Running Head: International Icons In Nursing

Timothy Williams

13th October, 2017.

Nursing Professionalism NC 116 Unit 1

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Acknowledgment

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher (Name of the teacher) as well as our
principal (Name of the principal)who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic (Write the topic name), which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about
so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame

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Introduction

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Content Page

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Body

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Conclusion

In Conclusion the researcher can now apply his knowledge gathered while researching this assignment
to provide holistic care to all client or patient. The researcher have found that all the theories has
applied there theory skill and knowledge to give care an also help to improve an in hand nurses function
competent and effectively in the delivery of care to all client.

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Glossary

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References

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Name: Florence Nightingale

D.O.B: 12th May, 1820

D.O.D: August 13th , 1910

Other Name: The Lady with the Lamp

Known for: Pioneering modern nursing

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Background

Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. She was the younger of two children.
Nightingale’s affluent British family belonged to elite social circles. Her mother, Frances Nightingale,
hailed from a family of merchants and took pride in socializing with people of prominent social standing.
Despite her mother’s interest in social climbing, Florence herself was reportedly awkward in social
situations. She preferred to avoid being the center of attention whenever possible. Strong-willed,
Florence often butted heads with her mother, whom she viewed as overly controlling. Still, like many
daughters, she was eager to please her mother. “I think I am got something more good-natured and
complying,” Florence wrote in her own defense, concerning the mother-daughter relationship.

Florence’s father was William Shore Nightingale, a wealthy landowner who had inherited two estates—
one at Lea Hurst, Derbyshire, and the other in Hampshire, Embley Park—when Florence was five years
old. Florence was raised on the family estate at Lea Hurst, where her father provided her with a classical
education, including studies in German, French and Italian.

From a very young age, Florence Nightingale was active in philanthropy, ministering to the ill
and poor people in the village neighboring her family’s estate. By the time she was 16 years old,
it was clear to her that nursing was her calling. She believed it to be her divine purpose.

When Nightingale approached her parents and told them about her ambitions to become a nurse,
they were not pleased. In fact, her parents forbade her to pursue nursing. During the Victorian
Era, a young lady of Nightingale’s social stature was expected to marry a man of means—not
take up a job that was viewed as lowly menial labor by the upper social classes. When
Nightingale was 17 years old, she refused a marriage proposal from a “suitable” gentleman,
Richard Monckton Milnes. Nightingale explained her reason for turning him down, saying that
while he stimulated her intellectually and romantically, her “moral…active nature…requires
satisfaction, and that would not find it in this life.” Determined to pursue her true calling despite
her parents’ objections, in 1844, Nightingale enrolled as a nursing student at the Lutheran
Hospital of Pastor Fliedner in Kaiserwerth, Germany.

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Education

In the early 1850s, Nightingale returned to London, where she took a nursing job in a Middlesex hospital
for ailing governesses. Her performance there so impressed her employer that Nightingale was
promoted to superintendent within just a year of being hired. The position proved challenging as
Nightingale grappled with a cholera outbreak and unsanitary conditions conducive to the rapid spread of
the disease. Nightingale made it her mission to improve hygiene practices, significantly lowering the
death rate at the hospital in the process. The hard work took a toll on her health. She had just barely
recovered when the biggest challenge of her nursing career presented itself.

In October of 1853, the Crimean War broke out. The British Empire was at war against the Russian
Empire for control of the Ottoman Empire. Thousands of British soldiers were sent to the Black Sea,
where supplies quickly dwindled. By 1854, no fewer than 18,000 soldiers had been admitted into
military hospitals.

At the time, there were no female nurses stationed at hospitals in the Crimea. The poor reputation of
past female nurses had led the war office to avoid hiring more. But, after the Battle of Alma, England
was in an uproar about the neglect of their ill and injured soldiers, who not only lacked sufficient
medical attention due to hospitals being horribly understaffed, but also languished in appallingly
unsanitary and inhumane conditions.

In late 1854, Nightingale received a letter from Secretary of War Sidney Herbert, asking her to organize a
corps of nurses to tend to the sick and fallen soldiers in the Crimea. Nightingale rose to her calling. She
quickly assembled a team of 34 nurses from a variety of religious orders, and sailed with them to the
Crimea just a few days later.

Although they had been warned of the horrid conditions there, nothing could have prepared Nightingale
and her nurses for what they saw when they arrived at Scutari, the British base hospital in
Constantinople. The hospital sat on top of a large cesspool, which contaminated the water and the
hospital building itself. Patients lay on in their own excrement on stretchers strewn throughout the
hallways. Rodents and bugs scurried past them. The most basic supplies, such as bandages and soap,
grew increasingly scarce as the number of ill and wounded steadily increased. Even water needed to be
rationed. More soldiers were dying from infectious diseases like typhoid and cholera than from injuries
incurred in battle.

The no-nonsense Nightingale quickly set to work. She procured hundreds of scrub brushes and asked
the least infirm patients to scrub the inside of the hospital from floor to ceiling. Nightingale herself spent
every waking minute caring for the soldiers. In the evenings she moved through the dark hallways
carrying a lamp while making her rounds, ministering to patient after patient. The soldiers, who were
both moved and comforted by her endless supply of compassion, took to calling her “the Lady with the
Lamp.” Others simply called her “the Angel of the Crimea.” Her work reduced the hospital’s death rate
by two-thirds.

