c. are hired for a limited term of employment.
 d. have both academic and work experience.
More and more office workers telecommute from offices in their own homes. The upside of
telecommuting is both greater productivity and greater flexibility. Telecommuters produce,
on average, 20% more than if they were to work in an office, and their flexible schedule
allows them to balance both their family and work responsibilities.
7. The paragraph best supports the statement that telecommuters
a. get more work done in a given time period than workers who travel to the office.
b. produce a better quality work product than workers who travel to the office.
c. are more flexible in their ideas than workers who travel to the office.
d. would do 20% more work if they were to work in an office.
Sushi, the thousand-year-old Japanese delicacy, started small in the United States, in a
handful of restaurants in big cities. Today, sushi consumption in America is 50% greater than
it was ten years ago and not just in restaurants. Sushi is also sold at concession stands in
sports stadiums, university dining halls, and in supermarkets throughout the country.
8. This paragraph best supports the statement that
a. sushi is now a fast food as popular as hot dogs, burgers, and fries.
b. more sushi is sold in restaurants than in supermarkets.
c. Americans are more adventurous eaters than they were in the past.
d. sushi wasn't always widely available in the United States.
Today's shopping mall has as its antecedents historical marketplaces, such as Greek agoras,
European piazzas, and Asian bazaars. The purpose of these sites, as with the shopping mall, is
both economic and social. People not only go to buy and sell wares, but also to be seen, catch
up on news, and be part of the human drama.
9. The paragraph best supports the statement that
a. modern Americans spend an average of 15 hours a month in shopping malls.
b. shopping malls serve an important purpose in our culture.
c. shopping malls have a social as well as commercial function.
d. there are historical antecedents for almost everything in contemporary society.
Many animals hibernate during parts of the year, entering a state that is similar to a very
deep sleep. But hibernation is more than simply a deep sleep. The animal's body temperature
drops well below its normal range, the animal does not wake up for a long period of time,
and its metabolism slows to the point that the animal does not need to eat or relieve itself
during that period.
In order to prepare for hibernation, the animal must build up its body weight and increase its
body fat. This is important, since the animal will be living off its own body fat during the
months of hibernation. Of course, once the period of hibernation is over, the animal "wakes
up" to find itself slim and trim once again!
10. How does an animal prepare for hibernation?
a. It exercises for two months.
b. It gradually increases its sleeping habits.
c. It grows extra fur.
d. It eats more food than usual.
11. This passage best supports the statement that
a. all animals hibernate to some degree.
b. food is scarce in the winter.
c. hibernation is very different from normal sleep.
d. bears hibernate every year.
Patrick Henry is considered one of the great patriots of America's early history. He was a
leader in every protest against British tyranny and in every movement for colonial rights,
openly speaking against the unfair taxation and overly burdensome regulations imposed
upon the American colonists by the British Parliament.
In March 1775, Patrick Henry urged his fellow Virginians to arm themselves in self-defense.
He spoke boldly in Richmond, Virginia, during the meeting of the state legislature. He closed
that famous speech with the immortal words, "I know not what course others may take; but
as for me, give me liberty or give me death."
12. This passage best supports the statement that
a. Patrick Henry later became a governor of West Virginia.
 b. the Virginia legislature was not listening to Henry's speech.
c. Patrick Henry was willing to lay down his life for his country.
d. People in Colonial times faced harsh living conditions.
13. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage?
a. The Speeches of Patrick Henry
b. Patrick Henry, American Patriot
c. Early American Patriots
d. History of the Virginia Legislature
Ratatouille is a dish that has grown in popularity over the last few years. It features eggplant,
zucchini, tomatoes, peppers, and garlic chopped, mixed, sautéed, and finally, cooked slowly
over low heat. As the vegetables cook slowly, they make their own broth, which may be
extended with a little tomato paste. The name ratatouille comes from the French
word touiller, meaning to stir or mix together.
14. Which of the following is the correct order of steps for making ratatouille?
a. chop vegetables, add tomato paste, stir or mix together
b. mix the vegetables together, sauté them, and add tomato paste
c. cook the vegetables slowly, mix them together, add tomato paste
d. add tomato paste to extend the broth and cook slowly over low heat
15. Ratatouille can best be described as a
a. French pastry.
b. sauce to put over vegetables.
c. pasta dish extended with tomato paste.
d. vegetable stew.
The competitive civil-service system is designed to give candidates fair and equal treatment
and to ensure that federal applicants are hired based on objective criteria. Hiring has to be
based solely on a candidate's knowledge, skills, and abilities (which you'll sometimes see
abbreviated as ksa), and not on external factors such as race, religion, sex, and so on.
