With Readings

Use of Waste Marble Powder & Aggregates in paver Blocks
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The present day world is witnessing the construction of very challenging and
difficult civil engineering structures. Quite often, concrete being the most important
and widely used material is called upon to possess very high strength and sufficient
workability properties. Efforts are being made in the field of concrete technology to
develop such concretes with special characteristics.
The advancement of concrete technology can reduce the consumption of natural

resources and energy sources and lessen the burden of pollutants on environment.
Presently large amount of marble dust are generated in natural stone processing
plants with an important impact on environment and humans.
This project describes the feasibility of using marble dust in concrete production
as a partial replacement of cement. In INDIA, the marble and granite stone
processing is one of the most thriving industry the effects if varying marble dust
contents on the physical and mechanical properties of the fresh and harden concrete
have been investigated. Slump and air content of fresh concrete and absorption and
compressive strength of harden concrete were also investigated. Test result Show
that this industrial bi product is capable of improving harden concrete performance
up to 10%, Enhancing fresh concrete behavior and can be used in architectural
concrete mixtures containing white cement. The compressive strength of concrete
was measured foe 7 and 28 days. In order to evaluate the effects of marble dust on
mechanical behavior, many different mortar mixes were tested.
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Leaving the waste material to the environment directly can cause environmental
problem. Hence the reuse of waste material has been emphasized. Waste can be
used to produce new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural
resources are used more efficiently and the environment is protected from waste
deposits. Marble stone industry generates both soils waste and stone slurry is a semi
liquid substance consisting of particles originating from the sawing and the polishing
process and water used to cool and lubricate the sawing and polishing machines.
Stone slurry generated during processing correspondence to around 40% of the final
products from stone industry. This is relevant because the stone industry presents
an annual output of 68 million tones of processed products. Therefore scientific and
industrial community must commit towards more sustainable practices. There are
several reuses and recycling solution for this industrial by-product, both at an
experiment phase and in nearby land the natural fertility of the soil is spoiled.
One of the greatest environment concern in construction industry is the

production of cement which emits large amount of 𝐶𝑂2gas to the atmosphere. It is
estimated that 1 tone 𝐶𝑂2. Recycling marble waste powder in substitution of cement
also indirectly canreduce environmental problems. Marble as building materials
especially in palaces and monuments has been in use for ages. The marble has
been commonly used as a building materials since ancient times.
Marble is a metamorphic rock produced from limestone by pressure and heat in

the earth crust due to geological processes. The use of practical replacement of
cement by marble powder, cut down some cement production, thus brings down the
requirement for land area for drawing resources and disposal of industrial waste too.
Marble powder can be used as an admixture in concrete, so that strength of the
concrete can be increased. India is among the top world export of marble stone. The
Indian marble industry has been growing steadily at an annual rate of around 10%
per year. Cutting of stone produces heat, Slurry, rock fragments and dust. 20% to
30% of marble blocks are converted into powder. Waste marble dust can be used to
improve the mechanical and physical properties of the conventional concrete.
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In India, million tones of wastage from marble industries are being released
from marble cutting, polishing, processing and grinding. In India, marble dust is
settled by sedimentation and then dumped away which results in environmental
pollution, in addition to forming dust in summer and public health. Their for utilization
marble dust in various industrial sectors especially the construction, will help to
protect the environment. Hence use of waste marble material has been emphasized
waste can be used as admixture so that natural resources are used more efficiently
and the environment is protected from waste deposited. Use of waste marble and
byproduct as aggregate has greater potential because 75% of concrete is composed
of aggregate. The physical and chemical properties are suitable for its proposed use.
The use of marble dust in construction might be cost effective because this waste is
available free of cost. In addition to this, due to fineness of marble powder, it will
easily mix with aggregate so that perfect bonding is possible. Marble powder will fill
the voids present in concrete and will give sufficient compressive strength when
compared with the ordinary concrete.
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CHAPTER 2
LIRETARURE REVIEW
Literature Review
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Manjupawar Et.al (2014) : They have done their search on periodic research, the
significance of partial replacement of cement with waste marble powder. They found
that the effect of using marble powder as a constituents of fines in mortar and
concrete been studied in terms of marble powder reveals that increased waste
powder ratio result in increased. They found out optimum % for replacement of
marble powder with cement gives strength.
Prof. veena G pathan: Prof. MdGulfampathan studied feasibility of marble powder

