STABILIZATION OF SOILS USING GEOSYNTHETICS

. A Large variety of reinforcing materials emerged and have been developed for
construction purposes, including: metal strips, bar mats, Geo textile sheets, Geo Grids etc.
Reinforced soil technologies have been extensively used during the past few decades in the
construction of (railway formation, highway embankments, earth dams and retaining walls). As a
reinforcing material the Geo synthetics are widely used in engineering practice to strengthen the
foundation, slope, road, pavement, crushed-stone column etc. Pavement is a hard crust
constructed over the natural soil for the purpose of providing and even surface for the vehicles.
In pavement construction soil stabilization is also deals with the construction practice(Highways,
dams, bridges, railway structures)it shows the various mean by which the stabilization responds
of different soils can be identified.
This paper presents soil geostnthetic intraction properties for different types of
soils, four types of soils were used with geocomposit reinforced materials for conducting CBR
test to finding the density of soil samples and mechanical strength of sub grade soil. These geo
synthetic products have helped designers and contractors to solve several types of engineering
problems where the use of conventional construction materials would be restricted or
considerably more expensive.

1. INTRODUCTION

Transportation by road or highways is that the solely mode that may offer most service to at
least one and every one. Transportation contributes to the economic, industrial, social, and
cultural development of any country. it's very important for the economic development of any
region since each trade goods created whether or not it's food, clothing, industrial product or
medication wants transport in the least stages from production to distribution. within the
production stage, transportation is needed for carrying raw materials like seeds, manure, coal,
steel, etc. within the distribution stage, transportation is needed from the production centers i.e.
farms and factories to the marketing centers and later to the retailers and the consumers for
distribution. The inadequate transportation facilities retard the method of socio-economic
development of the country.
Construction of pavements and this project deals with the development of one such major
property in the sub grade soil. When the soil on project web site cannot support the masses,
ground improvement techniques are implied to increase the the strength, scale back softness, and
enhance performance underneath applied loadings. the sector of ground improvement techniques
has been recognized as a crucial and speedily increasing one. AN earth slope is unsupported,
inclined surface of a soil mass. Earth slopes area unit shaped for railway formation, main road
embankments, earth dams, canal banks, levees and at several different locations. On slopes that
area unit being scoured away, swiftness down of surface water is required. To accomplish this
installation of devices meant to bog down the water is required.

Applications of reinforcements for soil stabilization

The overall behavior of the strengthened mass depends on the reinforcement material
properties, the soil characteristics, and therefore the nature of the interaction between the soil and
therefore the reinforcement. The interaction mechanism is stricken by factors such as: state of
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stress inside the strengthened mass; nature of loading; direction of reinforcement; boundary
conditions; and material and interface properties. within the case of monotonic loading, 3
mechanisms of interaction are identified: passive anchorage; increased confinement; and tensile
membrane action.

Types of reinforcement
Reinforced Soil Structures square measure classified loosely, into three classes:
➢ Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls
➢ Reinforced Slopes and Embankments
➢ Reinforced Foundations
Soil Reinforcement is also created with variety of materials:
➢ Woven Geotextiles
➢ Polymer Geogrids of synthetic resin (usually uniaxial) & plastic
(usually biaxial)
➢ Polyester and covering material Geogrids (often unwoven or
sewn at junctions) and frequently coated with a chemical
compound like synthetic resin or PVC or with hydrocarbon.
➢ Steel Strips
➢ Welded wire mesh

2. GEOSYNTHETICS

Geosynthetics with high tensile strength used in combination with soil of high compressive
strength have been found to be effective in the design of many civil engineering applications.
The application of Geosynthetics in the field of geotechnical, transportation, hydraulics, and geo-
environmental engineering has been explained by many researchers.

The materials employed in the manufacture of geosynthetics square measure primarily

artificial materials, generally, derived from crude oil oils, though rubber, fiberglass.
Geosynthetics could be a generic name representing a broad vary of plane merchandise factory-
made from compound materials. the foremost common ones square measure geotextiles,
geogrids, geonets, geomembranes and geocomposites, that square measure employed in contact
with soil, rock Associate in Nursingd/or the other material as an integral a part of a artificial
project, structure or system.
Types
The various types of geosynthetics that are available in the market are named below:
➢ Geotextiles (GT)

➢ Geogrids (GG)
➢ Geonets (GN)
➢ Geomembranes (GM)
➢ Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL)
➢ Geopipe (GP)
➢ Geofoam (GF)
➢ Geocomposite

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 Geotextiles (GT)

Geotextiles type one among the 2 largest teams of geosynthetics. Their rise in growth
throughout the past 35years has been nothing wanting extraordinary. they're so textiles within the
ancient sense, however they comprises artificial fibers instead of natural ones like cotton, wool,
or silk. Thus, biodegradation and resultant short life isn't a drag. These artificial fibers ar created
into versatile, porous materials by normal weaving machinery or ar matted along during a
random non-woven manner. Some also are unwoven. There ar at-least a hundred specific
application areas for geotextiles that are developed, however, the material invariably performs a
minimum of one among four distinct functions: separation, reinforcement, filtration and/or drain.
Geotextiles are classified based on manufacturing process into the following:
➢ Woven GT
➢ A geotextile made by interwoven, sometimes at right angles, 2 or a lot of sets of yarns or
➢ Other parts employing a typical weaving method with a weaving loom.
➢ Non-woven GT
➢ A geotextile made from directionally or willy-nilly oriented fibres into a loose internet by
bonding with partial melting, needle punching or chemical binding agents.
➢ Knitted GT A geotextile made by inter-looping one or a lot of yarns beside a textile
machine rather than a weaving loom
➢ Stitched GT
➢ A geotextile within which fibres or yarns or each ar interlocked by handicraft or stitching.