Whereas employers in the private sector can hire employees for subjective reasons, federal
employers must be able to justify their decision with objective evidence that the candidate is
qualified.
16. The paragraph best supports the statement that
a. hiring in the private sector is inherently unfair.
b. ksa is not as important as test scores to federal employers.
c. federal hiring practices are simpler than those employed by the private sector.
d. the civil service strives to hire on the basis of a candidate's abilities.
17. The federal government's practice of hiring on the basis of ksa frequently results in the
hiring of employees
a. based on race, religion, sex, and so forth.
b. who are unqualified for the job.
c. who are qualified for the job.
d. on the basis of subjective judgment.
It is well known that the world urgently needs adequate distribution of food, so that
everyone gets enough. Adequate distribution of medicine is just as urgent. Medical expertise
and medical supplies need to be redistributed throughout the world so that people in
emerging nations will have proper medical care.
18. This paragraph best supports the statement that
a. the majority of the people in the world have no medical care.
b. medical resources in emerging nations have diminished in the past few years.
c. not enough doctors give time and money to those in need of medical care.
d. many people who live in emerging nations are not receiving proper medical care.
Knitting has made a major comeback. People are knitting on college campuses, in coffee
shops, and in small knitting groups throughout the United States. New knitting stores, many
with cafes, are popping up all over, and there are more knitting books and magazines being
published than ever before. And not all of these knitters are women: As knitting continues to
surge in popularity, men are picking up knitting needles in record numbers.
19. The paragraph best supports the statement that
a. joining a knitting group is a great way to make new friends.
 b. some people knit because it helps them relax and release stress.
c. today's knitter is not the stereotypical grandmother in a rocking chair.
d. as is the case with all fads, this new obsession with knitting will fade quickly.
Everyone is sensitive to extreme weather conditions. But with age, the body may become less
able to respond to long exposure to very hot or very cold temperatures. Some older people
might develop hypothermia when exposed to cold weather. Hypothermia is a drop in internal
body temperature, which can be fatal if not detected and treated.
20. The paragraph best supports the statement that
a. cold weather is more dangerous for older people than warm weather.
b. hypothermia is a condition that only affects older people.
c. older people who live in warm climates are healthier than older people who live in
cold climates.
d. an older person is more susceptible to hypothermia than a younger person.
Whether you can accomplish a specific goal or meet a specific deadline depends first on how
much time you need to get the job done. What should you do when the demands of the job
exceed the time you have available? The best approach is to divide the project into smaller
pieces. Different goals will have to be divided in different ways, but one seemingly unrealistic
goal can often be accomplished by working on several smaller, more reasonable goals.
21. The main idea of the passage is that
a. jobs often remain only partially completed because of lack of time.
b. the best way to complete projects is to make sure your goals are achievable.
c. the best way to tackle a large project is to separate it into smaller parts.
d. the best approach to a demanding job is to delegate responsibility.
Health clubs have undergone a major transformation that can be described in three words:
mind, body, and spirit. Loud, fast, heartt-humping aerobics has been replaced by the hushed
tones of yoga and the controlled movements of Pilates. The clubs are responding to the
needs of their customers who are increasingly looking for a retreat from their hectic lifestyles
and a way to find a healthy balance in their lives by nurturing their whole selves.
22. The main idea of the paragraph is that
 a. exercise is less important now than it once was.
b. health clubs are much less popular now than they were ten years ago.
c. many health clubs will go out of business because of the decline in traditional
exercise.
d. people's desire to nurture all aspects of themselves has contributed to big changes
for health clubs.
For most judges, sentencing a person who has been convicted of a crime is a difficult decision.
In the majority of jurisdictions throughout the country, judges have few sentencing options
from which to choose. Generally, their options are confined to a fine, probation, or
incarceration. Crimes, however, cover a wide spectrum of criminal behavior and motivation,
and a wide variety of sanctions should be available.
23. The main idea of the paragraph is that
a. there should be laws that dictate which sentence a judge should hand down.
b. someone other than a judge should be allowed to sentence a criminal.
c. judges should be given more sentencing options from which to choose.
d. more money should be spent on the criminal justice system.
Before you begin to compose a business letter, sit down and think about your purpose in
writing the letter. Do you want to request information, order a product, register a complaint,
or apply for something? Do some brainstorming and gather information before you begin
writing. Always keep your objective in mind.
