CERAMIC TILES WASTE AS COARSE AGGREGATES PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT FOR CONCRETE PRODUCTION

MUHAMMAD FATHI BIN ASRUL

Project Report submitted as partial fulfilment of

the requirements for the award of the degree of
B. ENG (HONS) CIVIL ENGINEERING

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG
 vi

ABSTRACT

In accordance with conservation efforts, this research focuses on ceramic tile waste as
partial coarse aggregates replacement for concrete production, prevention of environmental
pollution with considering the elements of sustainable and cost-saving construction
projects, especially material usage. Moreover, many of the construction industry in
Malaysia produce construction waste that contributes largely in solid waste. Utilising
ceramic tile waste, this research will focus on ceramic wastes obtain from the construction
industry in Malaysia. Presently, much of ceramic industries production goes to waste,
which is not undergoing the recycle process yet. A total forty cubes with the same
dimensions (100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm) were cast with five different proportion. Eight
cube as one type of control proportion that is 0 % percentage of ceramic waste as partial
replacement of coarse aggregates and the remaining 32 cubes are 5% ,10 % ,15% and 20%
of ceramic as partial replacement of coarse aggregates. Besides that, all other parameters
are constant. The concrete cube were tested as destructive test at last which is compression
test that to find out compressive strength of specimens of hardened concrete at 3 days, 7
days and 28 days .Before undergoing the destructive test, the performance of the concrete
was determined by undergoing slump test, compressive strength test, Ultrasonic Pulse
Velocity test, Rebound Hammer test and water absorption test. From the results of the
study, samples of concrete with 15% ceramic coarse aggregate replacement (A4) has
reached optimum strength. Findings showed that concrete containing Ceramic Tile 15%
showed the highest amount of strength compared with other specimen. Addition of 15%
ceramic material has led to compaction of concrete structures in ceramics and exhibit low
water absorption rate.
 vii

ABSTRAK

Selaras dengan usaha-usaha pemuliharaan, kajian mi memberi tumpuan kepada sisa jubin
seramik sebagai sebahagian pengganti kepada agregat kasar untuk pengeluaran konkrit,
pencegahan pencemaran alam sekitar dan mempertimbangkan unsur-unsur projek-projek
pernbinaan yang berterusan dan penjimatan kos, terutamanya dari segi penggunaan bahan.
Tambahan pula, kebanyakan industri pernbinaan di Malaysia menghasilkan sisa pembinaan
yang rnenyumbang sebahagian besar daripada sisa pepejal. Menggunakan sisa jubin
seramik, kajian mi akan memberi tumpuan kepada sisa seramik yang diperolehi daripada
industri di Malaysia. Pada masa kini, industri seramik menhasilkan sisa lebihan iaitu
bahan buangan yang tidak menjalani proses kitar semula lagi. Empat puluh jumlah kiub
dengan berdimensi yang sama iaitu (100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm) dibancuh dengan lima
perkadaran yang berbeza. Satu jenis kawalan perkadaran iaitu 0% sisa seramik sebagai
penggantian sebahagian agregat kasar sebagai spesimenkawa1an dan baki 32 kiub adalah
untuk jenis perkadaran 5%, 10%, 15% dan 20% seramik sebagai sebahagian pengganti
agregat kasar .Di samping itu, semua parameter lain adalah malar. Kiub konkrit telah diuji
dengan ujian pemusnah pada akhirnya iaitu ujian mampatan untuk mengetahui kekuatan
mampatan spesimen konkrit yang telah keras pada hari yang 3 ,7 dan 28 .Sebelum semua
Sampel menjalani ujian yang pemusnah, prestasi konkrit telah ditentukan terlebih dahulu
dengan melakukan ujian kemerosotan, ujian Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, ujian Rebound
Hammer dan ujian penyerapan air. Dari hasil kajian, sampel konkrit dengan 15% (A4)
seramik sebahagian penggantian agregat kasar telah mencapai kekuatan yang optimum.
Penemuan menunjukkan bahawa Konkrit Seramik yang mengandungi Seramik sebanyak
15% menunjukkan jumlah kekuatan yang tertinggi berbanding dengan specimen yang lain.
Penambahan bahan seramik 15% telah membawa kepada pemadatan struktur dalam konkrit
seramik dan mempamerkan kadar penyerapan air yang rendah.
 viii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page
SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION ii
STUDENT'S DECLARATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES Xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Page