Geogrids represent a quickly growing section among geosynthetics. instead of being a plain-
woven, non- woven or unwoven textile material, geogrids ar polymers shaped into a awfully
open, grid like configuration i.e. they need massive apertures between individual ribs within the
crosswise and longitudinal directions. Geogrids are:
• Either stretched in one or 2 directions for improved physical properties
• Made on weaving or knitting machinery by commonplace textile producing
ways Bonding rods or straps along
• Fig-2: Geogrids

Axial geogrid Biaxial geo grid

Geonets (GN)

Geonets, also called geospacers, constitute another specialised phase inside the
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geosynthetics space. they're fashioned by a nonstop extrusion of parallel sets of
chemical compound ribs at acute angles to 1 another. once the ribs area unit
opened, comparatively giant aperture area unit fashioned into a web like
configuration. 2 sorts area unit most typical, either biplanar or triplanar. Their style
perform is totally inside the geographical region wherever they're wont to convey
liquids of all sorts.
Fig-3: Geonets

Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL)

Geosynthetics clay liners are. rolls of manufactory made-up skinny layers of clay
clay sandwiched between 2 geotextiles or guaranteed to a geomembrane. Structural
integrity of ensuant composite is obtained by needle punching, sewing or physical
bonding

Fig-4: Geosynthetic clay liners

Geopipes (GP)

A plastic pipe placed beneath the ground surface and subsequently backfilled.

Geofoams (GF)

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 Fig-5: Geopipes

Geofoam could be a product created by a compound enlargement method leading

to a foam consisting of the many closed, however gas stuffed cells. The skeletal
nature of the cell walls is that the unexpanded compound material.

Fig-6: Geofoams

Geocomposite (GC)

Geocomposite consists of a mixture of geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, and/or

geomembranes during a works fictitious unit. Also, anyone of those four materials
is combined with another artificial material i.e. unshapely plastic sheets or steel
cables or perhaps with soil.

Fig-7: Geocomposite

2.2 Properties

Geosynthetics are usually supposed to have the following three basic kinds of properties:
1) Strength properties
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 2) Resistance properties
3) Permeability properties

Strength properties
It must be tough to with stand the stresses during the installation process. Properties concerne

• Tensile strength
• Burst strength
• Grab strength
• Tear strength
• Resistance to ultraviolet light degradation for two weeks exposure with negligible strength
loss
Resistance properties
It must be strong enough to withstand static and dynamic loads, high pore
pressure and severe abrasive action to which it is subjected during its life span. The
properties concerned are:
➢ Puncture resistance
➢ Abrasion resistance
➢ Elongation resistance

Permeability properties
It must be resistant to excessive clogging and blinding, allowing water to pass
freely across and within the plane of the geotextile. At the same time, it must be
capable of filtering out and retaining fines in the subgrade. The properties
concerned are:
➢ Cross plane permeability
➢ In plane permeability
➢ Apparent opening size

Application of geosynthetics.
The procedure for testing remains a similar for each the cases except the addition
of geosynthetic layers into the soil whereas compacting at totally different heights
of the soil within the mould. The geotextile and therefore the geogrid were take
circular items that will match specifically into the mould while not. Layers were
placed higher than of the primary and therefore the third layer whereas compacting
the soil which might grow to be top of second layer and fourth layer when
inverting the mould for cosmic microwave background testing and CBR test was
conducted.

Fig-8: Geosynthetics application

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Experimental Results

Red laterite (CBR test)

Table: 1 CBR test (Red laterite)

Penetrati CBR CBR CBR

on (plain GG(40*40) (GT)
(mm) soil)
2.5 10.571 22.02 13.214
5
5 9.9843 21.143 12.920
7.5 9.6368 20.88 12.390
10 9.488 20.115 12.144
12. 9.387 19.78 12.07
5

CONCLUSION
Granular soil had shown improvement in the CBR values for Geogrids and
had nearly doubled for the penetrations of 2.5mm and 5mm for geogrids, this
implies the applications of Geogrids for pavements in case of Granular soil can
reduce the thickness of the layer by almost half of the original depth.

The Granular soil have shown higher CBR values. This had happened due to the
fact that sands consisted of high amount of coarse grains as compared to that of
soils which had higher fines and were clayey.Black cotton soil had tripled its
strength when the Geogrids 40x40 were used for reinforcing this soil. We can use
these formats of Geogrids for Black cotton soils for construction of low volume
roads at a cheaper cost for the same amount of traffic.
All the three clayey soils i.e. the red laterite, Marine clay and the black cotton soil
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have positively responded to the Geotextile in contradiction with the Sandy soils.
The Geotextile being the non-woven type was being compressed when the load
was being imposed on soils.
The clayey soils when consisted high moisture in them, Geotextile can be a
remedy as well as reinforcement. This is stated as the Geotextile was absorbing
water from the soils and also the soils were high in clay content which turned them
stiff, thereby improving the load bearing capacity of the soil.
Marine clay had shown good improvement i.e. the load bearing capacity had
doubled when the 40x40 Geogrid was used for reinforcing it. In all other cases of
Geogrids the strength improvement was not so high as compared to the 40x40
Geogrid.
Geogrids when no other economically feasible soils are available in the nearby
areas. Also care is to be taken that the boundaries of the sand stratum had stiffer
soils with high fines to prevent the flowing of sand particles when high moisture is
induced. This will form our basis for the further research for economically
constructing pavements on a weaker subgrade, sub-base and base soils in
combinations with various reinforcing methods.
Some of our future research ideas include the use of Geocells for holding the sands
in place and also trying to prevent the expansion of clayey soil. Also woven
Geotextiles will be implied to check for CBR value improvement and the cost
feasibility in comparison with the Geogrids and the non-woven type of Geotextile.

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