as the constituent of concrete mix. He studied that compressive strength increases
as the addition of waste marble powder as replacement of cement. This research
also investigate that marble dust has a great impact on properties such as
consistency, setting time, insoluble resides and soundness. The use of cheaper
constituents like wastes can solve the economical problems as well as
environmental problems. Therefore there is a scope for more researches in field of
durable concrete with their waste.
Valdivia c (2013): Conducted the study done research on study on a marble dust a
partially replacement of cement in concrete. They found that marble dust from
marble processing in waste utilized. The use this waste was proposed in different %
both as an additional to and instead of cement for production of concrete mixtures.
In this study, the use of marble dust collected during shaping process of marble
blocks has been investigated in concrete mixture as cementitious material. The study
showed that the marble waste, Which are in dust from could be used as
cementatious material in concrete mixtures where they are available and the cost of
construction is lower than ordinary concrete material.
Prof. P. A.Shirule: Describe feasibility of using the marble sludge dust in concrete
production as the partial replacement of cement 3 blocks of each % are cased for
7,14,28 days. They conducted test using compression testing machine to test
strength of books. The powder passed from 90 micron sieve before mixing for
casing. Hence, asimple step to minimize cost of construction with usage of marble
powder which is freely or cheaply available .
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Animesh Mishra,AbhishekPandey:They showed that the feasibility of usage of

marble sludge dust as 100% substituent, The compressive strength was discussed
and mechanical properties of function of different parameter like curing time. Binder
composition.it is observed that the strength increasesas marble powder increases.
So it helps in lowerof natural sources and also pollution.
BouzianiTayeb, BenmounahAbdelbaki, BederinaMadani& Lamar Mohmad:

They formed that use of marble powder increase the strength on replacement of
cement. Partially replacement of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% gives variation in changes in
strength as per the replacement . Other properties of marble waste blended cements
such as consistency, setting time, insoluble residue & soundness remained within
acceptable limits of different standards.
Noha M. Soliman (2013): Presented the effect of using marble powder in concrete
Mixes and also its effect on the strength of R.C. Slabs. This research aims to study
the effect of using marble powder as partially replace of cement on the properties of
concrete. The behavior of reinforced concrete slabs by using marble powder is also
investigated. The main consideration in this investigation is the percentage of marble
powder as partial replacement of cement constituent in concrete mixes. The
experimental result showed that, the use of definite amount of marble powder as a
replacement of cement content increases the workability, compressive strength and
tensile strength. Use for marble powder enhances the structure performance of the
tested slabs as it increased the stiffness and the ultimate strength compared to the
control slabs.
V.M. Sountharajan and A. Sivakumar (2013): Add marble powder and check its
effects on concrete mix. In this research work, the waste marble powder up to 10%
by weight of cement was investigated for hardened concrete properties. The effect of
different percentage replacement of marble powder on the compressive strength,
splitting tensile strength and flexural strength and flexural strength was calculated. It
canbe noted that the influence of fine to coarse aggregate ratio(F/C) and cement –
total aggregate ratio (C/TA) had a higher influence on the important in strength
properties. The immense increase in the compressive strength of 46.80 MPa at 7
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days for 10% replacement of marble powder in cement content was calculated and
also showed an improvement in mechanical properties as compared to the
conventional concrete.
BabooRai and Khan Naushad (2011): Studied the influence of marble powder in
cement concrete mix. In this paper the effect to use of marble powder and granules
has been studied by partially replacing with mortar and concrete constituents and
checked the different properties like relative workability and compressive and flexure
strengths. By partial replacing the constituents it reveals that increased waste
powder of waste marble granules ratio resulted in increased workability and
compressive strength of the mortar and concrete.
BaharDemirel (2010): presented the use of marble dust as in place of fine