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective of Study 2
1.4 Scope of Study 3
1.5 Significance of Study 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW



lx

2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Ceramic Waste As partial Replacement for Course Aggregate
Concrete Production 4
2.2.1 Properties of Ceramic Coarse Aggregates 5
2.2.2 Properties of Concrete That Were Made from
Ceramic Waste Coarse Aggregate 6
2.2.3 Type Of Ceramic Waste 9
2.2.4 Other Application of Ceramic waste substitution 9

2.3 Aggregates 10
2.3.1 Properties Of Aggregates

2.4 Previous Research Of Coarse Aggregates Replacement Material 15

2.4.1 Recycled Tires 15
2.4.2 Cockcle Shell 16
2.4.3 Coal bottom Ash 16
2.4.4 Coconut Shell 17
2.4.5 Palm Kernel Shell 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Material Preparation 21
3.3 Mixing Ingredients 22
3.3.1 Cement 22
3.3.2 Aggregates 23
3.3.3 Sand 23
3.3.4 Course Aggregates 23


3.3.5 Water 24

3.4 Sample Preparation 24

3.4.1 Compacting Process 25
3.4.2 Curing Process 25
3.5 Tests for Fresh Concrete

3.5.1 Slump Test 26
3.6 Tests for Hardened Concrete

3.6.1 Compressive Strength 27
3.6.2
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 27

3.6.3 Rebound Hammer Test 28

3.6.4 Water Absorption Test 28

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Fresh Concrete Test Results
4.2.1 Slump Test 31
4.3 Hardened Concrete Test Results
4.3.1 Compressive Stress 32
4.3.2 Rebound Hammer test 37
4.3.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 39
4.3.4 Water Absorption Test 42

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction 44

5.2 Brief Conclusion 44

REFERENCES
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

2.1 Result compression test for 7 days with different 8
water cement ratio.
2.2 Mineralogical composition of ceramic wastes 10
2.3 Aggregates weight 12
2.4 Aggregates shape 14
3.1 General preparation 24
3.2 Mix design of various proportion of sample 24
4.1 Slump test result 31
4.2 Compressive strength of Concrete On 3 days 33
4.3 Compressive strength of Concrete On 7 days 34
4.4 Compressive strength of Concrete On 28 days 35
4.5 Rebound Hammer test result 37
4.6 relationship between compressive strength and 38
rebound hammer
4.7 Classification of concrete on the basis of pulse 39
velocity
4.8 Al (0% ceramic aggregates) cube Ultrasonic pulse 40
velocity test
4.9 A2 (5% ceramic aggregates) cube Ultrasonic pulse 41
velocity test
4.10 A3 (10% ceramic aggregates) cube Ultrasonic pulse 39
velocity test
4.11 A4 (15% ceramic aggregates) cube Ultrasonic pulse 40
velocity test
4.12 AS (20% ceramic aggregates) cube Ultrasonic pulse 40
velocity test
4.13 Quality of concrete basis of pulse velocity 40
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

2.1 Ceramic coarse aggregates 6
2.2 Compressive strength development 7
2.3 Aggregates water absorption capacity 9
2.4 Tire Chips 15
2.5 Cockle Shell 16
2.6 Coal Ash 17
2.7 Coconut Shell 18
2.8 Palm Kernel 19
3.1 Research methodology flow 20
3.2 Ceramic tile preparation flow 21
3.3 Ordinary Portland Cement 22
3.4 Sand 23
3.5 Type of UPV test transmission 27
3.6 Rebound Hammer 28
4.1 Slump Test 32
4.2 Compressive strength over along 28 days 36
4.3 Water absorption at 28 days 42
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