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In additional to vastly improving the sanitary conditions of the hospital, Nightingale created a number of
patient services that contributed to improving the quality of their hospital stay. She instituted the
creation of an “invalid’s kitchen” where appealing food for patients with special dietary requirements
was cooked. She established a laundry so that patients would have clean linens. She also instituted a
classroom and a library, for patients’ intellectual stimulation and entertainment. Based on her
observations in the Crimea, Nightingale wrote Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and
Hospital Administration of the British Army, an 830-page report analyzing her experience and proposing
reforms for other military hospital operating under poor conditions. The book would spark a total
restructuring of the War Office’s administrative department, including the establishment of a Royal
Commission for the Health of the Army in 1857. Nightingale remained at Scutari for a year and a half.
She left in the summer of 1856, once the Crimean conflict was resolved, and returned to her childhood
home at Lea Hurst. To her surprise she was met with a hero’s welcome, which the humble nurse did her
best to avoid. The Queen rewarded Nightingale’s work by presenting her with an engraved brooch that
came to be known as the “Nightingale Jewel” and by granting her a prize of $250,000 from the British
government.

Nightingale decided to use the money to further her cause. In 1860, she funded the establishment of St.
Thomas’ Hospital, and within it, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses. Nightingale became a figure
of public admiration. Poems, songs and plays were written and dedicated in the heroine’s honor. Young
women aspired to be like her. Eager to follow her example, even women from the wealthy upper classes
started enrolling at the training school. Thanks to Nightingale, nursing was no longer frowned upon by
the upper classes; it had, in fact, come to be viewed as an honorable vocation.

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Later Life

While at Scutari, Nightingale had contracted “Crimean fever” and would never fully recover. By the time
she was 38 years old, she was homebound and bedridden, and would be so for the remainder of her life.
Fiercely determined, and dedicated as ever to improving health care and alleviating patients’ suffering,
Nightingale continued her work from her bed.

Residing in Mayfair, she remained an authority and advocate of health care reform, interviewing
politicians and welcoming distinguished visitors from her bed. In 1859, she published Notes on
Hospitals, which focused on how to properly run civilian hospitals.

Throughout the U.S. Civil War, she was frequently consulted about how to best manage field hospitals.
Nightingale also served as an authority on public sanitation issues in India for both the military and
civilians, although she had never been to India herself.

In 1908, at the age of 88, she was conferred the merit of honor by King Edward. In May of 1910, she
received a congratulatory message from King George on her 90th birthday.

Death and Legacy

In August 1910, Florence Nightingale fell ill, but seemed to recover and was reportedly in good spirits. A
week later, on the evening of Friday, August 12, 1910, she developed an array of troubling symptoms.
She died unexpectedly at 2 pm the following day, Saturday, August 13, at her home in London.

Characteristically, she had expressed the desire that her funeral be a quiet and modest affair, despite
the public’s desire to honor Nightingale—who tirelessly devoted her life to preventing disease and
ensuring safe and compassionate treatment for the poor and the suffering. Respecting her last wishes,
her relatives turned down a national funeral. The “Lady with the Lamp” was laid to rest in a family plot
at Westminster Abbey. The Florence Nightingale Museum, which sits at the site of the original
Nightingale Training School for Nurses, houses more than 2,000 artifacts commemorating the life and
career of the “Angel of the

Contributions to Nursing/ Changes Made

Nightingale develop the first training school,she also contribute to save lives of the injured soldiers,but
she bought about changes in the medical system that have save countless lives since she was
responsible for hospital improving their standard for sterility and care of open wounds.nightingale is
also famous for her’’polar-area diagran’’ that showed how much death is cause by a lack of sanitation.
Not only did this diagram help to open the eyes of everyone from small town doctors to the queen of
England, but also showed how using statistic can help expose easily resolved problems in events the
most delicate of career fields. The contributions of Florence Nightingale to nursing are well documented.

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Her achievements in improving the standards for the care of war casualties in the Crimea earned her the
title “Lady with the Lamp.” Her efforts in reforming hospitals and in producing and implementing public
health policies also made her an accomplished political nurse: She was the first nurse to exert political
pressure on government. Through her contributions to nursing education— perhaps her greatest
achievement—she is also recognized as nursing’s first scientist-theorist for her work Notes on Nursing:
What It Is, and What It Is Not (1860/1969). Nightingale (Figure 1–9 •) was born to a wealthy and
intellectual family. She believed she was “called by God to help others . . . [and] to improve the well-
being of mankind” (Schuyler, 1992, p. 4). She was determined to become a nurse in spite of opposition
from her family and the restrictive societal code for affluent young English women. As a well-traveled
young woman of the day, she visited Kaiserswerth in 1847, where she received 3 months’ training in
nursing.

