1.1 Concrete: "Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate With Ceramic Tile in Concrete"

“Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Ceramic Tile in Concrete”
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material consist of mainly water, aggregate, and cement. The
physical properties desired for the finished material can be attained by adding additives
and reinforcements to the concrete mixture. A solid mass that can be easily moulded into
desired shape can be formed by mixing these ingredients in certain proportions. Over the
time, a hard matrix formed by cement binds the rest of the ingredients together into a
single hard (rigid) durable material with many uses such as buildings, pavements etc., The
technology of using concrete was adopted earlier on large-scale by the ancient Romans,
and the major part of concrete technology was highly used in the Roman Empire. The
colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete and the dome of the pantheon is the
World’s largest unreinforced concrete structure. After the collapse of Roman Empire in
the mid-18th century, the technology was re-pioneered as the usage of concrete has
become rare. Today, the widely used man made material is concrete in terms of tonnage.
1.2 HISTORICALBACKGROUND
Although high strength concrete is considered as relatively a new material, its

development has been gradually increasing over years. In 1950s, USA considered the
concrete with a compressive strength of 34mpa as high strength. In 1960’s, the concrete
with compressive strength 41mpa to 52mpa was used commercially. In the early 1970’s,
62mpa concrete was been made. With in the world state of affairs, however, within the
last fifteen years, concrete of terribly high strength entered into the construction sector of
high-rise buildings and long span bridges. The compressive strength over 110mpa has
been thought-about by IS 456-2000 for the applications in pre-stressed concrete members
and cast-in-place buildings.
Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 1

1.3 CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN INDIA
In the present construction world, the solid waste is increasing day by day from the
demolitions of constructions. There is a huge usage of ceramic tiles in the present
constructions is going on and it is increasing in day by day construction field. Ceramic
products are part of the essential construction materials used in most buildings. Some
common manufactured ceramics include wall tiles, floor tiles, sanitary ware, household
ceramics and technical ceramics. They are mostly produced using natural materials that
contain high content of clay minerals. However, despite the ornamental benefits of
ceramics, its wastes among others cause a lot of nuisance to the environment. And also in
other side waste tile is also producing from demolished wastes from construction. Indian
tiles production is 100 million ton per year in the ceramic industry, about 15%30% waste
material generated from the total production. This waste is not recycled in any form at
present, however the ceramic waste is durable, hard and highly resistant to biological,
chemical and physical degradation forces so, we selected these waste tiles as a
replacement material to the basic natural aggregate to reuse them and to decrease the solid
waste produced from demolitions of construction. Waste tiles and granite powder were
collected from the surroundings. There are some researchers are also going on solid waste
from construction to reuse them again in the construction to reduce the solid waste and to
preserve the natural basic aggregates. These researches promotes to use the recycled
aggregates in the concrete mix and they got good result when adding some extent
percentages of recycled aggregates in place of natural coarse aggregate.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
N.Naveen Prasad, [2016], Crushed waste tiles and Granite powder were use as a
replacement to the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate. The combustion of waste
crushed tiles were replaced in place of coarse aggregates by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%
and Granite powder was replaced in place of fine aggregate by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%
without changing the mix design. M25 grade of concrete was designed to prepare the
conventional mix. Without changing the mix design different types of mixes were
prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate at different percentages of
crushed tiles and granite powder. Experimental investigation is carried out. The
workability of concrete increased with increase in granite powder and it has been
observed that the compressive strength is maximum at 30% of coarse aggregate
replacement.
R. Marwein, [2016], The ceramic waste adopted is broken tiles. Ceramic waste concrete
(CWC) made with these tiles at 0%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. M20 grade concrete is
adopted; a constant water cement ratio of 0.48 is maintained for all the concrete mixes.
The characteristics properties of concrete such as workability for fresh concrete, also
Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength are found at 3, 7 and 28 days. The paper
suggests that the replacement of waste tile aggregate should be in the range of 5-30%.
P. Rajalakshmi, [2016], Use of ceramic waste will ensure an effective measure in