24. The main idea of the passage is that
a. planning is an important part of writing a business letter.
b. business letters are frequently complaint letters.
c. brainstorming and writing take approximately equal amounts of time.
d. many people fail to plan ahead when they are writing a business letter.
Keeping busy at important tasks is much more motivating than having too little to do. Today's
employees are not afraid of responsibility. Most people are willing to take on extra
responsibility in order to have more variety in their positions. In addition, along with that
responsibility should come more authority to independently carry out some important tasks.
 25. The main idea of the paragraph is that
a. variety and independence on the job increase employee motivation.
b. to avoid boredom, many people do more work than their jobs require of them.
c. today's employees are demanding more independence than ever before.
d. office jobs in the past have carried less responsibility.
Managing job and family is not simple. Both commitments make strong demands on people
and are sometimes in direct opposition to each other. Saying yes to one means saying no to
the other, and stress can often result. Being realistic and creating a balance in life can help set
priorities.
26. The main idea of the paragraph is that
a. most family responsibilities cause stress at home and at work.
b. because it pays the bills, a job must take priority over other commitments.
c. it is important to have a balance between job and family responsibilities.
d. because they are so important, family duties must take priority over the job.
Women business owners are critically important to the American economy, yet women still
face unique obstacles in the business world. The U.S. Small Business Administration offers a
variety of programs and services to help women-owned businesses succeed and to advocate
for women entrepreneurs.
27. This paragraph best supports the statement that women business owners
a. have more success in the United States than in other countries.
b. cannot succeed without outside help.
c. may find the Small Business Administration a useful resource.
d. should not make any major decisions without seeking the advice of the Small
Business Administration.
Passages in this section can have one to six questions following. You must respond accordingly.
Use of electronic mail (e-mail) has been widespread for more than a decade. E-mail simplifies
the flow of ideas, connects people from distant offices, eliminates the need for meetings, and
often boosts productivity. However, e-mail should be carefully managed to avoid unclear and
inappropriate communication. E-mail messages should be concise and limited to one topic.
When complex issues need to be addressed, phone calls are still best.
28. The main idea of the paragraph is that e-mail
a. is not always the easiest way to connect people from distant offices.
b. has changed considerably since it first began a decade ago.
c. causes people to be unproductive when it is used incorrectly.
d. is effective for certain kinds of messages but only if managed wisely.
29. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
a. Appropriate Use of E-Mail
b. E-Mail's Popularity
c. E-Mail: The Ideal Form of Communication
d. Why Phone Calls Are Better Than E-Mail
Native American art often incorporates a language of abstract visual symbols. The artist gives
a poetic message to the viewer, communicating the beauty of an idea, either by using
religious symbols or a design from nature such as rain on leaves or sunshine on water. The
idea communicated may even be purely whimsical, in which case the artist might start out
with symbols developed from a bird's tracks or a child's toy.
30. The main idea of the passage is that Native American art
a. is purely poetic and dreamlike.
b. is usually abstract, although it can also be poetic and beautiful.
c. communicates the beauty of ideas through the use of symbols.
d. is sometimes purely whimsical.
For years Bob had worked at the horse stable near his farm. He loved grooming,
feeding, and exercising the horses. He had dreamed of owning his own horse some day. His
favorite horse was a brown roan named “Jewel”. Jewel was going to foal any day now. Bob
was saving every penny he could to try to buy Jewel’s foal. His birthday was two days away
and he hoped he would get money for a gift from his parents and grandparents.
On Wednesday after school Bob rushed to the stable. Standing on wobbly legs was a
newborn pony. It was beautiful! The pony had brown and white spots and huge brown eyes.
Bob hated to leave the pony but he had to rush home for his birthday celebration. After
supper, Bob’s mother brought in his cake. He quickly blew out his candles and made a wish.
Then Bob opened his gift from his parents. It was money and a bridle!
31. Name at least two things you can infer:
What were the clues in the text?
Kate had recently opened her own restaurant. Her restaurant served various types of
pasta. Her specialties were lasagna and cannelloni. At first business was very slow at Kate’s
restaurant despite her advertising efforts. Kate decided to use a customer satisfaction
survey. After several weeks, Kate looked at the surveys. Customers seemed very satisfied
with the quality of the food, but a number of people commented that the prices were steep
for the size of the food servings. After reading the surveys Kate decided to create some new
advertisements for the radio and the newspaper.
32. What can you infer about the new advertisements and the changes Kate will make in her
restaurant?
What were the clues in the text?
