REUSE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ENVIRONMENTAL

PERFORMANCE AND ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

Mohamed Elfatih Hamid1, Nadzifah Che Mat. 2

1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering,
Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Construction waste management is one of the world's most pressing environmental issues. Tires, plastic,
glass, steel, burnt foundry sand, and coal combustion by-products are examples of waste products. The use
of waste items in concrete is currently being researched. This study investigates the use of glass waste as a
cement substitute in concrete mixtures. The research aims to identify the use of waste materials such as
ceramic, silica fume, and fly ash as a substitute for cement. The development of concrete with recycled
glass as cement to safeguard the environment is the most important aspect of this research. Crushed
aggregates can be used to test, experiment, and research the strength of concrete.
Waste material can be used to substitute for cement in the production of concrete. For functions such as
filler, binder, and separator, a portion of concrete can be replaced with waste. This avoids the use of cement,
an element that is destructive upon the environment, and the recycling of waste.

Key Words: concrete, construction waste, ceramic, glass

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete waste can be utilized as a cement or aggregate replacement, as well as fillers and fibers.
Iran consumes 60 million tons of cement per year; if 5% of concrete projects in our country
employed 10% to 15% solid waste to substitute cement, a considerable portion of the trash
generated in Iran might be repurposed in a year. There are numerous advantages to using pozzolans
in terms of decreasing cement, including the decrease of greenhouse gases.
Using waste material as a cement substitute is advantageous in terms of lowering both cement and
trash use. If this level of cement consumption is maintained and increased to 10% of the country's
projects, the total waste from previous years can be used entirely in a few years. This will lessen
environmental pollution while also conserving other resources.
Solid waste management is one of the world's most pressing environmental issues. Tires, plastic,
glass, steel, burnt foundry sand, and coal combustion by-products are examples of waste products
(CCBs). Each of these waste items has a distinct impact on the characteristics of both fresh and
hardened concrete. The utilization of waste goods in concrete not only saves money but aids in the
reduction of disposal issues.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The Malaysian building sector has reached a tipping point, particularly in terms of the type and
volume of waste materials it generates. Large construction building and infrastructure investment
projects have resulted in increased production of construction waste for several years. There are
numerous examples of waste glass being successfully recycled as a cullet, as a raw material in the
manufacture of abrasives, in the sandblaster, or as an aggregate replacement in cement.
The particles size of the finely ground waste glass was varied, and with particles smaller than
100m, no response was seen (Corinaldesi et al, 2014). There was also a significant improvement
in the mechanical performance of the mortar.
Taiwan generates 2 million tons of creation trash every 12 months in the present day. As part of
its efforts to improve tracking, Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA)
introduced the net device in 1997. After three years of testing, the Industrial Waste Control Center
(IWCC) was fully established in 2000 and has been operating ever since.
Concrete is the most important construction material on the planet, and it is widely used in all types
of civil engineering work. Aggregates, which are inert granular material combined with sand,
pounded stone, or gravel, make up many components for concrete. The use of aggregates from
herbal assets is being pondered internationally, particularly due to the exhaustion of qualitative
number one.
concrete makes use of demolition cloth from concrete and burnt clay brick masonry creation as a
mixture. The majority of waste substances generated by demolition systems are disposed of by
dumping them in landfills or recovering land. The most appropriate and large-scale usage is to use
it as aggregates to supply concrete for brand spanking new construction.
Scrap (C&D waste) in concrete is gaining significance nowadays. Recycled mixture concrete
makes use of demolition cloth from concrete and burnt clay brick masonry creation as a mixture.
Most of the waste aggregates are best suited as a backfill or production base. 85 percent of all
recycled cement concrete particles are used as the street base.
Glass is mostly composed of silica, however MgO, CaO, Al2O3, and Na2O can also be found in
most common glasses. Glass performs a chemical change with concrete that generates a secondary
dehydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) and a pozzolanic activity with cement hydrates (Islam et al.,
2017). Meyer and Baxter (2018) attempted to demonstrate the feasibility of producing concrete
with 100% glass aggregate and 20% metakaolin. Glass particles have been shown in investigations
to cause ASR expansion and impair strength properties. It may be feasible to counteract this loss
of strength if there are pores that allow enough area for ASR formation.
This area can be created by adjusting the water-to-cement ratio and the number of tiny particles
used. Glass trash can eventually yield concrete that is not only suited for tough climatic
circumstances but also concrete of enough strength. The major goal of incorporating this
elastomeric substance into the cementitious matrix is to lessen the stiffness of concrete, making it
more flexible and fire-resistant. The use of tyre trash as a concrete aggregate and cement alternative
is a relatively recent concept. Figure 2.4 depicts a grading tyre for use in concrete.
Most fired bricks contain silica, alumina, lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. Researchers have
proposed a variety of combinations for making this type of concrete. The use of clay bricks as sand
in concrete increased water absorption, which could impair the durability of concrete
characteristics. Overall, the findings indicated that utilizing this form of trash was both cost-
effective and practicable.