maintaining environment and improving properties of concrete. The replacement of
aggregates in concrete by ceramic wastes will have major environmental benefits. In
ceramic industry about 30% production goes as waste. The ceramic waste aggregate is
hard and durable material than the conventional coarse aggregate. It has good thermal
resistance. The durability properties of ceramic waste aggregate are also good. This
research studied the fine aggregate replacement by ceramic tiles fine aggregate
accordingly in the range of 10% and coarse aggregate accordingly in the range of 30%,
60%,100% by weight of M-30 grade concrete.
T. Sekar, [2011], studied on strength characteristics of concrete utilizing waste materials

ceramic tiles, ceramic insulator waste and broken glass pieces. Ceramic tiles gave the best
results when compared to the other two type of waste. The concrete produced by ceramic

tile aggregate produced similar strength in compression, split tensile and flexure as
conventional concrete.

Chapter 3
OBJECTIVES
 To utilise the low cost waste materials.
 The use of ceramic waste aggregate produces concrete with lower density weight &
higher slump.
 To study the strength developments hardened concrete with waste ceramic aggregate.
 To observe the water absorption of ceramic material in concrete containing various
content of ceramic tile as aggregates replacement material.
 The usage of granite powder in concrete as an admixture to improve the workability
of concrete and the strength parameters.
 To replace coarse aggregate in concrete by using ceramic waste in various proportions
(0%,10%, 25%, )
 To cast and test the specimens for determining compressive strength, split tensile
strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of control mix and ceramic mix.

Chapter 4
MATERIALS
The following materials were used

 Ordinary Portland Cement of conforming to IS:169-1989
 Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate conforming to IS: 2386-1963
 water
 Ceramic Tile aggregate
 Granite powder
4.1 CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the
world as a basic ingredient of concrete & mortar. It is a fine powder produced by heating
materials to form clinker. After grinding the clinker small amounts of remaining
ingredients is added. It is developed from the hydraulic lime originates lime stone Many
types of cements are available in market. When it comes to different grades of cement, the
53 Grade OPC Cement provides consistently higher strength compared to others. The
physical properties of the cement is taken to achieve the desirable strength.
4.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Sand is a natural granular material which is mainly composed of finely divided rocky
material and mineral particles. The most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon
dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz, because of its chemical inertness and
considerable hardness, is the most common weathering resistant mineral. Hence, it is used
as fine aggregate in concrete. River sand locally available in the market was used in the
investigation. The aggregate is tested for its physical requirements such as gradation,
fineness modulus & specific gravity.

4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Crushed aggregates of less than 12.5mm size produced from local crushing plants were
used. The aggregate exclusively passing through 12.5mm sieve size and retained on 10mm
sieve is selected. The aggregates were tested for their physical requirements such as
gradation, fineness modulus, specific gravity and bulk density in accordance & the
particular water absorption & specific gravity of aggregate is taken.
4.4 WATER
Water plays a vital role in achieving the strength of concrete. It is practically proved that
minimum water-cement ratio 0.35 is required for conventional concrete. Water participates
in chemical reaction with cement and cement paste is formed and binds with coarse
aggregate and fine aggregates. If more water is used, segregation and bleeding takes place,
so that the concrete becomes weak, If water content exceeds permissible limits it may
cause bleeding. If less water is used, the required workability is not achieved. Potable
water fit for drinking is required to be used in the concrete.
4.5 CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE

Broken tiles are collected from the solid waste of ceramic manufacturing unit and from
demolished building. The waste tiles are crushed into small pieces by manually and by
using crusher. The required size of crushed tile aggregate is separated to use them as
partial replacement to the natural coarse aggregate. The tile waste which is lesser than 4.75
mm size is neglected. The crushed tile aggregate passing through 16.5mm sieve and
retained on 12mm sieve are used. Crushed tiles were partially replaced in place of coarse
aggregate by the percentages of 10%, 20% & 30% individually and along with
replacement of fine aggregate with granite powder.
Fig 4.1

4.6 GRANITE POWDER

Since granite powder is obtained from crushing of granite rocks, the chemical and
mineral composition of granite is similar to that in cement and natural aggregates It is
chosen to test the behaviour of concrete along with the ceramic tile waste. From Industry
granite powder will be collect; 4.75 mm passed materials is separated to use it as a partial
replacement to the fine aggregate. Granite powder is partially replaced in place of fine
aggregate by the percentages.
Fig4.2

Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY
Fig. 5.1 Work flow chart

The methodology of present work is:
 Mix design for a grade of concrete.