aggregate in concrete mix and check the mechanical properties of mix. In this
experimental study, the effects of using waste marble powder have been studied as
a fine material on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Four different series of
concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing the fine sand (passing 0.25 mm sieve)
with waste marble powder at different proportion like 0, 25, 50 and 100% by weight.
For determining the effect of the waste marble powder on the compressive strength
with respect to the curing age, compressive strength of the samples were recorded
at the curing ages of 3,7,28 and 90 days. Different properties like the porosity values,
ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPA), and dynamic modulus of elasticity and the unit
weights of the series were determined and compared with each other. It had been
observed that the addition of WMD such that it would replace the fine material pass.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Working procedure
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➢ We are using waste marble powder which partially replaces cement in step of
10%, 20%, 30%,40% in concrete..This partial replacement of cement with
waste marble powder improves the properties of concrete in various
ways. We are casting the blocks to check the compressive strength of
concrete.
➢ In this project our main objective is to study the influence of partial
replacement of cement with marble powder , and to compare it with the
compressive strength of ordinary M20 concrete. We are also trying to
find the percentage of marble powder replaced in concrete that makes
the strength of concrete maximum.
➢ Now–a-days marble powder has become a pollutant. So partially replacing
cement with marble powder, we are proposing a method that can be of great
use in reducing pollution to a great extent.
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3.2 TOTAL NUMBERS OF BLOCKS TO BE CASTED ARE LISTED BELOW
Number of blocks to be cased
Percentage of To be To be tested To be
marble powder tested For 14 days tested for Total blocks to be
for 7 Days 28 days tested
0% 3 3 3 9
10% 3 3 3 9
20% 3 3 3 9
30% 3 3 3 9
40% 3 3 3 9
Total 15 15 15 45
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3.3. Testing of Material.
3.3.1. Cement
The history of pozzolanic material goes back to Roman’s time. The Portland
pozzolana cement (PPC) is manufactured by the intergrading of OPC clinker with 10-
25% of pozzolanic material (as per latest amendment, it is 15-35%). Pozzolanic
material is essentially a silicious or aluminous material which while in itself
prossessing no cementitious properties. Which will, in finally divided from and in
presence of water, react with calcium hydroxide, liberated in the hydration process,
at ordinary temperature, to form compound possessing cementitiousproperties. The
pozzolanic materials generally used for manufacturer of PPC are calcined clay (IS
1489 part II of 1991) or fly ash (IS 1489 part I of 1991).
Portland pozzolana cement produces less heat of hydration and offers greater
resistance to the attack of aggressive waters than ordinary Portland cement
.moreover, it reduces the leaching of calcium hydroxide when used in hydraulic
structure. It is particularly useful in marine and hydraulic structure/ construction and
mass concrete constructions. Portland pozzolana cement can generally be used
where Ordinary Portland cement is usable.
Advantages of PPC
❖ In PPC, costly clinker is replaced by cheaper pozzolanic material – Hence

economical.
❖ Soluble calcium hydroxide is converted into insoluble cementitious products
resulting in improvement of permeability. Hence it offers, around durability in
hydraulic structures and marine construction.
❖ PPC consumes calcium hydroxide and does not produce calcium hydroxide
as that of OPC.
PPC os finer than OPC and also due to pozalanic action; it improves the pores size
distribution and also reduce the microcracks at the the transition zone.
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Status of PPC in India
Over 60 million tons of fly ash is generated from over 75 thermal power stations. But
the quantities of such fly ash are generally not satisfactory to be used in PPC. In
India, only 19% of total cement production is PPC (1998-1999) and 10% of slag
cement. Government of India has set up an organization called fly ash mission to
promote the fly ash as mineral admixture or in manufacturing PPC. As they know the
importance of the quintiles of the fly ash, they take particular care to produce fly ash
of good qualities to be used in PPC.
Application
Portlanspozzolana cement can be used in all situation where OPC is used expert
where high early strength is of special requirement. As PPC needs enough moisture
falls sustained Pozzolanic activity, A little longer curing is desirable. Use of PPC
would be particularly suitable for the following situation.
❖ For Hydraulic structures.

