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    2 1 Fundamentals Event Mechanism Chapter 2

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    This document discusses the key components and concepts in simulation modeling. It describes the steps involved in a simulation study including specifying model specifics, generating sample paths, and defining performance metrics. The main components of a simulation model are identified as entities, attributes, variables, resources, queues, statistical accumulators, events, the event calendar, and the simulation clock. The document provides examples to illustrate each component.

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    2 1 Fundamentals Event Mechanism Chapter 2

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    50 views21 pages
    This document discusses the key components and concepts in simulation modeling. It describes the steps involved in a simulation study including specifying model specifics, generating sample paths, and defining performance metrics. The main components of a simulation model are identified as entities, attributes, variables, resources, queues, statistical accumulators, events, the event calendar, and the simulation clock. The document provides examples to illustrate each component.

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    Simulation Modelling

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    This document discusses the key components and concepts in simulation modeling. It describes the steps involved in a simulation study including specifying model specifics, generating sample paths, and defining performance metrics. The main components of a simulation model are identified as entities, attributes, variables, resources, queues, statistical accumulators, events, the event calendar, and the simulation clock. The document provides examples to illustrate each component.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views21 pages

    2 1 Fundamentals Event Mechanism Chapter 2

    Uploaded by

    DEBORA
    This document discusses the key components and concepts in simulation modeling. It describes the steps involved in a simulation study including specifying model specifics, generating sample paths, and defining performance metrics. The main components of a simulation model are identified as entities, attributes, variables, resources, queues, statistical accumulators, events, the event calendar, and the simulation clock. The document provides examples to illustrate each component.

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    of 21

    Fundamental Simulation Concepts

    SIE 431/531
    Young-Jun Son, PhD
    Systems and Industrial Engineering
    son@sie.arizona.edu
    Steps in Simulation Study
    Example (Simple Processing System)

    • General intent
    • Estimate expected production
    • Waiting time in queue, queue length, proportion of time machine is busy
    • Time units
    • Can use different units in different places (minutes, seconds, …)
    • Be careful to check units when specifying inputs
    Model Specifics
    • Initially (time 0) empty and idle
    • Base time units: minutes
    • Input data (assume given for now), in minutes:

    • Stop when 20 minutes of (simulated) time have passed


    Sample Path
    • Sample path
    • Realization of system behavior
    • Stochastic realization; trajectory
    Goals of Study (Performance Metrics)
    • Total production of parts over run (P)
    • Average waiting time of parts in queue:
    N
     WQi N = no. of parts completing queue wait
    WQi = waiting time in queue of ith part
    i 1
    WQ1 = 0 (why?)
    N
    • Maximum waiting time of parts in queue:

    max WQi
    i 1,...,N
    Goals of Study (Performance Metrics) (2)
    • Average number of parts in queue:
    20
    0 Q(t ) dt Q(t) = number of parts in queue at time t
    20

    • Maximum number of parts in queue: max Q(t )


    0t 20
    Goals of Study (Performance Metrics) (3)
    • Average and maximum total time in system of parts (cycle time):
    P
    TSi TSi = time in system of part i
    i 1 , max TSi
    P i 1,...,P

    • Utilization of machine (proportion of time busy)


    20


    B(t ) dt
    0
    , B(t )  10 ifif machine is busy at time t
    machine is idle at time t
    20
    • And, more
    Generation of Sample Path
    • Input data + Logic => sample path (realization of a system
    behavior)
    • What kinds of input data? ( , )
    • What kinds of logic?
    • Recursive equations for a simple system (spreadsheet based simulation)
    • Event mechanism (to be covered)
    Spreadsheet based Simulation
    • Logic: recursive equation
    Spreadsheet based Simulation (2)
    Spreadsheet based Simulation (3)
    • Popular for static models or very simple dynamic models
    • Add-ins – @RISK, Crystal Ball

    • Inadequate tool for dynamic simulations if there’s any complexity


    • Extremely easy to simulate single-server queue in Arena – Chapter
    3
    • Can build very complex dynamic models with Arena – most of rest
    of book
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model
    • Entities
    • Dynamic objects in the simulation
    • Something moving throughout the system
    • Examples: ( )
    • It may not be tangible, such as order for the company, requests,
    etc
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model (2)
    • Attributes
    • Local variable (tag) characterizing entities
    • Each entity can have same or different values
    • Most important thing is that their values are tied to specific entities
    • Examples:

    • Values can be real number, integer number, texts, or some other object
    types: different software supports different data types
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model (3)
    • Variables
    • Information that reflects some characteristics of the system, regardless
    how many or what kinds of entities are around
    • Variables are not tied in specific entity, rather pertain to the system at
    large
    • Examples:

    • System (Arena) built-in variables: TNOW (current simulation time)


    • User specified variables
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model (4)
    • Resources
    • Entities compete with each other for service from resources such as
    personnel, equipment, or space in storage area of limited size
    • Example:

    • Seizing and releasing. Capturing and freeing. Changing of system


    variables
    • Capacity or units of a resource: a resource can represent a group of
    several individual and identical servers. If you want to differentiate them,
    you need to define another resource
    • Definition differs in different simulation packages (for now, we stick to the
    Arena’s definition)
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model (5)
    • Queues
    • A place where entities can wait when no resource is available
    • Queue also has a capacity
    • Example:
    • You must model how to handle an entity arriving at a queue that’s already
    full
    • Should we allow this happen and do something? Balking!!
    • Should we model so that this does not occur?
    • This could be a logical queue or physical queue. This differs depending on
    different simulation packages
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model (6)
    • Statistical Accumulators
    • Variables needed for storing statistical information necessary to estimate
    the desired performance measures (e.g., mean time in system)
    • Several simulation packages take care of statistical accumulation. But, in
    our hand simulation, we will do it manually to understand how it works
    • Examples:
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model (7)
    • Events
    • An event is something that happens at an instant of (simulated) time that
    might change a system state (such as attributes, variables, or statistical
    accumulators)
    • There are four kinds of events in our example:
    • Initialization to set things up: making all zeroes or initialization values
    • Arrival: A new part enters the system
    • Departure: A part finishes its service at the machine and leaves the system
    • The End: The simulation is stopped at time 15 minutes
    • Question: why not the following is not included to the event:
    • “parts leave the queue and begin service at the machine, which changes the
    system”?
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model (8)
    • Event calendar
    • Event calendar is the place where future events are stored
    • Event calendar has a set of records, where each record is associated with
    1) id of an entity, 2) event time, and 3) the kind of event (init, arrive,
    depart, or end)
    • When it’s time to execute the next event, the top record is removed from
    the calendar and the information in this record is used to execute the
    appropriate logic, such as changing variables, showing message boxes, or
    placing new records to the event calendar
    • Arena (or other commercial simulation packages) places newly scheduled
    events to the event calendar in increasing order of event times) => the
    top one is always the next event to occur
    • The variables that describe the system don’t change between successive
    events
    • Example: machine start processing, machine end processing: no change of
    system states
    Components (terminologies) of Simulation Model (9)
    • Simulation clock:
    • The current value of simulation clock (TNOW)
    • Simulation does not take all values and flow continuously
    • Updated when events occur (the event time of the top record from the
    event calendar becomes the current simulation time before the associated
    logic is performed)

    • Stopping rule of simulation:


    • Time or number of parts produced, etc
    • If stopping rule is not properly given, simulation may run for ever: you
    must kill the process (thread)

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