In 1853 she studied in Paris with the Sisters of Charity, after which she returned to England to assume
the position of superintendent of a charity hospital for ill governesses. When she returned to England
from the Crimea, a grateful

English public gave Nightingale an honorarium of £4,500. She later used this money to develop the
Nightingale Training School for Nurses, which opened in 1860. The school served as a model for other
training schools. Its graduates traveled to other countries to manage hospitals and institute nurse-
training programs. Despite poor health that left her an invalid, Florence Nightingale

worked tirelessly until her death at age 90. As a passionate statistician, she conducted extensive
research and analysis (Florence Nightingale International Foundation, 2014). Nightingale is often
referred to as the first nurse researcher. For example, her record keeping proved that her interventions
dramatically reduced mortality rates among soldiers during the Crimean War. Nightingale’s vision of
nursing changed society’s view of nursing. She believed in personalized and holistic client care. Her
vision also included public health and health promotion roles for nurses. It is easy to see how Florence
Nightingale still serves as a model for nurses today

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Florence Nightingale Books

-Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not

-Cassandra
by Florence Nightingale, Myra Stark published 1979

Florence Nightingale - To Her Nurses

Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution

Letters from Egypt: A journey on the Nile, 1987 by Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale Favorite Quotes

1.No man, not even a doctor, ever gives any other definition of what a nurse should be than this –
‘devoted and obedient’. This definition would do just as well for a porter. It might even do for a horse. It
would not do for a policeman.

2. The amount of relief and comfort experienced by the sick after the skin has been carefully washed
and dried, is one of the commonest observations made at a sick bed.

3. The only English patients I have ever known refuse tea, have been typhus cases; and the first sign of
their getting better was their craving again for tea.

4. Women should have the true nurse calling, the good of the sick first the second only the consideration
of what is their ‘place’ to do – and that women who want for a housemaid to do this or the charwomen
to do that, when the patient is suffering, have not the making of a nurse in them.

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Name: Mary Seacole

D.O.B 1805 IN Kingston Jamaica

D.O.D 14th May 1881 (Aged 76)

Other Name: Mother Seacole

Known For: Assistance to sick and wounded military personnel during Crimean War

Honors: Jamaica Order Of Merit

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Background

About Mary Seacole: As a child, the young Mary was fascinated with medicine, and from her mother
she began learning many traditional Caribbean and African medicines.Mary gained knowledge in
treating endemic illnesses such as yellow fever. With the help of a ‘Kind patroness’ (local elderly, rich
lady)Mary achieved a good education and trained as a nurse . . Her mother was a "doctress", a healer
who used traditional Caribbean and African herbal remedies, who ran Blundell Hall, a boarding house at
7 East Street, considered one of the best hotels in all Kingston.[16] Here Seacole acquired her nursing
skills. Seacole's autobiography says she began experimenting in medicine, based on what she learned
from her mother, by ministering to a doll and then progressing to pets before helping her mother treat
humans.[17]

Mary Seacole was a Jamaican nurse who cared for British soldiers at the battlefront during the Crimean
War. Mary Seacole was born in 1805 in Kingston, Jamaica. Her father was a Scottish soldier and her
mother a free black Jamaican woman who was skilled in traditional medicine. Seacole was in London in
1854 when reports of the hardships for soldiers in the Crimean War were made public. She went to the
Crimea, assisted at the military hospitals and distributed remedies for cholera and dysentery. Seacole
died in 1881.Early life, 1805–25 After the war she returned to England destitute and in ill health. The
press highlighted her plight and in July 1857 a benefit festival was organized to raise money for her,
attracting thousands of people. Later that year, Seacole published her memoirs, 'The Wonderful
Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands'.

Seacole was proud of both her Jamaican and Scottish ancestry and called herself a Creole,[15] a term
that was commonly used in a racially neutral sense or to refer to the children of white settlers with
indigenous women.[18] In her autobiography, The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole, she records
her bloodline thus: "I am a Creole, and have good Scots blood coursing through my veins. My father was
a soldier of an old Scottish family."[14][19] Legally, she was classified as a mulatto, a multiracial person
with limited political rights;[20] Robinson speculates that she may technically have been a
quadroon.[21] Seacole emphasizes her personal vigor in her autobiography, distancing herself from the
contemporary stereotype of the "lazy Creole",[15][22][23] She was proud of her black ancestry, writing,
"I have a few shades of deeper brown upon my skin which shows me related – and I am proud of the
relationship – to those poor mortals whom you once held enslaved, and whose bodies America still
owns."[24] After it became popular, Seacole decided to team up with Thomas Day to set up a company
which would provide medical supplies and home comfort.

The West Indies were an outpost of the British Empire in the late 18th century, and the source or
destination of one-third of Britain's foreign trade in the 1790s.[25] Britain's economic interests were
protected by a massive military presence, with 69 line infantry regiments serving there between 1793
and 1801, and another 24 between 1803 and 1815.[26][relevant? – discuss]Seacole spent some years in
the household of an elderly woman, whom she called her "kind patroness",[15] before returning to her
mother. She was treated as a member of her patroness's family and received a good education.[27] As
the educated daughter of a Scottish officer and a free black woman with a respectable business, Seacole
would have held a high position in Jamaican society.[28]

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Education

Mary achieved a good education and trained as a nurse In 1850, cholera infected many people in
Jamaica, killing about 31,000 (Seaton, 2002). During this time of need, Mary began to work with other
doctors, and gained knowledge about the disease which led her to discover a medicine that could help
increase patients likelihood of survival.