❖ For mass concretes structures lie dam, bridge piers and thick foundation.
❖ For marine structure.
❖ For sewers and sewage disposal works.
3.3.1.1 Standard consistency test
For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of cement
and strength parameter known as standard consistency has been used. The
standard consistency of a cement paste is defined s that consistency which will
permit a vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a
depth of 33-35 mm from top of mould. The apparatus is used to find out the
percentage of water require it produce cement paste of standard consistency.
3.3.1.2 Compressive strength
The compressive strength of harden is the most important that all the properties
therefore cement is always tested for its strength at the laboratory before the cement
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is used in important works. Strength test are not neat cement paste because of
difficulty of excessive shrinkage and subsequent cracking neat cement. Strength of
the concrete is directly found on cement sand mortar in specific proportion. It self
confirm to IS 650-1991.The ratio of cement to sand is 1:3. Immediately after mixing
the mortar Is filled into the cube of size 7.07cm. The area of the face of the cube will
be equal to 50sq.cm. Compact the mortar either by hand compaction in the standard
specified manner or on the vibrating equipment for 2 minutes.
3.3.1.3 Fitness Test
The fineness of cement has unimportant bearing in the rate of hydration and hence
on he rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer ceent
offers a greater surface area for hydration and hensefaser the development of
strength.
3.3.1.4. Initial and final setting time
The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the
time at which the needle penetrates the test block to a depth equal to 33-35 mm
from the top is taken as initial setting time. When the taste block has attend such
hardness that heneedle does not pierce through the block more than 0.5mm, that
time is known as the final setting time.
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3.3.1.1 Standard consistency Test
Data:
Amount of cement : 500 gm (each time)
Observation Table
WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF
SR. WATER w2 WATER W2 % OF WATER ADDED PENETRATION FROM
NO. (gm) (gm) (W2/W1) TOP (mm)
1 500 160 32% 19
2 500 165 33% 26
3 500 170 34% 33
4 500 175 35% 39
Result: The percentage by weight of eater with respect to cement to produce

standard consistency is 34%.
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3.3.1.2 Compressive strength test of cement
Data:
Area of standard mould = 200 × 160 𝑚𝑚2
Cement by sand proportion = 1:3
Quantity of cement = 1.5kg.
Quantity of sand = 4.5 kg
Quantity % of water = (p/4 + 3)
Here P = standard consistency of cement in % = 34%
Percentage of water = 34/4+3= 11.5%
Quantity of water required = (11.5 × 6000)/100 = 690gm.
=690 ml
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Observation Table:
Compressive
Sr. Cube Age Crushing Area A Strength Avg. Strength
No Indentation (Types) load W (N) (𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) (W/A) (N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
1 C7 7 390 × 103 20125 19.37
17.38
2 C7 7 305× 103 20125 15.15
3 C7 7 355× 103 20125 17.63
4 C14 14 395× 103 20125 19.62
19.7
5 C14 14 405× 103 20125 20.12
6 C14 14 390× 103 20125 19.37
7 C28 28 500× 103 20125 24.84
20.2
8 C28 28 450× 103 20125 12.42
9 C28 28 470× 103 20125 23.35
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3.3.1.3 Fineness Test
Data:
Weight of cement taken (A) = 100 gm.
Weight of cement retained on 90 micron I.S. Sieve (B) = 5 gm.
Calculation:
Fineness = (B/A) × 100
= (500/100) × 100
= 5%
I.S. Requirement for fineness:
Fineness should be less than 10 %.
Result :
Fineness of cement = 5 %
Since fineness value is less than 10%
Hence It can be used in our project work
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3.3.1.4. Setting time
Data:
Weight of cement = 300 gm
Water content = 0.85 P, where P = standard consistency
= 0.85 × 34%
= 28.9% of cement
= (28.9/100) × 300 gm = 86.7 gm
I.S. Requirement:
Initial setting time = more than 30 minutes (as per I.S. 4031- 1968)
Final setting time = less than 600 minutes (as per I.S. 4031-1968)
Result :
Initial setting time = 40 minutes.
Final setting time = 262 minutes
Conclusion:
Since the initial setting time is more tham 30 minutes and final setting time is
less tham 600 minutes. Hence, it is ok.
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3.3.2. Sand
We have been use natural sand; it is easily available and low in price. It
has cubical or rounded shape with smooth surface texture. Being cubical, rounded
and smooth texture it give good workability. Sand which is used here is taken from
Girnariver . Particles of this sand have smooth texture and are blackish. Sieve
analysis test is conducted on sand for finding out the finesses modulus. in this test
we sieve the sample through I.S. sieve ranges from 10mm to 150 micron in
descending order . Fineness modulus is empirical factor by adding the cumulative
percentage of sample retain on each of the standard sieve and dividing this sum by
arbitrary number 100.
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3.3.2.1 Sieve analysis.
This is the name of operator of dividing sample of aggregate into various

fractions each consisting of particles of the same size. The sieve analysis is
conducted to determine the particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate which
will call gradation. A convenient system of expressing the gradation of aggregate in
one which consecutive sieve opens.
1. SIEVE ANALYSIS
Gradation pattern of sample of course aggregate of fine aggregate is

