ETHICO-MORAL ISSUE ON

STERILIZATION AND
MUTILATION
GROUP 4
What is
STERILIZATION
Most common method of contraception

Offers a permanent, safe, cost-effective

and efficacious way to prevent

unintended pregnancy

Out of 100 women who have a

sterilization procedure each year, less

than one may become pregnant

Does not protect an individual against

sexually transmitted diseases

 TUBAL LIGATION VASECTOMY
(WOMEN) (MEN)

The fallopian tubes are closed The vas deferens is tied, cut,

off in such a way that it is tied, clipped, or sealed to

cut, clamped, banded, or

prevent the release of sperm

sealed shut
into the semen

Prevents the egg from moving

down the fallopian tube and

keeps the sperm from reaching

the egg.
 DIRECT INDIRECT
STERILIZATION STERILIZATION

TO DESTROY THE AN INEVITABLE

NORMAL RESULT FROM THE

FUNCTIONING OF A CURE OF SOME

HEALTHY ORGAN SO PATHOLOGICAL

AS TO PREVENT THE CONDITION WHICH IS

FUTURE CONCEPTION REQUIRED FOR THE

OF CHILDREN HEALTH OF AN

INDIVIDUAL
3 TYPES OF DIRECT STERILIZATION

DEMOGRAPHICS
EUGENIC

Concerned with
Concerned for “filtering”
controlling the growth of
the population.
population

HEDONISTIC

Concerned for the sexual

desire of an individual
 1928 - SEXUAL STERILIZATION ACT

(LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ALBERTA,

SUMMARY CANADA)

Drafted to protect the gene pool, allowed for

sterilization of mentally disabled persons in

EUGENIC
order to prevent the transmission of
Sterilization Is
undesirable traits to offspring

STILL Going On

HIGHER REPRODUCTION RATE THAN

By Sarah Chaffee
THE NORMAL POPULATION ON THE

INHERITANCE OF

mental illness, mental retardation, epilepsy,

alcoholism, pauperism, certain criminal

behaviors, and social defects, such as

prostitution and sexual perversion

 1972 - DAVID KING REPEALED THE

SUMMARY SEXUAL STERILIZATION ACT

IN LATE 2015 AND EARLY 2016

First Nations women had recently been sterilized

EUGENIC
without, or with dubious, consent in Alberta’s
Sterilization Is
neighboring province of Saskatchewan.
STILL Going On
Two women sued the province for coerced

sterilization, both immediately after delivering

By Sarah Chaffee
children.

One claimed to have been asked for her consent

after being administered opioids, and the other

claims to have explicitly denied consent.

They cannot see their newborn babies until they

undergo a sexual sterilization surgery.

SUMMARY SUMMER

COREY
OF 2013

JOHNSON
IN CALIFORNIA

REVEALED THAT:

Women in the state prison system had been

recently sterilized under conditions of missing

EUGENIC
or dubious consent, and sometimes without
Sterilization Is
their knowledge.
STILL Going On

150 Latina and African-American women were

By Sarah Chaffee
sterilized between 2006 and 2010

Of the 144 tubal ligations performed on

inmates from fiscal years 2005-06 to 2012-

13, more than a quarter — 39 — were done

WITHOUT consent
SUMMARY ACCORDING

2006, IN INDIA
TO UN STATISTICS FROM

37% of women have undergone sexual

sterilization, often paid to do it

EUGENIC

Sterilization Is IN 2016 (INDIA)

STILL Going On “Sterilization Camps” funded by USAID and

the World Bank.

By Sarah Chaffee
53 women had tubectomies over two hours

and many of them were not aware of being

permanently sterilized.

Not all women survived due to unsanitary or

improperly done procedures

The camps were shut down as ordered by the

government of India
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLE AND OPINION

PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT

DIRECT STERILIZATION

if a woman is diagnosed with a cancerous uterus, the performance of a

hysterectomy is perfectly legitimate and moral. To be right, the operation or

protocol must be truly therapeutic in character and arises from a real

pathological need. Meaning, the surgery’s goal is to remove the cancerous

uterus which is vital for the woman’s survival. This is the intended good effect.

With the uterus removed, the woman’s ability to reproduce is gone. This is the

foreseen but merely permitted evil effect. Being able to save the woman’s life

balances the sacrifice of not having a uterus and not being able to bear a child

anymore.
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLE AND OPINION

PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY OF A HUMAN PERSON

INDIRECT STERILIZATION AND EUGENIC STERILIZATION

IIt is unethical and immoral because instead of promoting an individual’s dignity

and preserve his or her completeness in terms of physical and psychic functions

(unless necessary for survival), the act of eugenic sterilization solely relies on

wanting to impede procreation abilities and responsibilities of an individual.

