Chapter 2

CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the relevant theories, related foreign and local literature were
reviewed to attain a clearer perspective and direction in the conduct of the study and to
arrive at an adequate background of the study. It also includes the conceptual framework
and the research paradigm of the study.
Relevant Theories
This study will be harbored upon … (mention three theories relevant to your
research study)
(Start explaining how the first theory is relevant in your study)
Second theory
Third theory
The researchers consider all of the theories that are related to the study. Since the
main idea of the paper is about _________________________, researchers consider the
relevance of the aforementioned theories in connection to the study. These theories are
being selected and described according to their contributions and purposes to further
support the claim of the study.

2
Related Literature
( short Title of literature)
(Start here )
(title of another related literature)
Start here
title of another related literature)
start here
Related Studies
(Start here) (mention three related studies)

3
Conceptual Framework
I P O
Figure 1
Paradigm of the Study
Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework as shown in the paradigm of the
study.
The first frame shows the Independent variables which are classified into two
categories: the student-related factors and the teacher-related factors. The student-related
factors include: sex, socio-economic status, field of specialization and availability of
learning resources at home. On the other hand, teacher-related factors include: types of
course requirement, workshops and seminars attended and assessment techniques.

4
The second frame presents the dependent variable, which is the level of
plagiaristic practices of College of Education students.
The third frame indicates the output of the study which is, the proposed policy in
avoiding plagiarism.
The solid lines connect the first frame to the second frame and to the third frame
represent who will be affected to come up with a certain output.
Hypothesis of the Study
The null hypothesis of the study can be rejected or accepted.
 Student-related factors and teacher-related factors do not affect the level of
plagiaristic practices of College of Education Students at Bataan Peninsula State
University-Balanga Campus.
5
NOTES IN CHAPTER II
William G. Perry & Jean Piaget. "Cognitive Constructivism”.

http://gsi.berkeley.edu/gsi-guide-contents/learning-theory-research/cognitive-
constructivism/, 2016 Retrieved on: March 02, 2016
Michael Joyce & Anita Lundberg:Copying to learn: Mimesis, plagiarism and

21st century English language education, https://edu./guide-contents/cpying-to-
learn/mimesis/theory, 2013, Retrieved on: March 02, 2016
William Fisher. “Theories of Intellectual Property”.

http://cyberlaw.law.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/iptheory.pdf, Retrieved on: March 02,
2016
Calabrese & Cochran, Factors Affecting the Probability of Academic Cheating

School Students in Tehran, 2007, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 29 (2011)
1587 – 1595, http:/factors/affecting/15=o12g.org, Retrieved on: March 02, 2016
Cizek, Plagiarism And Its (Disciplinary) Discontents, Issues In Integrative

Studies No. 21, pp. 74-97, 2009, http://www.academicintegrity.org/cai_research.asp,
Retrieved on: March 2, 2016
Honing and Bedi, Plagiarism among High-Ranking Scholars, 2012,

http://www.ithenticate.com/plagiarism-detection-blog/bid/87315/Plagiarism-in-Higher-
Education-Research#.VtpErn197Mw, Retrieved on: February 21, 2016
Dodou, In Other (People’s) Words: plagiarism by university students—

literature and lessons, Carfax publishing Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education,
Vol. 28, No. 5, 2011, https://In=other/people’s/words/=0b18#, retrieved on: March 02,
2016
McShane and Gilnow, Plagiarism in higher education: A case study with

prospective academicians, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 2 (2010) 3303–3307,
http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/plagiarize?view=uk, Retrieved on: March 02,
2016
6
Standler, Does the Online Environment Promote Plagiarism?, MERLOT

Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2014,
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/-dberger/papers/, Retrieved on: march 02, 2016,
Su-Hie Ting, Muriatul Khusmah Musa, Plagiarism Norms and Practices in

Coursework Assignments, International Journal of Education ISSN 1948-5476, Vol. 6,
No. 1, 2014, www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ije/article/viewFile/4676/4157,
Retrieved on: February 21, 2016
Honig and Bedi, The Fox in the Hen House: A Critical Examination of
Plagiarism Among Members of the Academy of Management, 2012, Academy of
Management Learning & Education, 2012, Vol. 11, No. 1, 101–123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amle.2010.0084, Retrieved on: March 02, 2016
Park, Phan, Divan, brown and Seabourne, Factors Explaining Student