assessed by sieve a sample successfully through all the sieve amounted one over
the other in order of size, with large sieve on the top. The material retrial retained in
on each sieve after shaking represents the fraction of aggregate coarser than sieve
in question and finer than the sieve above sieving can be done either manually or
mechanically, in manual operation the size is shaken giving movements in all
possible direction to give chances to all particle through the sieve.
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3.3 Aggregate:
Aggregate are the important constituted in concrete. They give body to the concrete,
reduce shrinkage and effect economically. Almost all natural aggregate materials
originate from bed rock. There are three kinds of rock, namely igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic.
2AGGREGATE
3.3.3.1. Types:
The aggregates used in this project mainly of waste marble pieces which
comes under normal weight category.
3.3.3.2. Aggregate crushing value:
The “Crushing Value” gives the relative measure of the resistance of an

aggregate to crushing under gradually applied compressive load. This test is made
on simple size aggregate passing 12.5 mm and retain on 10 mm sieve. The crushing
value of aggregates is restricted to 30% for concrete used for roads and pavements
and 45% may be permitted for other structure.
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3.3.3.3. Aggregate impact value:
With respect to concrete aggregate, toughness is usually considered the

resistance of the material to failure by impact. A sample of aggregate is kept in a
mould is subjected to 15 blows of a metal hammer of weigh 14 Kgs falling from a
height of 38 cms. The quality of finer material (passing from 2.36 mm) resulting form
ponding will indicate the toughness of the sample of aggregate. The ratio of the
weigh of the fines formed, to the weight of the total sample taken is expressed as a
percentage. This is known as aggregate impact value. IS 283-1970 is specified that
aggregate impact value shall not exceed 30% for concrete used for wearing surfaces
and 45% for concrete other than wearing surfaces.
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3.3.3.2 Crushing test (for 10mm size)
Data:
Weigh of Aggregate (A) = 3.770Kg
Weigh of Aggregate passing through 2.36 mm IS Siever (B) = 0.920 Kg
Calculation:
Crushing Value = (B/A) × 100
= (0.920/3.77) × 100
= 24.40%
I.S. requirement:
Crushing Value should be less than 30%.
Result:
Crushing value of Aggregate = 24.40%.
Since, crushing value of aggregate is less than 30% hence, it is ok.
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3.3.3.3. Aggregate impact value
Data:
Weight of Aggregate (A) = 0.668Kg
Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36mm IS Siever (B) = 0.050 Kg
Calculation:
Impact Value = (B/A) × 100
= (0.050/0.668) × 100
= 7.49%
I.S. Requirement:
Impact Value should be less than 30%.
Result:
Impact Value of Aggregate = 7.49%.
Since, Impact value of aggregate is less than 30% hence, it is ok.
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3.4. Material used in project
➢ Type : Portland Pozzolana Cement
➢ Manufacturer : Birla Gold
➢ Aggregate – 1 coarse : 20mm down
2 medium : 10-12mm down
➢ Marble powder : In step of 10% of weight of cement up to 40%
➢ Sand : Medium passing through 4.75 mm IS-Sieve
➢ Water/cement ratio : 0.45
➢ Mixed proportion : 1:1.5:3 (M20)
➢ Mixed procedure : Hand mixing
➢ Curing practice : By pounding
➢ Testing of blocks : compression strength after 7,14 & 28 days
➢ Machine used for block testing – Compression testing machine(CTM)
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3.5 Casting Details
Casting details of Paver locks
We have castes total 45 numbers of blocks. The block has been casted to the
compressive strength of concrete with inclusive of marble powder.
7 DAYS:-
% OF MARBLE C/S AREA COMPRESSIVE

POWDER 𝑚𝑚2 LOAD(N) STRENGTH AVERAGE UNIT
0% 20125 305000 15015 16.39 N/𝑚𝑚2
355000 17.63
330000 16.39
10% 20125 390000 19.37 17.38 N/𝑚𝑚2
305000 15.15
355000 17.63
20% 20125 265000 13.16 13.99 N/𝑚𝑚2
280000 13.91
300000 14.9
30% 20125 270000 30.41 12.41 N/𝑚𝑚2
260000 12.91
220000 10.93
40% 20125 200000 9.93 10.01 N/𝑚𝑚2
215000 10.63
190000 9.44
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14 DAYS:-