What’s worse is that the reason behind wanting to prevent these individuals from

producing offspring is due to the judgments of those in power which selects

people who are considered to have “defective” genes, discriminates those who

are ill especially those who have HIV, and reduces the population of ethnic

groups.
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLE AND OPINION

PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY OF A HUMAN PERSON

INDIRECT STERILIZATION AND EUGENIC STERILIZATION

I It sacrifices the basic human functions of an individual which contributes to his

or her humanness. Furthermore, in eugenic sterilization, the organ being

manipulated is normally functioning and poses no threats to the person. This is

against the conditions of the principle of totality of a human person which

states that the organ must be in deteriorating condition which may cause

damage to the whole organism. Lastly, authorities cannot directly dictate the

removal and intervention of the parts of the people and the people themselves

for being considered as weak parts of society.

 ETHICAL PRINCIPLE AND OPINION
PRINCIPLE OF COMMON GOOD

It was explicitly stated that the rights of the women in the province of

Saskatchewan as well as those imprisoned in the state prison system had been

violated. Many of them were sterilized without their consent, coerced into doing

so, deceived or not given proper health education about the procedure. These

acts did not allow them to freely exercise their rights to choose for their own

good and fully assess the quality of life they will be having after the procedure.
What is
MUTILATION

the removal of or irreparable

disfigurement, by any means, of some

smaller portion of one of those larger

sections of a living or dead person

act of “dismemberment"

Some ethnic groups practice ritual

mutilation
What is
MUTILATION

In some cases, the term may apply to

treatment of dead bodies

The act of "tattooing" is also considered

a form of self-mutilation according to

some cultural traditions (Christianity)

Form of physical punishment (for various

culture and religion)

 DIRECT INDIRECT
MUTILATION MUTILATION

Action that is veered towards causing

Removing a body part which will
wrong or harm whether be it the process
result in the recovery or survival of a
or how it is done or the result of such
person.
action.
It is done with a good intention
Trespasses and defaces the human

towards relieving a person of his

dignity.

sufferings or discomfort.
There are no rights established that

allows anyone or someone to harm

themselves.
SUMMARY  200 MILLION

UNDERGONE
WOMEN

FEMALE
HAVE

GENITAL

MUTILATION (FGM)

44 MILLION ARE GIRLS YOUNGER

The Eye Cannot
THAN 15
See What the Mind

Does Not Know: Leads to medical and psychiatric

Female Genital complications for the affected woman

Mutilation herself and can harm future generations

who may suffer from FGM-related

By Hanni Stoklosa complications of labor.

IMMEDIATELY, woman may experience

hemorrhaging, sepsis, urinary retention and

sometimes death.
SUMMARY
In the long term, women who have

experienced FGM may suffer from

The Eye Cannot chronic menstrual issues, urinary tract

See What the Mind

infections, dyspareunia, post-
Does Not Know:
traumatic stress disorder or
Female Genital
depression.
Mutilation
May lead to increased caesarean

section rates.
By Hanni Stoklosa
Increased rates of infant death.

It violates the right of autonomy of

the person affected.

 ETHICAL PRINCIPLE AND OPINION

PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT

The procedure is often accepted by means of culture to circumcise males as a

rite of passage in several religious customs. Whether or not the male child has

agreed, the act of circumcision takes place once in a male’s lifetime for both

ethnicity and health benefits. This exercises the principle of double effect in

ethics in which the good effect outweighs the bad effect in circumstances

sufficiently grave to justify causing the bad effect and the agent exercises due

diligence to minimize the harm. Outside of professionally performed

circumcision, MGM is usually associated with dark arts and malicious intent in

which violates a person’s automy and rights.

 ETHICAL PRINCIPLE AND OPINION

We do support circumcision and a product of it. Only if it is done by well

trained professional, should a person undergo MGM for health benefits.

Always consider that the procedure, if done professionally, is

therapeutic as for the male. Regardless of belief and culture, awareness

of the pros and cons of mutilation must be regarded to both males and

females.
THANK YOU!

ATTO, ANGEL

CALAOAGAN, JANELLE

CAMPAÑA, JULIE

DE JESUS, SHEENA

MASANGYA, YESSICA

PATA, DANIELLA

SAGARDUI, RICHARD

VILLENA, ROBERT