The following year, Mary Seacole opened another boarding house in Panama when visiting her brother.
Soon after her arrival, cholera broke out, and there was no doctor to care for the sick patients. In the
beginning residents did not accept Mary’s care, because she was a black woman (Seaton, 2002).
Eventually they saw she was their only option and allowed her help. Mary worked throughout the
pandemic, saving many lives. She treated many sick patients, where she provided free care for the poor
(Ellis, 2009). Mary continued onto Cuba, to help the patients sick with Cholera, then headed back to
Jamaica in 1853 to help those who had fallen ill to yellow fever. She helped out by organizing nursing at
the Kingston hospital, in order to provide sufficient care to the citizens who had fallen ill (Ellis, 2009).

When the Crimean war began, Mary Seacole knew that her knowledge would be useful, and decided to
travel to London in 1854. She was determined to offer her services to the British army to continue
saving many lives. She was unfortunately turned town by various war offices, as well as Florence
Nightingales organization because of the colour of her skin. She did not give up on her effort to help in
the Crimean war and went there on her own to help with the wounded and sick soldiers (Seaton, 2002).
Seacole would sometimes get the courage to venture out onto the battlefield in order to help the
wounded soldiers in need. Mary Seacole became well known across the Crimea and England due to her
heroic actions (Seaton, 2002)

Contribution to nursing/ Changes Made

Mary Seacole, cared for yellow fever victims, many of whom were British soldiers. Seacole was in
London in 1854 when reports of the lack of necessities and breakdown of nursing care for soldiers in the
Crimean war began to be made public. Despite her experience, her rejection toracial prejudice. In 1855,
with the help of a relative of her husband, she went to Crimea as a sutler, setting up the British hotel to
sell, food, supplies, and medicines to the troops. She assisted the wounded at the military hospitals and
was familiar figure at the transfer points for casualties from the front .her remedies for cholera and
dysentery were particularly valued. She the contributed in establishing the Mary Seacole Centre for
nursing practice in 1998, with its main goal being ‘To enable the integration of a multiethnic ties’ into
the process of nursing and midwifery recruitment, education practice, and management of research .

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Books authored

Seacole authored a book based on her travels in Panama,where she ran a store for men going overland
to the California Gold Rush and her experiences in the Crimean War, where she ran a store and catering
service for officers. There, her compassion and dedication earned her the nickname “Mother Seacole.
On her return to England, Mary wrote the book 'Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands'
about her life. This influenced many people to raise money for her and fund other set ups like Mary
Seacole had done herself.

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Name: Clara Barton

D.O.B: December 25, 1821

D.O.D: April 12, 1912

Other Name: The angel of the battlefield

Known For: She was a pioneering nurse who founded the American Red Cross

Honors: The Clara Barton Honor Award is the highest award the American Red Cross bestows on
volunteers

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Background

Born in Massachusetts in 1821, Clara Harlow Barton was the youngest of six children. Barton
supplemented her early education with practical experience, working as a clerk and book keeper for her
oldest brother. She worked for several years as a teacher, even starting her own school in Bordentown,
New Jersey in 1853. In 1854 she moved south to Washington, D.C. in search of a warmer climate. From
1854 to 1857 she was employed as a clerk in the Patent Office until her anti-slavery opinions made her
too controversial. When she went home to New England she continued the charity works and
philanthropy she had begun in Washington.

Early in 1861 Barton returned to Washington, D.C. and, when the Civil War broke out, she was one of
the first volunteers to appear at the Washington Infirmary to care for wounded soldiers. After her
father’s death late in 1861, Barton left the city hospitals to go among the soldiers in the field. Her
presence—and the supplies she brought with her in three army wagons—was particularly welcome at
the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) where overworked surgeons were trying to make bandages out of
corn husks. Barton organized able-bodied men to perform first aid, carry water, and prepare food for
the wounded. Throughout the war, Barton and her supply wagons traveled with the Union army giving
aid to Union casualties and Confederate prisoners. Some of the supplies, like the transportation, were
provided by the army quartermaster in Washington, D.C., but most were purchased with donations
solicited by Barton or by her own funds. (After the war she was reimbursed by Congress for her
expenses.)

In 1863, Clara Barton would travel to the Union controlled coastal regions around Charleston, South
Carolina. On July 14, 1863 Barton moved from Hilton Head Island to Morris Island to tend the growing
number of sick and wounded soldiers - a list that would greatly expand after the failed Union assault on
Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863.

Later in the Morris Island campaign, Clara Barton, working out of her tent, would seek to address the
growing problem of sickness on the island by passing out fresh food and mail to the troops in the
trenches. Despite her great efforts, Barton herself would become gravely ill and would be evacuated to
Hilton Head island.

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Education

Education with practical experience, working as a clerk and book keeper for her oldest brother. She
worked for several years as a teacher, even starting her own school in Bordentown, New Jersey in 1853.

She was a hospital nurse in the American Civil War, a teacher, and patent clerk. Nursing education was
not very formalized at that time and Clara did not attend nursing school. So she provided self-taught
nursing care.[1] Barton is noteworthy for doing humanitarian work at a time when relatively few women
worked outside the home.