𝟐
POWDER 𝒎𝒎 LOAD(N) STRENGTH AVERAGE UNIT
0% 20125 310000 15.4 19.21 N/𝑚𝑚2
400000 19.87
450000 22.36
10% 20125 410000 20.37 20.33 N/𝑚𝑚2
405000 20.12
408000 20.27
20% 20125 425000 21.11 19.21 N/𝑚𝑚2
385000 19.13
350000 17.39
30% 20125 395000 19.62 19.7 N/𝑚𝑚2
405000 20.12
390000 19.37
40% 20125 310000 15.4 14.9 N/𝑚𝑚2
290000 14.4
300000 14.9
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28 days:-

POWDER 𝒎𝒎𝟐 LOAD(N) STRENGTH AVERAGE UNIT
0% 20125 490000 24.34 23.26 N/𝑚𝑚2
465000 23.1
450000 22.36
10% 20125 500000 24.84 23.55 N/𝑚𝑚2
450000 12.42
470000 23.35
20% 20125 455000 22.6 22.6 N/𝑚𝑚2
460000 22.85
450000 22.36
30% 20125 470000 23.35 22.1 N/𝑚𝑚2
430000 21.36
435000 21.61
40% 20125 490000 24.34 21.27 N/𝑚𝑚2
395000 19.62
400000 19.37
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3.PAVER BLOCK CASTING EQUIPMENT
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4. MARBLE CRUSHER
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7.PAVERBLOCK
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8. WORK ON MARBLE CRUSHER
9.MARBLEAGGREGATE
CHAPTER 4
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RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 CEMENT
SR. NO. TEST RESULT IS REQUIREMENT

1 Fitness of cement 5% As per IS 269-1976
max 10%
2 Consistency of cement 34%
3 Initial setting time 40 min. As per IS 4031-1968

Min 30 min
4 Final setting Time 262 min. As per IS 4031- 1968

Max 600 min.
5 Compressive strength of cement 18.69 N/𝑚𝑚2 in 3 As per IS 1489-1331

days & 25.54 N/𝑚𝑚2 16N/𝑚𝑚2 in 3 days
in 7 days As per IS 1489-1991
22 N/𝑚𝑚2 in 7 days
Table No 4.1
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4.2 SAND
SR. NO. TEST RESULT IS REQUIREMENT
1 Fineness Modulus 3.14 (As per IS 383-1970 Max 3.2 )
Table 4.2
4.3 BLOCKS
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Compressive strength of concrete is tested on cube at different percentage of marble

powder content in concrete. The strength of concrete has been tested on cube at 7
days curing and 28 days. 7 days test has been conducted to check the gain in initial
strength of contrete. 28 days test gives the data of final strength of concrete at 28
days curing. Compression testing machine is used for testing the compressive
strength test on concrete. At the time of testing the cube is taken out of water and
dried and then tested keeping the smooth faces in upper and lower part. The test
result of the cubes is given below:
Table no. 4.3
% of Sr No. Date of Load at Strength Strength Strength Avg.

marble Testing Failure at 7 days at 14 at 28 Strength
powder (KN) (N/mm) days days (7/28/21)
(N/mm) (N/mm)
0% 1 28-01-21 305 15.15
2 28-01-21 355 17.63 16.39
3 28-01-21 330 16.39
4 06-02-21 310 15.87
5 06-02-21 400 19.87 19.21
6 06-02-21 450 22.36
7 18-02-21 490 21.34
8 18-02-21 465 23.11 23.26
9 18-02-21 450 22.36
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10% 1 28-01-21 390 19.37
2 28-01-21 305 15.15 17.38
3 28-01-21 355 17.63
4 06-02-21 395 20.37
5 06-02-21 405 20.12 20.33
6 06-02-21 390 20.27
7 18-02-21 500 24.84
8 18-02-21 450 12.42 23.55
9 18-02-21 470 23.35
20% 1 28-01-21 305 13.16
2 28-01-21 355 13.97 13.99
3 28-01-21 330 14.9
4 06-02-21 425 21.11
5 06-02-21 385 19.13 19.21
6 06-02-21 350 17.39
7 18-02-21 455 22.6
8 18-02-21 460 22.85 22.6
9 18-02-21 450 22.36
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30% 1 28-01-21 270 30.41
2 28-01-21 260 12.91 12.41
3 28-01-21 220 10.93
4 06-02-21 410 19.62
5 06-02-21 405 20.12 19.7
6 06-02-21 408 19.37
7 18-02-21 470 23.35
8 18-02-21 430 21.36 22.1
9 18-02-21 435 21.61
40% 1 28-01-21 200 9.93
2 28-01-21 215 10.63
3 28-01-21 190 9.44 10.01
4 06-02-21 310 15.4
5 06-02-21 290 14.4 14.9
6 06-02-21 300 14.9
7 18-02-21 490 24.34
8 18-02-21 395 19.62 21.27
9 18-02-21 400 19.37
[Type text]36
4.3.1. Calculation for blocks
Stress (f1) = Load/Area
= (500*103 )/(20125)
= 24.84 N/𝑚𝑚2
= (450*103 )/(20125)
= 12.42 N/𝑚𝑚2
= (470*103 )/(2012)
= 23.35 N/𝑚𝑚2
Average Stress = (24.84 + 12.42 + 23.3)
= 60.61 N/𝑚𝑚2
The whole result has been calculated by similar procedure.
[Type text]37
4.4. GRAPHICAL PEPRESENTATION
Here is a graphical representation of the compressive strength test result