% Percent
ts Microsecond
MPa Megapascal
kg Kilogram
N/mm2 Newton per millimeter square
kg/M3 Kilogram per metre cube
km/s Kilometre per second
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In accordance with conservation efforts, this research focuses on ceramic tile

waste as partial aggregates replacement for concrete production prevention of
environmental pollution and considers the elements of sustainable and cost-saving
construction projects, especially material usage. As a developing country, construction
sector is one sector that can build our economy and produce successful contractors.
Despites this industry brings a lot of advantages to the country such as creating more
job opportunity and brings a positive economic growth, but there are some issues that
need attention from the public as well. Most of the construction and demolition waste in
our country are not recycle but end up in landfills occupying valuable land not to
mention the cost incurred in landfllling (Wen, 2007). However, many of the
construction industry in Malaysia produce construction waste that contributes largely of
solid waste. In general, solid waste material is a result of the construction wok waste
material or residual results from renovation of the building such as stone, wood, iron,
cement and other waste materials. This research will focused on ceramic wastes
obtained from the industry in Malaysia. Presently in ceramic industry the production
goes as waste, which is not undergoing the recycle process yet. Conventionally, the
coarse aggregate used in concrete productions are gravel, crushed stone, granite, and
limestone.
 2

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The demand of construction materials for project is increasing. Therefore, there

is a need to explore alternative building materials from industrial waste materials that
can be recycled. Ceramic tiles are often discarded as waste after defined as useless. But
it can be recycled and can be used as a construction material in present world which is
seeking for alternative construction materials which are economical, environment
friendly as well as provides same quality as that of a normal aggregate made of regular
aggregates (Jalali, 2010). Ceramic wastes can be used safely with no need for dramatic
change in production and application process.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

This study was conducted to achieve the following objectives:

i) To study the strength developments hardened concrete with waste ceramic

coarse aggregate.
To determine the effect of various percentage of ceramic waste as partial coarse
aggregates replacement towards compressive strength of concrete.
iii) To determine the water absorption of ceramic aggregate concrete containing
various content of ceramic tile as partial coarse aggregates replacement material.

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

Ceramic tile waste use in this research was taken from old site factory The
scope of concrete use is in Malaysia construction industry. The experiment is only limit
to five lab tests, Slump test, compression test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, Rebound
hammer test and water absorption test.

Slump test is used to determine the correct hydration of a batch of concrete. The
slump is the distance the wet concrete settles after the slump cone is lifted off. It is
essential test to test the workability of fresh concrete, this test very useful in detecting
variations in the uniformity of a mix of given nominal proportions. All of the specimens
were subjected to immerse in water tank for curing process for being test. Compressive
test is to determine the strength of the concrete cube at the 3rd, 7th and 28th day of the
casting period. The value obtained from the test must be higher than the standard
specified strength for the concrete cube to pass.

Non-destructive test also need to be carry out (rebound hammer test and UPV
test). Then, graph that plot from these tests need to be analyze to know the optimum
percentage of Ceramic tile waste used in ceramic concrete.

Ultrasonic pulse Velocity test basically consists of transmitting the mechanically

generated pulses through concrete cube with the help of electro -acoustic transducers and
measuring the velocity of the longitudinal waves generated by the applied pulses .UPV
can be correlated to much desirable information pertaining to concrete, such as elastic
modulus, strength and uniformity of concrete

The main reason of water absorption is to determine the water characteristics in

ceramic concrete compare to typical concrete or control concrete.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

There are many inquiry and study that had carried carry out to improvise the
quality of concrete production and to create various types of concrete that will be used
for different purposes according to its suitability. Many researches had been conducted
to intensify the quality or properties of the regular concrete by mixing or adding other
materials into the natural conventional concrete. For this study, ceramic tile waste is
used as partial coarse aggregates replacement to natural coarse aggregates. The study is
essential because the proposed material to replace coarse aggregates is waste product
from construction. If ceramic waste is suitable, it can be used in concrete production.
This will reduce the waste material from construction as ceramic tile waste can be
recycled for concrete production purposes. Besides, we can cut down the uses of natural
aggregates that are produced from quarrying process which is non-environmental
process and harmful to environment. The concrete's production cost can be reduced
because the alternative material is waste material that is very low in cost.
 4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This research is supported with the related reading material previous research
about the Ceramic waste material which had been done as the references to describe
more and explain the characteristic and application of Ceramic as partial replacement in
the concrete production. So far the reutilization of ceramic wastes and has been
practiced, but the amount of wastes reused in that way is still negligible. Hence, the
need for its application in other industries is becoming absolutely very useful for getting
benefit. Construction industry can be the end user of all ceramic wastes and in the same
way can contribute Green building practices. Agricultural was and industrial waste was
among two major wastes that use as replacement to the composition. Agricultural waste
can be unused materials in form of solid and liquid.