Contributions to Nursing/Changes Made

Educator, nurse and founder of the American Red Cross Clara Barton was born. Barton spent much of
her life in the service of others and created an organization that still helps people in need today -- the
American Red Cross. She even brought her own supplies to the front lines in an effort to serve more
soldiers. In 1873, Barton proposed the creation of the American Red Cross to provide medical aid in
wartime and crises. ... Clara Barton pushed the limits and expectations for both women and health care
services .Nov 30, 2010

A shy child, she first found her calling when she tended to her brother David after an accident. Barton
later found another outlet for her desire to be helpful as a teenager. She became a teacher at age 15
and later opened a free public school in New Jersey. She moved to Washington, D.C., to work in the U.S.
Patent Office as a clerk in the mid-1850s. Clara Barton is widely regarded as an American hero. Her
efforts to provide medical services were more than expressions of good will – she linked health care
with progress and the power of women during a time when women were considered inferior to men.

One of Barton's greatest achievements was her role in improving the delivery of medical services during
wartime. She was a volunteer nurse during the Civil War, but her dedication and ingenuity gained her
the respect of army officers. As a result, she was given permission to play a much more engaged role
than the average volunteer nurse.

Primarily, her efforts during the Civil War focused on efficiency and access. The medical services of the
Union Army were limited and many soldiers died due to neglect. Barton convinced military officers to
improve protocol at one battlefield where wounded soldiers often died waiting in ambulances and in
the field to go to the hospital. She even brought her own supplies to the front lines in an effort to serve
more soldiers.

In 1873, Barton proposed the creation of the American Red Cross to provide medical aid in wartime and
crises. The organization was ratified by the Treaty of Geneva in 1881, and she became the first president
– a remarkable feat for someone who did not even have the right to vote. In the years following, Barton
traveled around the world to assist people in crises who needed medical help. She even sailed to
Istanbul for negotiations with Emperor Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire, who permitted her to
open an American International Red Cross headquarters in the heart of Beijing. She brought the

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organization to Armenia, Cuba, and other places throughout the world. Barton felt that every person,
regardless of their race or creed, deserved access to medical care.

After her resignation from the Red Cross presidency, she began an organization called the National First
Aid Society. The society developed the original first aid kits and provided first aid classes and
information about first aid medical care to the public.

Clara Barton pushed the limits and expectations for both women and health care services. She felt a
strong duty to her community and a commitment to the health of the nation.

The new health care law is a step closer to Barton's vision to universal access to medical care, especially
the medical care of women. The Affordable Care Act fights discrimination against women by insurance
companies and fights for access to quality care:

Angel of the Battlefield'

During the Civil War, Clara Barton sought to help the soldiers in any way she could. At the beginning, she
collected and distributed supplies for the Union Army. Not content sitting on the sidelines, Barton
served as an independent nurse and first saw combat in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1862. She also cared
for soldiers wounded at Antietam. Barton was nicknamed "the angel of the battlefield" for her work.

After the war ended in 1865, Clara Barton worked for the War Department, helping to either reunite
missing soldiers and their families or find out more about those who were missing. She also became a
lecturer and crowds of people came to hear her talk about her war experiences.

The American Red Cross

While visiting Europe, Clara Barton worked with a relief organization known as the International Red
Cross during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–'71. Sometime after returning home to the United States,
she began to lobby for an American branch of this international organization.

The American Red Cross Society was founded in 1881 and Barton served as its first president. As its
leader, Clara Barton oversaw assistance and relief work for the victims of such disasters as the 1889
Johnstown Flood and the 1900 Galveston Flood.

Later Years and Death

Clara Barton resigned from the American Red Cross in 1904 amid an internal power struggle and claims
of financial mismanagement. While she was known to be an autocratic leader, she never took a salary
for her work within the organization and sometimes used her funds to support relief efforts.

After leaving the Red Cross, Clara Barton remained active, giving speeches and lectures.

. Barton died at her home in Glen Echo, Maryland, on April 12, 1912.

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Clara Barton/Quotes

-I may be compelled to face danger, but never fear it, and while our soldiers can stand and fight, I can
stand and feed and nurse them.

-Everybody's business is nobody's business, and nobody's business is my business.

-The patriot blood of my father was warm in my veins.

-The surest test of discipline is its absence.

Books authored

- She also wrote a book entitled The Story of My Childhood, which was published in 1907

-A Story of the Red Cross Glimpses of Field Work by Clara Barton

-A Story of the Red Cross Glimpses of Field Work by Clara Barton

-Expedition in Asia Minor and Relief Operation by Clara Barton

-The Red Cross in Peace and War by Clara Barton

-A Story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of Field Work (History of Nursing Series)
by Clara Barton

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Name: Lillian Wald

D.O.B: March 10, 1867

D.O.D: September 1, 1940

Known For: She was known for contributions to human rights and was the founder of American
community nursing. She founded the Henry Street Settlement in New York City and was an early
advocate to have nurses in public schools.

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Background

Wald was born into a German-Jewish middle-class family in Cincinnati, Ohio; her father was an optical
dealer. In 1878, she moved with her family to Rochester, New York. She attended Miss Crittenden’s
English-French Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies. She applied to Vassar College at the age of 16,
but the school thought that she was too young. In 1889, she attended New York Hospital's School of
Nursing. She graduated from the New York Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1891, then took
courses at the Woman's Medical College.[2]

Biography of Lillian Wald - Early Life and Education

Lillian D. Wald was the third of four children born to affluent German-Jewish parents in Cincinnati, Ohio
on March 10, 1867. She later described her childhood as happy in a home that was filled with books and
music. The family moved to Rochester, New York, in 1878, and there she attended a boarding and day
school.