Plagiarism: An Empirical Test In A Spanish University, 5th International Conference
of Education, Research and Innovation, ISBN: 978-84-616-0763-1 ISSN: 2340-1095,
2003, https://library.iated.org/view/GOMEZ2012FAC, Retrieved on: February 21,
2016
Amrita Madray, Developing Students' Awareness of Plagiarism: Crisis and

Opportunities, B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library, ISSN 1522-0222, 2006,
http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/madray.htm, Retrieved on: February 22,
2016
Prohaska, Academic Integrity and Plagiarism,

http://www.victoria.ac.nz/students/study/exams/integrity-plagiarism, 2012, Retrieved
on: February 22, 2016
Rettinger and Kramer, Students’ perceptions of plagiarism, Journal of the

Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 33 – 45. 2009,
http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1017029.pdf, Retrieved on: February 25, 2016
Chester, Deterring Plagiarism, University of Kent, 2007,

https://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/staff/deterringplagiarism/deterringplagiarism4.html,
Retrieved on: February 25, 2016
7
Ashworth and Bannister, Plagiarism: Why Students plagiarize?, 2006,

http://www.uts.edu.au/research-and-teaching/teaching-and-
learning/assessment/preventing-plagiarism/why-students-plagiarise, Retrieved on:
February 27, 2016
Anderman, Cupp and Lane, Achievement Goals and Academic Cheating, IN

PRESS, International Revie of Social Psychology, 2010,
https://www.researchgate.net/...and.../54146c7d0cf2fa878ad3e8ef, Retrieved on:
February 27, 2016
Murdock, Hale, and Weber, Why Students Cheat?, A Case Study in Pakistan,
International Journal of African and Asian Studies - An Open Access International
Journal Vol.2, 2013,
www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JAAS/article/download/9118/9337, Retrieved on:
February 27, 2016
Anderman and Midgley, Academic Goals and Academic Cheating, Presses

univ. de Grenoble, ISBN : 9782706114922,2005, https://www.cairn.info/revue-
internationale-de-psychologie-sociale-2008-1-page-155.htm, Retrieved on: February 27,
2016
Patel, Ethical and Unethical Methods of Plagiarism Prevention in Academic

Writing, Canadian Center of Science and Education, ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-
9039, 2006, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1070434.pdf, Retrieved on: February 27,
2016
Rebecca Moore Howard, Plagiarisms, Authorships, and the Academic

Cheating Penalty, JSTOR National Council of Teachers of English, 2002,
http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=wp, Retrieved on:
February 27, 2016
Burnett, International students and plagiarism: A review of the literature,

2002,
http://hazelsictenhancedlearningsite.pbworks.com/f/Plagiarism%20and%20International
%20Students.pdf, Retrieved on: February 28, 2016
Bushweller, Dealing with High School Plagiarism, 1999,

http://www.newfoundations.com/ETHICPROP/Nagy718F04.html, Retrieved on: March
01, 2016
8
Strom and Strom, Fighting Academic Dishonesty, 2007,

http://www.plagiarismadvice.org/resources/engaging-students?task=callelement&format,
David Wangaard and Jason Stephens, Academic Integrity: A Critical Challenge

for Schools, 2009, https://www2.cortland.edu/dotAsset/317302.pdf, Retrieved on: March
01, 2016
Riera and Di Prisco, Why Students Plagiarize and What to do about it, 2002,
http://www.parenthood.com/article/why_children_cheat_and_what_to_do_about_it.html,
Bahadori and Izadi, Plagiarism: Concepts, Factors and Solutions, Iranian

Journal of Military Medicine Vol. 14, No. 3, Autumn 2012;
168-177, 2007,
http://www.militarymedj.ir/browse.php?a_id=1049&sid=1&slc_lang=en, Retrieved on:
March 02, 2016
Michelle Navarre, Top Ten Reasons Students Plagiarize & What You Can Do
About It, 2006, https://offices.depaul.edu/oaa/faculty-resources/teaching/academic-
integrity/Documents/Top%20Ten%20Reasons%20Students%20Plagiarize%202012.pdf,
Kini, Plagiarism Prevention Guide: Why Students Plagiarize, 2013

http://www.mga.edu/student-success-center/plagiarism/why.aspx, Retrieved on: March
02, 2016
Donald L. McCabe, Cheating in Academic Institutions, ETHICS &

BEHAVIOR, 11(3), 219–232 Copyright © 2001, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.,
1999,
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.460.5320&rep=rep1&type=pdf
, Retrieved on: March 02, 2016
Jamie L. Koss, Academic Dishonesty Among Adolescents, 2011,

http://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2011/2011kossj.pdf Retrieved on: March 02,
2016
Bahadori and Izadi, Plagiarism: Concepts, Factors and Solutions,