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 Silica fume is created by electrostatically collecting and tranquilizing silica dust with gases emitted
from electric arcs or alloys. It changes the physical properties of early cement paste as well as the
microstructural properties of hardened cement paste. Increasing the superplasticizer from 5% to
20% resulted in a compressive strength improvement from 86 to 97 MPa in high-strength concrete.

3. METHODOLOGY

The objectives of this project are to identify the use of waste materials such as ceramic, silica fume,
and fly ash as a substitute for cement. This chapter shows the procedures and steps that have been
followed in purpose to achieve the objectives of the research. flowchart of research has also been
provided in this chapter. The research also aims to identify the use of waste materials such as
ceramic, tyre, and glass as a substitute for aggregate. 20 previous papers have been selected to
examine the efficiency of using waste materials like cement and aggregate substitute. The paper
must have been published within the past 10 years.

Table 3.1 Research selected studies

NO NAME AUTHOR YEAR

1 The durability of concrete incorporating crushed brick as coarse aggregate Adamson, M 2015
2 Strength Appraisal of concrete containing waste tyre crumb rubber More, T 2015
3 Theoretical and experimental study on mechanical properties and Nguyen, K 2016
flexural strength of fly ash-geopolymer concrete
4 Properties of Concrete Containing Recycled Glass Aggregates Produced Drzymała, T 2020
of Exploded Lighting Materials
5 Properties of concrete using crushed brick as aggregates Akinmusuru, J 2015
6 The Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume as Partial Hanumesh, B 2015
Replacement of Cement

7 Mechanical properties of concrete utilizing waste ceramic as coarse aggregate Anderson, D 2016
8 Rice husk ash (RHA) effectiveness in cement and concrete as a function of Antiohos, S 2014
reactive silica and fineness
9 The use of waste ground ceramic in cement production Unal, M 2020
10 Concrete made with used tyre aggregates: Durability-Related performance. Bravo, M 2016
11 Factors affecting the autogenous shrinkage of silica fume high-strength concrete Brooks, 2021
12 High strength concrete containing large quantities of fly ash Naik, T 2016
13 Concrete made with recycled tire rubber: Effect of alkaline activation and silica Pelisser 2015
fume addition
14 Relative temperature changes within concrete made with glass aggregates Poutos, K 2014
15 Influence of a fine glass powder on the durability characteristics of concrete and Schwarz, N 2021
its comparison to fly ash.
16 Quantifying the cementing efficiency of fine glass powder and its comparison to Schwarz, N 2019
fly ash
17 High strength concrete containing natural pozzolan and silica fume Shang, M 2012
18 Studies on concrete containing ground waste glass Shao, Y 2019
19 Properties of concrete incorporating silica fume and nano-SiO2. Tavakoli, D 2018
20 Using waste materials in cement and concrete way towards sustainable Tavakoli, D 2019
development.

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4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Waste Material as a Substitute for Aggregate

60

50
compressive strength (MPa)

40

30

20

10

0
0% 25% 50%

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Figure 4.1: The 28-day compressive strength of the samples using glass as an aggregate

substitute.

Glass in concrete reduces the weight and compressive strength of the concrete. This type of
concrete has high thermal stability due to its high thermal conductivity. The combination of both
fine and coarse glass can improve water absorption and bring the shrinkage of concrete to its lowest
value. Glass aggregates are composed of a high percentage of silica. The alkaline reaction of the
cement may cause a faster reaction between alkali and silica in the aggregate. It is possible to
prevent this by controlling the exact percentage of the glass or metakaolin used.

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 60

50
compressive strength (MPa)

40

30

20

10

0
0% 25% 50%

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Figure 4.2: The 28-day compressive strength of the samples using ceramic as an aggregate

substitute.