Her interest in nursing was awakened when she watched a private duty nurse take care of her sister. In
1889, she entered the New York Hospital Training School for Nurses and graduated in 1891.
Postgraduate courses introduced her to home nursing in the poor Lower East Side of New York where
she saw how immigrant families existed in their meager surroundings. Her student assignment was to
structure a home nursing plan Lillian Wald's Nursing Career

The miserable living conditions of the immigrants affected Lillian so deeply that she moved to their
neighborhood and set up an office to treat their medical needs, becoming the first public health nurse.
As she gained the confidence of the people and managed to obtain financial support, her staff increased
to four nurses. Needing more space, she moved the office to 265 Henry Street in 1895 where it still is in
operation today as Henry Street Settlement.

By 1906, the staff of Henry Street Settlement grew to 27, and by 1913, there were 92 nurses and other
staff members. Lillian called their work public health nursing, and they not only addressed medical
needs but also taught basic sanitation, cooking and sewing. She saw the need for public school nursing,
and her ideas and recommendations prompted the New York Board of Health to organize the first public
health nursing service in the world, the Visiting Nurse Service of New York. She also convinced
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company to provide nursing insurance, and other insurance companies
followed its lead.

Wald reached out to the community in numerous ways. She saw a need for a recreational and cultural
center and opened the Henry Street Neighborhood Playhouse in 1915. She became active in the labor
movement and helped start the Women's Trade Union League in 1903. Always concerned about the
treatment of African-Americans, she was one of the founders of the National Association of the

26
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Their first public meeting was held at the Henry Street
Settlement.

Wald's involvement in international humanitarian issues was heightened by a six-month trip to various
counties in 1910. In 1914, her belief in women's suffrage and peace led her to protest the United States'
entrance into World War I. She joined the Women's Peace Party and helped organize the Women's
International League for Peace and Freedom.

Through Wald's work, she gained the attention of public officials. Before the end of her career, she
received numerous awards and was recognized for her public health contributions by the New York
governor, New York City mayor and President Franklin R. Roosevelt. In 1922, she was named as one of
the 12 greatest living women by the New York Times and later was named the Outstanding Citizen of
New York.

The Nursing Legacy of Lillian Wald

Historians regard Lillian D. Wald as the founder of the modern-day public health nursing. The Henry
Street Settlement and the Visiting Nurse Service in New York City stand as living memorials to her
lifelong dedication to humanitarian causes. At her death in 1940, thousands of people from all walks of
life mourned the loss of a leader. She once said that nursing was love, and she lived by that truth until
the end of her life

Later life

She died of a cerebral hemorrhage on September 1, 1940. A rabbi conducted a memorial service at
Henry Street's Neighborhood Playhouse. A private service was also held at Wald's home. A few months
later at Carnegie Hall, over 2,000 people gathered at a tribute to Wald that included messages delivered
by the president, governor and mayor.She was interred at Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester.[10]

Contribution

To help the poor, Lillian D. Wald started the Visiting Nurse Service in 1893, and two years later she
opened the Henry Street Settlement. Wald also worked on behalf of women’s rights and the welfare of
children, establishing the Women’s Trade Union League and spearheaded a federal organization to help
children. After years lobbying for this idea, the Children’s Bureau was established in 1912.

27
Education

Soon after graduating from the New York Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1891, Lillian D. Wald
experienced first-hand the poor living conditions of those residing in the city's tenements. To help this
struggling population, she started the Visiting Nurse Service in 1893. Two years later, she established the
Henry Street Settlement to further aid those in need.

In addition to public health, Lillian D. Wald worked on behalf of women's rights and the welfare of
children. To help women in the workforce, she helped establish the Women's Trade Union League in
1903. Two years later, Wald came up with the idea of establishing a federal organization to help children
and to end the practice of child labor. She spent years lobbying for this idea to become a reality--the
Children's Bureau was established in 1912

Books Authored

-the house of henry street published in 1915

-Lillian D. Wald, Progressive Activist published in 1989

28
Name: Mary Mahoney

D.O.B: May 7, 1845

D.O.D: January 4, 1926

Known For: First black woman to complete nurse's training in the U.S

29
Background

Mary Mahoney became the first black woman to complete nurse's training in 1879.

Mary Mahoney was born on May 7, 1845 (some sources say April 16), in Boston, Massachusetts. She
was admitted to the nursing school of the New England Hospital for Women and Children, and became
the first black woman to complete nurse's training in 1879. She was also one of the first black members
of the American Nurses Association, and has been credited as one of the first women to register to vote
in Boston following the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Mahoney was inducted into both
the Nursing Hall of Fame and the National Women's Hall of Fame. She died in Boston in 1926.

Mary Eliza Mahoney was born on May 7, 1845 (some sources say April 16, 1845), in the Dorchester
neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. After working for several years as a private-duty nurse at
Boston's New England Hospital for Women and Children, in 1878, Mahoney was admitted to the
hospital's nursing program.