 Collection of materials – cement, granite powder, coarse & fine aggregate, ceramic
tile wastes.
 Basic tests on materials:
Cement Standard consistency, setting time, specific gravity test.
Aggregate Sieve analysis, specific gravity & water absorption.
 Mixing of the raw materials according to mix proportions is to done.
 As the workability of concrete is checked by slump cone test.
 Casting of specimens for compression (150*150*150mm) cubes.
 Curing of specimens for 7 & 28 days.
 Compression results.
TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED
Based on Workability
 Slump Test
The slump test is done to assess the horizontal flow of concrete. It is most commonly
used & also indicates the resistance to segregation.
 Compaction factor Test

The compaction test conducted in laboratory, as the compaction factor is the ratio of
weights of partially compacted to fully compacted concrete. It gives more precise than
slump test.
 Compression Test
This test is done to determine the strength of concrete. It is calculated by dividing the
failure load with the area of application of load, usually after 28 days curing.
 Flexural Strength Test

Flexural test is done to determine the tensile strength of concrete. It tests the ability of
concrete beam or slab withstand failure of bending.

REFERENCES
[1] N.Naveen Prasad, P.Hanitha, N.C.Anil IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13,
Issue 6 Ver. V (Nov. - Dec. 2016), PP 168-176.
[2] R. Marwein, Bharathidasan International Journal of Scientific & Engineering

Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 ISSN 2229-5518. 3. Iranian Journal of
Science & Technology, Transaction B, Engineering, Vol. 31, No. B5, pp 561-565
Printed in The Islamic Republic of Iran, 2007.
[3] P.Rajalakshmi, Dr.D.Suji, M. Perarasan, E.Niranjani International Journal of Civil

and Structural Engineering Research ISSN 2348-7607 (Online) Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp:
(114-125), Month: April 2016 - September 2016.
[4] T.Sekar, “Study on Strength Characteristics on Utilisation of Waste Materials As

Coarse Aggregate in Concrete”, International Journal of Engineering Science and
Technology, Vol. 3, No.7, Pp. 5436-5440, 2011.
[5] Hemanth Kumar C. H., Sateesh Babu K, Guruvaiah T, Naveen N and Jani Sk,
“Effect of Waste Ceramic Tiles in Partial Replacement of Coarse and Fine
Aggregate of Concrete”, International Advanced Research Journal in Science,
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2,No.6,Pp. 13-16, 2015

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“Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Ceramic Tile in Concrete”

Although high strength concrete is considered as relatively a new material, its

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 1

1.3 CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN INDIA

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 2

P. Rajalakshmi, [2016], Use of ceramic waste will ensure an effective measure in

T. Sekar, [2011], studied on strength characteristics of concrete utilizing waste materials

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 3

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 4

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 5

The following materials were used

4.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 6

4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

4.5 CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 7

4.6 GRANITE POWDER

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 8

Fig. 5.1 Work flow chart

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 9

The methodology of present work is:

 Mix design for a grade of concrete.

 Compaction factor Test

 Flexural Strength Test

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 10

[2] R. Marwein, Bharathidasan International Journal of Scientific & Engineering

[3] P.Rajalakshmi, Dr.D.Suji, M. Perarasan, E.Niranjani International Journal of Civil

[4] T.Sekar, “Study on Strength Characteristics on Utilisation of Waste Materials As

Dept. of Civil Engg., RIT, Hassan 11

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