Jim stomped through the front door after school and tossed his book bag on the
floor. He ran up the stairs to his bedroom and slammed his bedroom door. Jim flung himself
on the bed and put his pillow over his head. He was never going to talk to Pete again!
33. What do you know?
What clues do you have?
What can you infer about Jim?
Mary and Beth were excited about Saturday. They had planned a picnic in the park.
They would ride their bicycles to the park, play for a while, go fishing, and eat the sack
lunches they brought. They were also looking forward to walking around the lake and
feeding the ducks at the park. On Saturday morning, Mary hopped out of bed and looked out
her window. Her shoulders slumped and she frowned.
34. What do you know?
What clues do you have?
What can you infer?
 One Friday night Ben planned to go to a movie with Jane and Bob. It was the newest
action movie and he had wanted to see it for several weeks. Friday afternoon Ben went to
the store. He picked out a candy bar and realized he didn’t have any money with him. He
stuck the candy bar in his pocket, turned to leave the store and was stopped by the store
manager. “Let’s go call your parents, young man,” said the manager.
35. What do you know?
What clues do you have?
What can you infer?
Mrs. Green just finished college. She applied for a job at the school in town to be a
first grade teacher. She had wanted to be a teacher since she was a little girl. She had heard
that the school was looking for someone who had experience as a teacher so when she got a
call from the principal to come in for an interview, she was happy and excited! On the day of
the interview, Mrs. Green went to the school and saw four other people there.
They were also at the school for interviews. All of them were older than she was and looked
very confident. Mrs. Green’s heart “sunk”.
36. What do you know?
What clues do you have?
What can you infer?

2. Predicting the content

Reading is generally defined as a process that helps us to

a) decode, decipher and identify the words in print
b) articulate, speak and pronounce the words in print
c) understand, interpret and sense the meaning of words or text in print
The first one consumes time if done alone. With the guidance of teacher the concept becomes
clear. The second one pertains to reading aloud with the guidance of the teacher. For beginners
loud reading helps them to discover how writing is associated with the spoken words. Yet
reading aloud is a complex activity because our attention is divided between reading and
speaking. Also it slows down the reading speed and often impedes understanding. The third
one is what contributes silent reading or reading for comprehension. It is an activity that we
normally do while reading newspapers, books, posters, road signs, etc. moreover silent reading
is faster than loud reading as the reader concentrates on the written matter. A lot of written
material can be understood even without understanding the meaning of the individual words
and sentences. Many unknown words can be comprehended by placing them in the overall
context of the sentence. We normally, guess, predict and anticipate many things about the
content, ideas of the text, as we read the text. Thus predicting the content of a given reading
passage helps you to speed up the process of comprehension. In order to guess and predict the
meaning you should develop rapid reading skill, your knowledge about the subject, topic
sentences in every paragraph, headings, sub-headings, charts, diagrams, graphs and cohesive
markers like pronouns, repetitions, transitions and synonyms would enable you in the process
of prediction. Predicting the content of any given Passage enables you to comprehend quickly.
When you are able to guess or predict the meaning even before completing the reading of the
Passage, you understand the Passage completely. In order to predict, you should develop the
skill of rapid reading because any good reader is able to think ahead, hypothesize and predict.
While reading you may find certain hints that would help you to predict the content. If the
subject is a known one, you would easily spot the topic sentence in every paragraph, the
headings, subheadings, the diagrams, illustration and the cohesive markers like pronouns,
repetitions and transitions which would help you in the process of prediction.
Ask the students, "What does it mean to predict?"
Paragraph – 1:
The weather forecasters on television look at clouds on the radar and try to predict what the
weather will be like today, tomorrow, and a few days ahead. They don't just guess, they find
clues that tell them what the weather will be like. They also combine those clues with what
they already know to make those predictions.
Just like those weather forecasters, we are going to learn how to predict from the passages
that we hear or read. We are going to look and listen for clues and combine them with what we
already know to tell us what will happen next. Predicting can help us become better readers
and writers. As we read, we can see if our predictions come true.
Ask the students to think of what they already know and to respond:
1. What do you predict you will see when you visit a pet store?
2. What kinds of shows do you predict will be on Saturday morning television?
3. Your friend asks you to go to a movie called "Monsters of the Deep". What do you
predict the movie will be about?
Ask: Where can you make predictions in a story?
Suggested responses:
The most important prediction should come as you read the title or a headline. Other
predictions may happen when you read chapter headings or subtitles, when the author of the
story asks a question, or when a character in a story is about to do something.