2.2 CERAMIC WASTES AS THE PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR

COURSE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION

In early time, reactions between limestone and oil shale had been discovered
during spontaneous combustion occurred in Jerusalem to form a natural deposit of
 5

cement compounds. Over thousands of years, by the time these materials were
improved upon, combined with other materials and change into modem concrete. Now
days, concrete are made by using Portland cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates
and water. The performance characteristics of concrete can be observed with change
according to the different forces that the concrete will need to resist. The ingredients of
concrete and their proportions are called the design mix. Large scale applications of
concrete now day are construction of Petronas Twin Towers Kuala Lumpur. Time after
time, lots of invention have been made to improve the quality of concrete in the
concrete technology. With the improvement that they had made, the superstructure size
in the construction can be reduce such as beam and column.

2.2.1 Properties of Ceramic Coarse Aggregate

Ceramics is one of the most ancient industries on the planet. The word Ceramics
from the Greek word keramikos meaning "potters" clay. According to (Mustafa et al.,
2008) the particle shape analysis of ceramic waste coarse aggregate has diverse particles
shape with the crushed stone normal concrete. The important specification of coarse
aggregate are its shape, texture and the maximum size , as in further ceramic waste
aggregate was found to be smoother than that of ordinary crushed stone aggregate.
Surface texture and mineralogy affect the binder between the aggregates and the paste
as well as the stress level at which micro cracking begins, the aggregate strength
becomes influential in the case of higher-strength concrete. Ceramic wastes retain
characteristics suitable for use as pozzolanic materials and thus are suitable for use in
the making of concrete. (Zimbili et al., 2014).
 Figure 2.1: Ceramic Coarse Aggregates

2.2.2 Properties of Concrete That Were Made from Ceramic Waste Coarse
Aggregate.

Fresh ceramic waste coarse aggregate and quarry dust fine aggregates concrete
more less cohesive and workable than conventional concrete because high water
absorption of ceramic waste (Abdullah et al., 2006). Besides that, the compressive
strength for ceramic coarse aggregate concrete varied from 15 - 30 N/mm 2. Research
completed by (Torgal, 2010) found that large differences in early curing ages and
smaller differences at long curing ages.
 7

- 50 —•— Control I
0

40
a)
6
'5

CD
30 —U— MCS

20

0
U
10 —a— MCCA

0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98
Curing days

Figure 2.2: Compressive Strength Development

Source: F. Pacheco Torgal and S. Jalali (2010)

The result indicate that compressive strength of both concrete with replacement
ceramic coarse aggregates (MCCA) and Ceramic sand (MCA) are higher than
conventional concrete (control). The results are very promising but underperformed in
water absorption under vacuum test.

In the of cement partial replacement (Levat et al., 2009) found that substitution
of ceramic waste percentages of below 30% had no negative effects on the mechanical
behavior of Portland cement, thus demonstrating the viability of reusing ceramic
roofing tile waste in the production of pozzolanic cements.

The result below shows the mean value 36 test that have been done, Fresh
ceramic waste coarse aggregate was more cohesive and workable than conventional
concrete the fact that due to the lower water absorption and smooth surface texture
(Bakri, 2008).
 8

Table 2.1: Result compression test for 7 days with different water cement ratio.

W/c Ratio Type of Ceramic Waste Slump Test Compressive Strength

Aggregate (mm) (MPa)
Flowerpot 45 17.46
Tiles 30 13.81
0.4 Clay Brick 45 4.63
Conventional Concrete 85 21.53

W/c Ratio Type of Ceramic Waste Slump Test Compressive Strength

Aggregate (mm) (MPa)
Flowerpot 45 18.78
Tiles 30 12.44
0.5 Clay Brick 40 5.24
Conventional Concrete 45 19.26

2.2.2.1 Water absorption properties.

According to the (Tavakoli, 2012), Comparison between the water absorption

new concrete and the control samples was made with the ceramic tiles consisting
percent of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 that were substituted for coarse aggregates. The
absorption capacities (AC) represent the maximum amount of water the aggregates can
absorb. For common aggregate, the absorption capacities are order of 0.5% to 2%.
Absorption capacities greater than 2% often indication that the aggregates in concrete
may have a potential durability problem (Nawy, 2008)
 Pores Completely filled;
Pores empty Pores Partially Filled Pores Completely Filled Surface Moisture

