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    Proton Precession Magnetometer

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    prasad
    The Proton Precession Magnetometer (PPM) measures the total ambient magnetic field by detecting the precession signal of protons in water or other proton-rich liquids placed in a polarizing coil. When a direct current is applied to align the protons, it is removed to allow the protons to precess around the earth's magnetic field, inducing a voltage in the coil. The frequency of this precession signal is directly proportional to the ambient magnetic field strength. The PPM can thus determine the total magnetic field by measuring the precession frequency, whereas the Fluxgate Magnetometer separately measures the vertical, horizontal, and total components.

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    Proton Precession Magnetometer

    Uploaded by

    prasad
    106 views2 pages
    The Proton Precession Magnetometer (PPM) measures the total ambient magnetic field by detecting the precession signal of protons in water or other proton-rich liquids placed in a polarizing coil. When a direct current is applied to align the protons, it is removed to allow the protons to precess around the earth's magnetic field, inducing a voltage in the coil. The frequency of this precession signal is directly proportional to the ambient magnetic field strength. The PPM can thus determine the total magnetic field by measuring the precession frequency, whereas the Fluxgate Magnetometer separately measures the vertical, horizontal, and total components.

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    EXPLANATIONATON PROTON PRECESSION MAGNETOMETER

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    The Proton Precession Magnetometer (PPM) measures the total ambient magnetic field by detecting the precession signal of protons in water or other proton-rich liquids placed in a polarizing coil. When a direct current is applied to align the protons, it is removed to allow the protons to precess around the earth's magnetic field, inducing a voltage in the coil. The frequency of this precession signal is directly proportional to the ambient magnetic field strength. The PPM can thus determine the total magnetic field by measuring the precession frequency, whereas the Fluxgate Magnetometer separately measures the vertical, horizontal, and total components.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    106 views2 pages

    Proton Precession Magnetometer

    Uploaded by

    prasad
    The Proton Precession Magnetometer (PPM) measures the total ambient magnetic field by detecting the precession signal of protons in water or other proton-rich liquids placed in a polarizing coil. When a direct current is applied to align the protons, it is removed to allow the protons to precess around the earth's magnetic field, inducing a voltage in the coil. The frequency of this precession signal is directly proportional to the ambient magnetic field strength. The PPM can thus determine the total magnetic field by measuring the precession frequency, whereas the Fluxgate Magnetometer separately measures the vertical, horizontal, and total components.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    KND Prasad Magnetic methods 20.10.

    15

    Proton precession magnetometer (PPM)

    Principle:

    Whenever there is some polarising field around a sample of water/kerosene/alcohol


    in a polarising coil an audio frequency signal persist (continues to exist) which is
    directly proportional to ambient magnetic field. PPM measure the Total field where
    as Fluxgate magnetometer measures vertical, horizontal and total fields.

    Q: Why we use proton rich liquid (for example water) in sensor?

    An: The chemical formula for water is 𝐻2 𝑂. Water contains 2 hydrogen atoms (which
    are basically protons) and one oxygen atom. These 2 hydrogen atoms (protons)
    have magnetic moment where as oxygen has no magnetic moment. So, water is
    considered as diamagnetic in which their magnetic axes are arranged either in
    parallel or anti-parallel to the earth’s magnetic field. The number of protons aligning
    parallel to magnetic field, F is always greater than the number of protons in which
    their magnetic axes are aligned anti-parallel to the earth’s magnetic field.

    Working:

    When some amperes of direct current is applied to the sensor as external field, the
    magnetic pole in which their magnetic axes are anti parallel to the earth’s magnetic
    field(F) will be aligned in parallel to F. Complete realignment takes place some times.
    𝑡
    (− )
    𝑀𝑡 = 𝑀𝑎 (1 − 𝑒 𝑇1 )

    Where, 𝑀𝑡 = resultant magnetic moment at time t

    𝑀𝑎 = final saturation of magnetic moment

    𝑇1 = spin-lattice thermal relaxation time of liquid

    Note: 𝑇1 for water = 3 sec, 𝑇1 for distilled water = 5 to 6 sec

    When that external field is removed, the protons will precess themselves like
    gyroscope about the earth’s field (F) and will regain the original position. The
    frequency with which the protons turn to their original orientation is called larmour
    precessional frequency and is given by
    𝛾𝑝
    𝑓= 𝐹
    2𝜋
    Where, 𝛾𝑝 = gyrometric ratio = 2.675e4

    1
    KND Prasad Magnetic methods 20.10.15

    The precession signal lasts for several seconds with its amplitude decaying with time
    exponentially. This induces an electric potential of the same larmour frequency in
    the coil. The amplitude of the induced voltage also obeys an exponential law. The
    amplitude 𝑉𝑡 at any time 𝑡 after cutting off the current is given by
    𝑡
    (− )
    𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑒 2𝑇

    Where, 𝑉𝑜 = initial maximum amplitude

    𝑇2 = traverse relaxation time

    Note: 𝑇1 >𝑇2

    If the frequency (𝑓 ) of the induced voltage id determined accurately, we can easily


    calculate F. F in gammas is 23.482 times the precession frequency.

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