Iranian Journal of Military Medicine Vol. 14, No. 3, Autumn 2012; 168-177, 2012,
http://www.militarymedj.ir/files/site1/user_files_01eb20/eng/hoseinpor-A-10-614-4-
39015cb.pdf, Retrieved on: March 02, 2016
9
Scanlon and Neumann, Internet Plagiarism for Academic Requirements

Among College Students, 2000, www4.ncsu.edu/~ladare/eac595/readings/scanlon-
neumann.pdf, Retrieved on: March 03, 2016
Sue Hie Ting, Muriatul Khusmah Musa, Plagiarism Norms and Practices in
Coursework Assignments, International Journal of Education ISSN 1948-5476 2014,
Vol. 6, No. 1 2014,
www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ije/article/viewFile/4676/4157, Retrieved on:
March 03, 2016
Amrita Madray, Developing Students' Awareness of Plagiarism: Crisis and

Opportunities, Brookville, New York 11548, 2006,
www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/madray.htm, retrieved on: March 03, 2016
Sheard and Dick, Cheating and Plagiarism: Perceptions and Practice of 1st
Year IT Students, 2007,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220807032_Cheating_and_plagiarism_Percepti
ons_and_practices_of_first_year_IT_students, Retrieved on: March 03, 2016
10

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CHAPTER II

and the research paradigm of the study.

(Start explaining how the first theory is relevant in your study)

main idea of the paper is about _________________________, researchers consider the

support the claim of the study.

( short Title of literature)

(title of another related literature)

title of another related literature)

(Start here) (mention three related studies)

Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework as shown in the paradigm of the

factors include: sex, socio-economic status, field of specialization and availability of

course requirement, workshops and seminars attended and assessment techniques.

plagiaristic practices of College of Education students.

represent who will be affected to come up with a certain output.

Hypothesis of the Study

The null hypothesis of the study can be rejected or accepted.

 Student-related factors and teacher-related factors do not affect the level of

plagiaristic practices of College of Education Students at Bataan Peninsula State

William G. Perry & Jean Piaget. "Cognitive Constructivism”.

Michael Joyce & Anita Lundberg:Copying to learn: Mimesis, plagiarism and

William Fisher. “Theories of Intellectual Property”.

Calabrese & Cochran, Factors Affecting the Probability of Academic Cheating

Cizek, Plagiarism And Its (Disciplinary) Discontents, Issues In Integrative

Honing and Bedi, Plagiarism among High-Ranking Scholars, 2012,

Dodou, In Other (People’s) Words: plagiarism by university students—

McShane and Gilnow, Plagiarism in higher education: A case study with

Standler, Does the Online Environment Promote Plagiarism?, MERLOT

Su-Hie Ting, Muriatul Khusmah Musa, Plagiarism Norms and Practices in

Park, Phan, Divan, brown and Seabourne, Factors Explaining Student

Amrita Madray, Developing Students' Awareness of Plagiarism: Crisis and

Prohaska, Academic Integrity and Plagiarism,

Rettinger and Kramer, Students’ perceptions of plagiarism, Journal of the

Chester, Deterring Plagiarism, University of Kent, 2007,

Ashworth and Bannister, Plagiarism: Why Students plagiarize?, 2006,

Anderman, Cupp and Lane, Achievement Goals and Academic Cheating, IN

Anderman and Midgley, Academic Goals and Academic Cheating, Presses

Patel, Ethical and Unethical Methods of Plagiarism Prevention in Academic

Rebecca Moore Howard, Plagiarisms, Authorships, and the Academic

Burnett, International students and plagiarism: A review of the literature,

Bushweller, Dealing with High School Plagiarism, 1999,

Strom and Strom, Fighting Academic Dishonesty, 2007,

David Wangaard and Jason Stephens, Academic Integrity: A Critical Challenge

Bahadori and Izadi, Plagiarism: Concepts, Factors and Solutions, Iranian

Kini, Plagiarism Prevention Guide: Why Students Plagiarize, 2013

Donald L. McCabe, Cheating in Academic Institutions, ETHICS &

Jamie L. Koss, Academic Dishonesty Among Adolescents, 2011,

Bahadori and Izadi, Plagiarism: Concepts, Factors and Solutions,

Scanlon and Neumann, Internet Plagiarism for Academic Requirements

Amrita Madray, Developing Students' Awareness of Plagiarism: Crisis and

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