'0000 00 00
00
0 0 0
,0 0 0
_j 0
() 00 0
Oven-Dry Air-Dry Saturated Surface Dry Wet
Effective Absorption Surface Moisture

Absorption Capacity
-t

Figure 2.3: Aggregates water absorption capacity

2.2.3 The Types of Ceramic Waste

Based on previous research done by (Pachero, 2009), reutilization of ceramic

waste already been practiced but the amount of waste reused in that way is still
negligible .Ceramic waste divided by two categories: First, all fired wasted generated
by the structural ceramic factories that use only red pastes such as brick, block and roof
tiles. Second, all fired wasted produced in stoneware ceramic white paste such as wall,
floor tile and sanitary ware.

The chemical composition of fired ceramic is not different from the raw
material to make this product. Only the mineralogical composition is modified when the
materials are heated. Red paste shows high proportion of iron oxide that is responsible
for the red color of brick
 10

Table 2.2: Mineralogical composition of ceramic wastes

Sample type Majors element Minors Trace

Ceramic brick Q He ,C ,Ah ,Mv ,R Fd
Overheated Q,Fd4 Mv, Cr, Ali, R, He Lm, G
brick
White roof tile Q,Mv,Fd4 Ah, He, Cr G, Hr, Cs, R
Red roof tiles Q.I(MV) C, Fd Ali, He
Ceramic table for cover Q, Fd An, He, R SF, Cr, Mu, Hr,
White stoneware tile Q,Fd4 Cr, ICN, G, Px Zr, Mu, He, Ti
Red stoneware tile Q,Fdl Cr, Mu, Px Ah, Zr, He, Mg, Lm
China stoneware tile Q Fdl, Cr, Px Cu, He

Q, quartz , Fd, Jèldspars; Fdl, albite Ca, ord; Fd2, anorthite Na, ord; Fdi, orthoclase,
Fd4,anorthoclase; Ah, anhydrite; C, calcite; Co, cordierite, Cs, celsian, Cr,
cristobalite, Cu, corundum; E, esseneite; G, gehienite; Ha, hauyne; He, hematites; Hr,
hercynite; I, illite, Lm, lime; M, mullite; Mg, magnetite, Mv, muscovite; Px, piroxene;
SF, franklinite; Ti, titanite and Zr, zircon

2.2.4 Other Applications of Ceramic Waste Substitution

Ceramic are made from natural substantial which have a high proportion of clay
minerals. So, the manufacturing process involved in ceramic materials needs high firing
temperatures which may effective the clay minerals, enhance them with pozzolanic
properties and forming hydrated outputs related to those obtained with other active
materials.
 11

2.2.4.1 Asphalt Aggregates

First of all, a lot of researches about the suitability of ceramic materials for use
in the construction of public works were carried out. Researched made by (Fatima,
2014) ceramic waste as a filler material in Semi-Dense Bituminous Concrete. This study
focuses on a laboratory evaluation of the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete
mixes using Ceramic Waste as filler. It was decided that ceramic industrial waste can be
exploited as a replacement for conventional mineral fillers in bituminous mixes. The
utilization of ceramic waste in the asphalt concrete mixes may answer the compelling
disposal problem to save the environment.

2.2.4.2 Pozzolanic cement replacer

As expected Quartz and Feldspars are main element, essentially belong to

ceramic wastes. Investigations have been carried out by researchers in the past shows
that for 20% cement replacement ceramic waste substitution of cement are represents
3.75% of the cost of Portland cement. This indicates saving of around 17% in the cost
of Portland cement in concrete. The cost of cement represents almost 45% of the
concrete cost. Therefore, overall cost of concrete will be reduced by more than 7.5%.
The manufacturing process involved in ceramic materials have need high firing
temperatures which may activate the clay minerals, enabling them with pozzolanic
properties and create hydrated products similar to those obtained with other active
rnaterials.(Cristiano,201 4)

2.3 AGGREGATES

Aggregates composed 60 -75 % of production of concrete. Act as inert filler

materials used in production of concrete. These diagrams show various aggregates
weight cl assification and it mainly used for production purpose (Halit, 2014).
 12