If porcelain sanitary waste is used as aggregate in concrete, its resistance is more than that of
concrete without additives at a rate of 2% to 8%. If the curing process takes a long time, about 28
days, then the concrete's resistance may be increased. Heidari et al. (2013) examined the effect of
using ceramic aggregates in concrete.

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 45

40

35
compressive strength (MPa)

30

25

20

15

10

0
0% 25% 50%

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Figure 4.3: The 28-day compressive strength of the samples using tyers as an aggregate

substitute.

Tyres: tyres are rubber pieces that are mounted on vehicle wheels. The main idea of using this
elastomeric material in the cementitious matrix is to reduce the stiffness of concrete. This could be
due to the conversion of the concrete to a more flexible material through the addition of rubber
fiber. The use of tyre waste as an alternative in concrete still needs to be studied and further
explored.
When the percentage of tyers increases, the compressive strength increases as well, according to
the samples gathered from three distinct studies.

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4.2 Waste Material as a Substitute for Cement

Silica fume: silica fume is a product of electrostatic capturing and tranquilizing of silica dust with
gasses discharged from electric arcs or alloys. This material has more than 80% non-crystalline
silica with a diameter between 0.01 and 0.3 microns, which is about 50 to 100 times smaller than
cement particles. It modifies the physical characteristics of early cement paste and the
microstructural characteristics of cement paste after hardening. Using nano-silica and silica in
concrete can increase the compressive strength by increasing the superplasticizer from 5 to 20%
and decreasing the water-cement ratio by 0.26. In addition, initial and final creep decreased with
increasing amounts of silica fume (Mazloom et al., 2014).

This is because of the filler ability of the nanoparticles and a decrease in porosity. Although it
improves the mechanical features of concrete, it could reduce some durability characteristics. So,
it is recommended to use other admixtures such as fly ash to mitigate its negative features such as
low durability.

Fly Ash: The creep and shrinkage level of fly ash samples can be less than those of materials that
do not use fly ash. If the curing temperature increases, the fly ash reaction will increase in the
cement paste (Hanehara et al., 2016). This has effects on the type, characteristics, stability, and
production process of hydration (Rojas, 2013). Fly ash can increase the compressive strength of
concrete on long curing days and improve concrete durability by reducing permeability and
increasing density. This type of material, in contrast to concrete waste and brick, is suitable for use
in reinforced concrete. Chung-Ho et al. (2013) showed that in fly ash concrete, setting time and air
percentage increased with enhancement of fly ash dose.

Ceramic: Waste ceramic tile has pozzolanic properties and the ability to be used in concrete
construction (Shang, 2018). The first studies on the chemical properties of waste ceramic tiles were
done in 2000. They showed that a strength equal to 91% of the control sample can be reached by
using these materials. It also reduced the permeability of concrete and increased its efficiency.
Aggregate replacement schemes based on ceramic waste could be suitable for a wide range of
applications, as long as the increased brittleness is not a major problem. This would most likely
restrict the use of recycled ceramic waste to non-structural concrete applications. It was also
discovered that waste glass improved split tensile strength more than compressive strength due to
an increase in cement paste strength. When 3% of sand is replaced by crumb rubber, the flexural
strength of concrete reduces by around 40%. For M20 concrete, the ideal percentage of cement
replacement by silica fume is 10%.

The Poisson's ratio of fly-ash-based geopolymer concrete with compressive strengths ranging from
45 to 58 MPa ranges between 0.16 and 0.21. This value is predicted using a proposed formula as
a fraction of compressive strength. (Drzymała et al., n.d.).

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5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In this research 2 objectives named to be achieved the first objective is to identify the use and

efficiency of waste materials such as ceramic, silica fume, and fly ash as a substitute for cement,

and the second objective is to identify the use and efficiency of waste materials such as glass,

ceramic, and tyers as a substitute for aggregate to complete the objectives twenty previous research

got chosen using certain criteria.

Each waste material has been tested and studied to obtain its characteristics and behavior when

being as a substitute for both cement and aggregate to reduce the environmental impact and the

area of landfills and dumps also improve the properties of concrete made with the mentioned waste

materials compared to normal concrete.

RECOMMENDATIONS

future research could focus on the creation of new materials combinations such as silica fume and

nano-SiO2. These combinations could result in a single material with more efficient properties.

Also, choose the combination that has the least amount of environmental impact while being

manufactured.

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