Paragraph – 2:
The film industry is facing the challenge of the television screen, which, because of its ready
availability and nearness to entertainment seekers is becoming very popular, particularly in the
west where television programmes are as indispensable to people as newspaper material.
Sustained entertainment for multitudes lasting two or three hours is possible only in big cinema
halls. Scenic beauty, background effects and colour techniques, which have made the products
of cinema industry so attractive and delightful may not be reproduced by television programme
organisers and therefore the important invention in the field of wireless communication,
inspite of having become a big rival of the cinema may not succeed in replacing it.
The motion picture has also stepped into the international sphere as an agent of goodwill and
co-operation among nations. As cultural agents movies can cement ties of love and
brotherhood among nations and teach them to confer on each other the benefits of all the rich
and glorious achievements of the present enlightened age. Film festivals which many European
and Asian countries have been organising from time to time have also proved to be of immense
value in reducing social barriers, colour prejudices and other causes of friction between nations.
In the spheres of human conduct and behaviour, movies are an inexhaustible source of
inventiveness. All our new fashions in respect of the clothes we wear, the cut of our hair, the
shape of our footwear, interior decoration of our rooms and even our manners and habits at
social gatherings owe their origin to cinema industry. In the screen world nothing ever grows
dull and stale; even the most ordinary things look with exquisite charm. The science of makeup
is mainly responsible for the glamour. Tailors, photographers, barbers, shoe makers,
manufacturers of articles, of cosmetics and traders of thousand other varieties of luxury goods
look to this industry for guidance and inspiration for they enrich their professional knowledge
which helps them to meet their customer’s demands.

1. The main idea expressed in the first paragraph is

a) Television is a major rival of the cinema.
b) Films are more attractive than television programmes.
c) Television can never replace cinema.
2. Mention three essential aspects of cinema that cannot be reproduced by the television.
3. Describe the role of movies as cultural agents.

Answers: 1. (a) 2. Scenic beauty, background effects and colour techniques. 3. Movies can serve
as cultural agents for creating goodwill, cooperation and harmony in international cinema.
 Unit – 5 (16 marks)
Giving Impromptu Talks

Many of them are deliberately provocative to stimulate a response. Others are open-ended or
neutral to allow whatever occurs in your mind to fit the topic.
If you're practicing by yourself:
 Choose a speech topic from the list below
 Give yourself a strictly monitored preparation time of no more than one minute in which
to note an opening, a couple of main points with examples and a conclusion.
 Deliver your speech while timing and if possible, recording it. Aim for at least two
minutes.
 When you play it back, listen for fluency, structure and content. Each of those combine
to create the overall impact of your speech.
If you're using these impromptu speaking topics with a friend or in a classroom setting, use the
same method but omit the recording as you can give your feedback verbally.
The goal
Ideally once you or your class has become more confident, you'll lessen the preparation time.
The ultimate goal is to be given a speech topic and to begin speaking on the subject coherently
and easily almost immediately. Literally, you get given the topic, the green light or timer is
flicked on, you open your mouth and go!
Start practicing with this list:
 My three favorite animals.
 What you would find in my closet. Make something up.
 What you'd find under my bed. A spider named Fred and his cousin who can't find a job.
 The best letter of the alphabet.
 Why your mom/dad is special.
 A day that stands out.
 The best surprise ever.
 I lost it!
 If I had a million dollars to give away.
 If cats/dogs ruled the world.
 A trip to remember.
 My favorite day of the year.
 If I could only eat three foods forever.
 If I could design a school.
 Why books are important.
 Three surprising facts about me.
 How to impress your parents.
 How to plan a party.
 A job I'd love to have.
 A day in my life.
 If I could have dinner with anyone.
 If I could travel through time.
 My favorite book.
 An important lesson I've learned.
 What I've learned from cartoons.
 The smartest cartoon character.
 Three things I'd change if I ruled the world.
 Why sports are important. I'm no good, so I'll tell you how bad I am.
 The worst chores at home.
 Why I deserve an allowance.
 If I were in charge of school lunches.
 If I had invented school.
 The best theme park rides.
 Whom do you admire most?
 What is your favorite animal?
 How to achieve your dreams.
 Why you need a baby brother.
 How to annoy an older sister.
 How to save money.
 Three things that scare me.
 Great things about snow days.
 Things you can make out of snow.
 How to spend a rainy day.
 How to walk a dog.
 Great things about the ocean.
 Things I'll never eat.
 How to be a slacker.
 Why I like my town.
 The best parts of a parade.
 Interesting things you see in the sky.
 Things to remember when you're camping.
 An experience with a bully.