The following year, Mary Mahoney made history when she became the first black woman to complete
nurse's training. Subsequently, she became one of the first black members of the Nurses Associated
Alumnae of the United States and Canada (later renamed the American Nurses Association), as well as a
member of the newly founded National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses.

In addition to her pioneering efforts in nursing, Mahoney has been credited as one of the first women to
register to vote in Boston following the ratification of the 19th Amendment, granting women's suffrage,
on August 26, 1920.

In the early 1900s, Mahoney relocated to Long Island, New York, to serve a stint as supervisor of the
Howard Orphan Asylum for Black Children, returning to Massachusetts thereafter.

Mahoney was inducted into the Nursing Hall of Fame in 1976 and received induction into the National
Women's Hall of Fame in 1993. She died in Boston on January 4, 1926, at the age of 80.

Early life and Education

After gaining her nursing diploma, Mahoney worked for many years as a private care nurse, earning a
distinguished reputation. She worked for predominantly white, wealthy families. Families who employed
Mahoney praised her efficiency in her nursing profession. Mahoney's professionalism helped raise the
status and standards of all nurses, especially minorities. Mahoney was known for her skills and
preparedness. Some of the wealthy families’ insisteMary Eliza Mahoney was born in 1845 in Dorchester,
Massachusetts. Mahoney's parents were freed slaves, originally from North Carolina, who moved north
before the Civil War in pursuit of a life with less racial discrimination. Mahoney was the oldest of three
children; she attended the Phillips School, one of the first integrated schools in Boston.

30
Mahoney knew early on that she wanted to become a nurse. She worked at the New England Hospital
for Women and Children (now the Dimock Community Health Center) for 15 years before being
accepted into its nursing school, the first in the United States. She was 33 years old when she was
admitted in 1878.Mahoney's training required she spend at least one year in the hospital's various
wards to gain universal nursing knowledge. She was also required to attend lectures and educate herself
by instruction of doctors in the ward, and to work for several months as a private-duty nurse. After
completing these requirements, Mahoney graduated in 1879 as a registered nurse — the first black
woman to do so in the United States.

Contribution To nursing/ Changes made

Mahoney spent the good part of the next 30 years working as a private care nurse. Her reputation was
impeccable as she worked all across the U.S. Eastern Seaboard. In addition, Mahoney served as director
of the Howard Orphan Asylum for black children in Long Island, New York.

Mahoney was an original member of the predominately white Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United
States and Canada – known later as the American Nurses Association (ANA). She later co-founded the
National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN), in 1908. Serving as the NACGN’s national
chaplain, Mahoney gave the welcoming address at the first convention of the NACGN. In 1951, the
NACGN would merge with the ANA.

After over 40 years of nursing service, Mahoney retired and turned her focus to women’s equality. The
progression was natural given her fight for minority rights during her professional career. In 1920, she
was among the first women to register to vote in Boston, Massachusetts.

31
Name: Mary Nutting

D.O.B : November 1, 1858,

D.O.D: October 3, 1948

Known For: pioneer in the field of hospital care.

32
Background

In November 1858, Mary Adelaide Nutting was born to Vespasian and Harriet Sophia Nutting at a
hospital in Frost Village, District of East Canada (present-day Quebec).[1][2] Her parents were of English
descent, and as Loyalists most likely emigrated to Canada from the US. This was a common trend for
many people who remained loyal to the English crown during the American Civil War, and subsequent to
the US victory fled the country to seek refuge in the British colony of Quebec.[1][3] One of six children,
she was particularly close to her only sister, who shared similar interest in the arts and music. At a young
age, Nutting's family moved to Waterloo, and this is where she spent a better part of her childhood.

Mary Adelaide Nutting (November 1, 1858 – October 3, 1948) was an American nurse, educator, and
pioneer in the field of hospital care. After graduating from Johns Hopkins University's first nurse training
program in 1891, Nutting helped to found a modern nursing program at the school. In 1907, she became
involved in an experimental program at the new Teachers College at Columbia University. Ascending to
the role of chair of the nursing and health department, Nutting authored a vanguard curriculum based
on preparatory nursing education, public health studies, and social service emphasis. She served as
president of a variety of councils and committees that served to standardize nursing education and ease
the process of meshing nurse-profession interest with state legislation. Nutting was also the author of a
multitude of scholarly works relating to the nursing field, and her work, A History of Nursing, remains an
essential historic writing today. She is remembered for her legacy as a pioneer in the field of nursing, but
also her activist role in a time where women still had limited rights.[1]

Education

Despite coming from meager economic means, all the children received an education at the local village
academy. Nutting's father was a court clerk whose income made it difficult to make ends meet.
However, he thought that it was essential that his children get the chance to attend school. A gifted
student, passionate about her studies, Nutting studied at the Bute House School in Montreal, and spent
a brief period at a convent school in St. Johns Newfoundland. In 1881, Nutting, along with her mother
and her siblings, took up residence in Ottawa, where she became involved in the fields of music and
design. Having found her first real niche, she spent a brief time studying the arts in Lowell,
Massachusetts, and continued this education back in Ottawa. Nutting's sister was the principal at the
Cathedral School for Girls, and this opened the door for Nutting's first real experience with teaching, as
she spent a year instructing piano and music education. She is remembered as a very independent
woman, and made the personal decision early on to not marry to prevent any hindrance of her career
aspirations.[1][4]