plotting percentage of marble powder in abscissa (X – axis) and compressive
strength of concrete at ordinate (Y – axis). Blue colour shows the compressive
strengthen concrete in 7 days. Red color shows the compressive strength of
concrete at 14 days and green color shows the compressive strength of concrete at
28 days.
DICUSSION
❖ At 7days the compressive strength is 16.39 N/𝑚𝑚2

❖ At 14 days the compressive strength is 19.21 N/𝑚𝑚2
[Type text]38
DICUSSION

Fig.no.4.5.partial replacement of cement with marble powder up to 40%
DICUSSION
[Type text]39

DICUSSION
❖ With the inclusion of marble powder the strength of concrete gradually

increases up to a certain limit but the gradually decreases.
❖ With inclusion of marble powder up to 10% the initial strength gain in concrete
is high.
❖ At 10% there are 12% increases in initial compressive strength foe 7 days.
❖ At 10% there are 17.7% increase in initial compressive strength foe 28 days.
❖ The initial strength gradually decreases from 15%.
[Type text]40
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1. Conclusion
❖ The compressive strength of cubes are increased with addition of waste

marble powder up to 10% replace by weight of cement and further any
addition of waste marble powder the compressive strength decreases.
❖ The split tensile strength of cylinders with addition of waste marble powder up
to 10% replace by weight of cement and further any addition of waste marble
powder the split tensile strength decreases.
❖ Thus we found the optimum percentage for replacement of marble powder
with cement and it is almost 10% of the total cement for cubes.
❖ We have put forth a simple step to minimize the costs for construction with
usage of marble powder which is freely or cheaply available; more
importantantly.
❖ Strength obtained on partial replacement of cement with marble powder
❖ We have also stepped into a realm of saving the environment pollution by
cement production: being our main objective as Civil Engineer.
❖ The test shows that the industrial waste are capable of improving harden
concrete performance.
❖ The combine use of rock dust & marble sludge exhibited excellent
performance due to efficient filling ability.
❖ It can also affect the shrinkage & plasticity
[Type text]41
❖ According to study, waste marble powder has some cementitious properties.

Because of these properties of marble powder, it can be used & fulfills the
economical and environmental problems.
❖ Industrial wastes are capable of improving the physical & chemical properties.
Use of marble waste powder shows a great performance due to the efficient
micro filling ability.
❖ Partial replacement of cement with marble powder up to 10%.

❖ At 7days the compressive strength is 17.38 N/𝑚𝑚2 .
❖ At 14 days the compressive strength 20.33 N/𝑚𝑚2
❖ At 28 days the compressive strength 23.55 N/𝑚𝑚2 .
❖ Highest maximum compressive strength is achieved at 10% replacement
marble powder with cement.
[Type text]42
CHAPTER 6
REFERENCE
6.1. Reference:
1) International journal of Civil and structural engineering volume 1, No 4,

2011.
2) International journal of physical sciences VOL. 5(9), PP, 1372 – 1380, 18
August, 2010.
3) Concrete technology – M.S. Shetty.
4) Concrete technology – M.L. Gambhir.
5) http;// www.engineeringcivil.com/project-on-partial-replacement-of-cement-
with-marble-powder.
6) CE & CR August 2010 by M. ShahulHameed, Research scholar and M.

