Corona Effect

1.
) CORONA EFFECT
-The phenomena of violet glow, hissing noise, and creation of the ozone gas contained in the overhead
transmission lines are generally preferred as the corona effect of the transmission line.
-In High voltage power transmission, an immense power delivered through the conductor.
-Factors Lead to Generate the Effect of Corona on Transmission Lines:
1. The appearance of violet glow surrounded by the conductor

2. Hissing sound generated from the conductor
3. Radio interference communication
4. Production of ozone
5. There is power loss in transmission line
2.) SKIN EFFECT

-the tendency of a high-frequency alternating current to flow through only the outer layer of a conductor.
-is due to opposing eddy currents induced by the changing magnetic field resulting from the alternating
current.
3.) ANSI DEVICE NUMBER

-In the design of electrical power systems, identifies the features of a protective device such as
a relay or circuit breaker.
-are used to identify the functions of devices shown on a schematic diagram. Function descriptions are
given in the standard.
4.) DISTANCE RELAY

-The relay whose working depends on the distance between the impedance of the faulty section and the
position on which relay installed.
5.) DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

-defined as the relay that operates when the phase difference of two or more identical electrical quantities
exceeds a predetermined amount.
-works on the principle of comparison between the phase angle and magnitude of two or more similar
electrical quantities.
6.) BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

- is used to protects the Bus Bar in the substation.
This relay acts on Differential current measurement principle. As per the Kirchoff's current law, at any
point, the sum of currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
7.) TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

- Among them differential relay is very commonly used relay for protecting transformers and generators
from localised faults. Differential relays are very sensitive to the faults occurred within the zone
of protection but they are least sensitive to the faults that occur outside the protected zone.
8.) LINE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

- Current comparison is the term used in the PSRC “Guide for Protective Relay Applications to
Transmission Lines” for all types of line differential relays using current-only as the main operating
criteria. While all line differential relays have similarities, measuring principles may differ.
9.) BREAKER FAILURE RELAY

- A BF function is initiated by all relays tripping the breaker, and as a backup function, it preferably uses a
separate CT and ac wiring. Upon detecting a failure to interrupt, the BF function trips all breakers that
connect sources of the fault current.
- are required to give a rapid trip when the primary circuit breaker does not break properly at e.g. a short
circuit in the network. The faulty section of the network could in this way be tripped separately.
10.) OVER CURRENT RELAY
- A relay that operates or picks up when it's current exceeds a predetermined value (setting value) is
called Overcurrent Relay. Overcurrent protection protects electrical power systems
against excessive currents which are caused by short circuits, ground faults, etc.
11.) RECLOSER
- is an automatic, high-voltage electric switch. Like a circuit breaker on household electric lines, it shuts off
electric power when trouble occurs, such as a short circuit.
12.) LOAD BREAK SWITCH

- is a disconnect switch that has been designed to provide making or breaking of specified currents.
13.) SECTIONALIZER
- is a self-contained, circuit-opening device used in conjunction with source-side protective devices, such as
reclosers or circuit breakers, to automatically isolate faulted sections of electrical distribution systems.
14.) ARC FLASH

- (also called a flashover) is the light and heat produced as part of an arc fault, a type of electrical explosion
or discharge that results from a low-impedance connection through air to ground or another voltage phase
in an electrical system.
15.) IEC 61850

- is an international standard defining communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at
electrical substations. ... These protocols can run over TCP/IP networks or substation LANs using high
speed switched Ethernet to obtain the necessary response times below four milliseconds for protective
relaying.
16.) SCADA
- is an acronym for supervisory control and data acquisition, a computer system for gathering and analyzing
real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as
telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation.
17.) RTAC (REAL-TIME AUTOMATION CONTROLLER)

- Suitable for use in utility substations or industrial control and automation systems, the SEL-3530 Real-
Time Automation Controller (RTAC) provides complete and flexible system control with integrated
security, seamless configuration, unified logic, and reliability.
18.) INVERTER
- is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). ...
Circuitry that performs the opposite function, converting AC to DC, is called a rectifier.
19.) SOLAR PANEL

- Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.
A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic solar cells available in
different voltages and wattages. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic
system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.

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1.

1. The appearance of violet glow surrounded by the conductor

2.) SKIN EFFECT

3.) ANSI DEVICE NUMBER

4.) DISTANCE RELAY

5.) DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

6.) BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

7.) TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

8.) LINE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

9.) BREAKER FAILURE RELAY

12.) LOAD BREAK SWITCH

14.) ARC FLASH

15.) IEC 61850

17.) RTAC (REAL-TIME AUTOMATION CONTROLLER)

19.) SOLAR PANEL

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