Johns Hopkins nursing program

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In October 1889, at the age of 31, Nutting was one of 17 students to enroll in the inaugural class at the
Johns Hopkins school of nursing.[1] This training program was a unique opportunity because admission
required no prior experience or higher education; also, those who came from humble means still had
accessibility to the school because rather than charge admission, students were required to work at the
hospital and received a small salary.[2] Nutting graduated from Johns Hopkins in 1891, placing fourth in
her class.[4] She decided to remain on the campus, taking a position as head nurse.[6] In 1893, Nutting
was promoted to assistant superintendent, and served under her close acquaintance Isabel Hampton.
When Hampton made the decision to resign just a year later, Nutting assumed the role as
superintendent and principal of the nursing school, which entailed both administrative and hospital
service leadership

Impact on the development of nursing curricula and standards

Nutting's aim to create a change in nursing at the time was not limited to within Johns Hopkins. She also
had a substantial impact on standardizing the field throughout the country. An important member of
the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the US and Canada ( which
later became the National League of Nursing Education), she helped lead the movement to implement
industry guidelines, and served as acting president twice in 1896 and 1909. Further, Nutting established
the American Journal of Nursing (1900), which provided a crucial information source for aspiring
professionals and scholars. She also was the founder of the Maryland State Association of Graduate
Nurses, and held the position of president in 1903. This association not only served as a liaison between
nurses and the state, but also helped in the process of creating legislation that regarded the profession.
One of these landmark pieces of legislation was the Maryland Registration Act of 1904, which registered
and governed practicing nurses. Nutting was awarded RN card No. 1, marking her as the first registered
nurse in the state of Maryland.[1][4]

Teachers College at Columbia University

Teachers College Columbia University (21st century)

Nutting's ultimate goal was to coalesce nurse training schools with university education systems, which
was not going to be attainable during her time at Hopkins. Therefore, in 1889, Nutting convinced the
new dean at the Teachers College at Columbia, James E. Russell, to allow nurses to partake in hospital
economics and physiology courses offered at the institution. The Teachers College was the first
established school of education in the country, and Nutting believed nurses going into teaching and
administrative positions would vastly benefit from studies at the school.[8] Initially, she commuted
between Baltimore and New York City teaching part-time at both universities. In 1907, after enjoying
great success at her position at Columbia, Nutting took on a full-time position as a professor in
institutional management. This was a historical achievement, as she was the first nurse to ever assume a
chair position at a university.[4] Johns Hopkins was greatly disappointed at the loss of such a major

34
figure in the medical world, but the school acknowledged that Nutting would continue to play a major
role in Maryland. In 1910, she was awarded the role of chairman of the department of nursing and
health. Dean Russell proclaimed Nutting one of "the ablest men of either sex."[1] In her chairman
position, Nutting configured a world-renowned program in hospital administration and nurse education.
Her ideology of nursing purported a "humanistic approach" where nurses served the role as both
medical professionals and social workers.[1] In 1920, Nutting was recognized for all her contributions
with the Adelaide Nutting Historical Collection at Teachers College, which held a massive collection of
works on her longtime idol, Florence Nightingale. In 1925, she retired from her position as chair. To this
day, Nutting is remembered as one of the most instrumental factors in developing the nursing program
at Columbia.[4][2]

World War I

Recruitment poster for nurses during WW1

Despite being a Canadian citizen, Mary Adelaide Nutting was more than willing to assist in the home
effort when war erupted in Europe. In 1917 as the US entered WWI, she called together the National
Emergency Committee on Nursing to assist with the war support. Further, Woodrow Wilson appointed
her to the chairmanship of the committee on nursing for the medical board of the Council of National
Defense. Under this role, Nutting lead point in ensuring that there were enough nurses supporting the
soldiers, and that they had adequate resources to treat patients. Through newspaper articles, she
appealed to the public to assist in supporting the war efforts. Nutting's administrative organization
would again be employed during WWII because of its prior success. After the war's completion, Nutting
was awarded with the Liberty Science Medal, presented to her by the Council of the National Institute
for Social Sciences. The award commended her for her patriotism and devotion to the war effort.[1][9]

Death and legacy

Nutting is warmly remembered as independent, motivated, and passionate by those who knew her best.
She died of pneumonia in October 1948, in White Plains, New York, quite close to her 90th birthday. She
had a traditional Anglican ceremony, and her ashes were buried at sea.[1][4] Mary Adelaide Nutting lead
the nursing community for over 30 years, and her influence on the field is still greatly felt today. At a
commencement presentation at Yale University, the professor that introduced Nutting called her "one
of the most useful women in the world".[10] Nutting was involved in a variety of women's suffrage
movements and programs, and was also a staunch advocate for making education and medical care
more accessible to all people. She was a pioneer of education, hospital administration, and other fields.
In 1944, Nutting was awarded a medal in her name, presented by the National League of Nursing. The
"Mary Adelaide Nutting Award" is given once a year, to a recipient who was shown devotion and
furthered the development of nursing education.

35