Table 2.3: Aggregates Weight

Weight Examples of Aggregates Used Uses for the Concrete

ultra-lightw vermiculite, ceramic can be sawed or nailed, also
used for its insulating
properties
lightweight expanded clay, shale or slate, Lightweight concrete for
12 (kN/m3) crushed brick structures.
normal weight crushed limestone, sand, river used for normal concrete
23-26 (kN/m3) gravel, projects.
crushed recycled concrete
heavyweight steel or iron shot; steel or iron used for making high density
25-29 (kN/m3) pellets concrete for shielding against
nuclear radiation

Source: Halit Yazici 2014

The selection of aggregates is very important because due to properties that will
affect the strength, toughness, mixing ratio, economical concrete production. When the
void between the aggregates is minimized, then the need for cement to fill empty spaced
can be reduced to maintain the workability and the strength of concrete. The lower
water and cement quantity in water and cement ratio water cement ratio (w/c) resulting
more durable concrete.

An aggregate has been categories into two types such as coarse aggregate that
have a size more than 5mm and fine aggregate with a size less than 5mm (Pilus, 2005).
Coarse aggregates usually gravel and crush stone The sizes are up to maximum size
permitted for the job for example a boulder.

Cla ssification of aggregates base on size and dimensions:

 13

. Coarse aggregate which retained on the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve. The function of
the coarse aggregate is to act as the main load-bearing component of the
concrete
. Fine aggregates which passing No.4 (4.75mm) sieve and predominately retained
on the No.200 (75jtm) sieve. The fine aggregates serve the purpose of filling all
the open space in between the coarse particles.

In this study, the use of ceramic waste product as alternative coarse aggregate is
proposed. Due to it contributes to higher productivity to concrete production and by the
replacement will help in minimizing the use of natural resources of coarse aggregate.

2.3.1 Properties of Aggregates

Properties of aggregates are vital to determined are compressive strength, bond

strength, aggregates shapes, aggregate surface and size, aggregates permeability
aggregates reaction of chemical. Aggregates used for concrete are making good quality
should be selected based on several criteria attributes.

2.3.1.1 Strength

Tensile strength of soil aggregates refers to the stress of force per unit area
requires breaking an aggregate. Ability of aggregates to resist the maximum destructive
force without being mechanically fractured .Aggregates strength also influenced the
micro scale physical behavior of concrete such as erosion, infiltration and permeability.
(Lai, 2006)

2.3.1.2 Aggregates grain shape

There are variety shapes of aggregates such as round, irregular, angular, flaky and long.
It can be conclude that, the use of long and flaky aggregates in the concrete production
 14

requires higher water cement ratio (w/c) than round shape aggregates. That make
aggregates with a shape of round and irregular is more suitable for making good
concrete mixing as the effect of water and cement ratio play an important role to the
strength of concrete. The proper shape must be taken wisely

Table 2.4: Aggregates shapes properties

Aggregates Voids in a Interlocking behavior Mixing

shapes concretes characteristics workability
Rounded 33-35 % Poor locking between the High workability
aggregates and reduce
strength of concrete
Irregular 35-37% The interlocking provided by Medium
this type not up to the workability
required level but better than
rounded aggregates.
angular 37-40% Interlocking is good Low workability,
need more cement
paste for
workable concrete
with high strength
 15

3.3.13 Impermeability

The distribution ot liquid moving through a concrete is controlled by the

properties of the constituent materials of which the concrete is made If the coarse
aggregates is relatively porous as is the case is lightweight aggregates the liquid
movement will occur in aggregates (Reinhardt, 1997). Impermeable characteristic is
vital in consideration to construct of certain structures like a water tank, reservoir, and
other structure that holds or store water

2.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH OF COARSE AGGREGATES REPLACEMENT

MATERIAL.

Recycled the industrial waste and agricultural waste plays an important role to
preserve the natural resources such as granite aggregates. Coarse aggregates can be
replaced by following material.

2.4.1 Recycled Tires

Study made by (Liew 2014) ,compressive strength decreased 32% with 10%
replacement of coarse aggregate and dropped further with higher replacement 'levels.
This consequence in only two mixtures with 10% tire chips by volume of coarse
aggregate met the Class p concrete compressive strength requirement at 28 days of age.
Both cement content and tire chips content affected the compressive strength of the
rubberized mixtures. The mixtures with low cement content had lower compressive
s trengths. A reduction in compressive strength was observed with increase of tire chips
C
ontent. As the rubber aggregate increased, the unit weight decreased linearly regardless
of the cement content