Vijayalaxmi, faculty, sethu institute of technology, Kariappati, Tamil nadu And A.S.S.
Sekar, Assistant Professor, AlagappaChetiyar collage of engg. & Technology,
Kariakudi, Tamil Nadu.
7) DR. Anurag Mishra, Mr. Rajesh Gupta. “Utilization of marble slurry in

construction materials”.Workshop on gainful utilization of marble slurry and other
Stone Waste.
8) Akbulut H, Giirer C (2007). Use of aggregate produced from marble quary

waste in asphalt pavements. Build Environ., 42(5); 1921-1930
9) Alyanac K.E. Ince R (2009. A preliminary concrete mix design for SSC with
marble powder. Const. Build Mat., 23(3): 1201-1210
10) Ali EErgun 92011), “Effects of the usage of diatomic and waste marble
powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete”,
Construction and building Material, 25(2), pp 806812
[Type text]43
11) Manjupawar“ Significance of partial replacement of cement with marble

powder.” VOL-III, Issue-I,August-2014.
12) Valeria et al (2005) “Study of compressive strength of concrete by partial

replacement of cement with marble powder.”
13) Noha .Soliman (2003) “Effect of using marble powder in concrete mixes
on strength of RC slab. (SSRG- IJCE) – EFES April 2015.
[Type text]44

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Use of Waste Marble Powder & Aggregates in paver Blocks

The advancement of concrete technology can reduce the consumption of natural

One of the greatest environment concern in construction industry is the

Marble is a metamorphic rock produced from limestone by pressure and heat in

Prof. veena G pathan: Prof. MdGulfampathan studied feasibility of marble powder

Animesh Mishra,AbhishekPandey:They showed that the feasibility of usage of

BouzianiTayeb, BenmounahAbdelbaki, BederinaMadani& Lamar Mohmad:

BaharDemirel (2010): presented the use of marble dust as in place of fine

3.1. Working procedure

3.2 TOTAL NUMBERS OF BLOCKS TO BE CASTED ARE LISTED BELOW

Number of blocks to be cased

3.3. Testing of Material.

❖ In PPC, costly clinker is replaced by cheaper pozzolanic material – Hence

Status of PPC in India

❖ For Hydraulic structures.

3.3.1.1 Standard consistency test

3.3.1.2 Compressive strength

3.3.1.3 Fitness Test

3.3.1.4. Initial and final setting time

3.3.1.1 Standard consistency Test

Amount of cement : 500 gm (each time)

1 500 160 32% 19

2 500 165 33% 26

3 500 170 34% 33

4 500 175 35% 39

Result: The percentage by weight of eater with respect to cement to produce

3.3.1.2 Compressive strength test of cement

Area of standard mould = 200 × 160 𝑚𝑚2

Cement by sand proportion = 1:3

Quantity of cement = 1.5kg.

Quantity of sand = 4.5 kg

Quantity % of water = (p/4 + 3)

Here P = standard consistency of cement in % = 34%

Percentage of water = 34/4+3= 11.5%

Quantity of water required = (11.5 × 6000)/100 = 690gm.

1 C7 7 390 × 103 20125 19.37

3 C7 7 355× 103 20125 17.63

4 C14 14 395× 103 20125 19.62

6 C14 14 390× 103 20125 19.37

7 C28 28 500× 103 20125 24.84

9 C28 28 470× 103 20125 23.35

3.3.1.3 Fineness Test

Weight of cement taken (A) = 100 gm.

Weight of cement retained on 90 micron I.S. Sieve (B) = 5 gm.

Fineness = (B/A) × 100

I.S. Requirement for fineness:

Fineness should be less than 10 %.

Since fineness value is less than 10%

Hence It can be used in our project work

3.3.1.4. Setting time

Weight of cement = 300 gm

Water content = 0.85 P, where P = standard consistency

= (28.9/100) × 300 gm = 86.7 gm

Initial setting time = 40 minutes.

Final setting time = 262 minutes

3.3.2.1 Sieve analysis.

This is the name of operator of dividing sample of aggregate into various

Gradation pattern of sample of course aggregate of fine aggregate is

3.3.3.2. Aggregate crushing value: