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    ES-Lesson 4 Rocks PDF

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    Tinetine Dizon Malquerido
    This document provides an overview of the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes their modes of formation, key characteristics, examples of each type, and approaches to identifying rocks based on their textures and compositions. The rock cycle is introduced as the constant recycling of minerals through geological processes that change one rock type into another over time.

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    ES-Lesson 4 Rocks PDF

    Uploaded by

    Tinetine Dizon Malquerido
    111 views4 pages
    This document provides an overview of the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes their modes of formation, key characteristics, examples of each type, and approaches to identifying rocks based on their textures and compositions. The rock cycle is introduced as the constant recycling of minerals through geological processes that change one rock type into another over time.

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    This document provides an overview of the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes their modes of formation, key characteristics, examples of each type, and approaches to identifying rocks based on their textures and compositions. The rock cycle is introduced as the constant recycling of minerals through geological processes that change one rock type into another over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    111 views4 pages

    ES-Lesson 4 Rocks PDF

    Uploaded by

    Tinetine Dizon Malquerido
    This document provides an overview of the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes their modes of formation, key characteristics, examples of each type, and approaches to identifying rocks based on their textures and compositions. The rock cycle is introduced as the constant recycling of minerals through geological processes that change one rock type into another over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH

    SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH


    First Semester; A.Y. 2019 – 2020
    ROCKS

    ROCKS | solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our
    planet

    ROCK CYCLE - constant recycling of minerals


    - a model that describes all the processes by which rocks are formed, modified,
    transported, decomposed, melted, and reformed
    - illustrates how geologic processes occurring both underneath and on the Earth’s
    surface can change a rock from one type to another

    Page 1 of 4
    TYPES OF ROCKS:
    1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
    - rocks derived from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
    - from solidified molten rock materials, usually hard and crystalline
    - rate of cooling is an important factor that control crystal size
    - solidification can occur along the surface or beneath the surface of the Earth
    FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
    A. PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE ROCKS
    - formed from solidified magma underneath the Earth
    - PHANERITIC TEXTURES - large interlocking crystals, examples: granite, diorite, gabbro
    B. VOLCANIC OR EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
    - formed from solidified lava at or near the surface of the earth
    ✓ PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE: formed through two stages of crystallization: phenocrysts –
    large crystals, extruded to form the groundmass – fine grained matrix
    ✓ APHANITIC TEXTURE: fine-grained texture; minerals not visible to the naked eye
    ✓ VESICULAR TEXTURE: voids created by rapid cooling which causes air bubbles to be
    trapped inside
    - Examples: rhyolite, andesite, basalt
    - PYROCLASTIC ROCKS: fragmental rocks usually associated with violent or explosive
    type of eruption.
    - Examples are tuff and pyroclastic flow deposits (ignimbrite)
    Igneous rocks are also classified according to silica content and relative amounts of
    K, Na, Fe, Mg and Ca and practically based on presence of light and dark colored
    minerals.
    - felsic: granitic: >65% silica, generally light-colored
    - intermediate: andesitic: 55-65% silica, generally medium colored (medium gray)
    - mafic: basaltic: 45-55% silica, usually dark colored
    - ultramafic: <45% silica, generally very dark colored
    Igneous Rock Identification
    Composition
    Texture Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic
    Granite Gabbro
    Pegmatitic Diorite ~
    pegmatite pegmatite
    Phaneritic Granite Diorite Gabbro Dunite
    Aphanitic Rhyolite Andesite Basalt ~
    Porphyritic Rhyolite Andesite Basalt ~
    Glassy Obsidian Basaltic glass ~
    Vesicular Pumice Scoria ~
    Pyroclastic Volcanic tuff ~

    2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
    - these are rocks that are formed at or near the surface of the Earth
    - sedimentary processes include lithification, weathering of rocks, erosion, sediment
    transport and deposition (compaction and cementation)

    COMMON SEDIMENTARY FEATURES


    A. fossil assemblages: remains and traces of plants and animals that are preserved in
    rocks
    B. stratification or layering (strata with >1cm thickness is called BEDDING and < 1cm is
    called LAMINATION):
    - layering is the result of a change in grain size and composition; each layer represents a
    distinct period of deposition
    CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
    - composed of grains, matrix and cement

    Page 2 of 4
    - clastic rocks with volcanic origin (e.g. pyroclastics) could be classified as sedimentary rock
    (e.g. volcanoclastic rocks).
    - variable grain sizes (including matrix and cement) is indicative of sedimentary
    differentiation
    - a function of processes happening in different sedimentary environments

    NON-CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS


    - evaporation and precipitation from solution or lithification of organic matter
    - classified as evaporites (halite, gypsum and dolostone), precipitates (limestone) and
    bioclastics (coal, coquina)
    • Evaporites: rocks formed from the evaporation of water leaving the dissolved minerals
    to crystallize
    • Precipitates: rocks formed when minerals from a mineral supersaturated waters start
    to crystallize at the bottom of the solution
    • Bioclastic: rock formed from compacted organic matter
    Sedimentary Rock Identification
    Texture Grain Size Composition Rock Name
    >2 mm Rounded quartz,
    feldspar, and rock Conglomerate
    fragments
    >2 mm Angular quartz, feldspar,
    Breccia
    Clastic and rock fragments
    1/16-2 mm Quartz, feldspar Sandstone
    >1/16 mm Feldspar, quartz Arkose
    <1/16 mm Quartz, clay minerals Siltstone
    (mudstone, shale)
    <1/256 mm Quartz, clay minerals Claystone
    Silica (quartz) Chert
    Dolomite Dolostone
    Crystalline Calcite Limestone
    Halite Rock salt
    Gypsum Rock gypsum
    Silica (quartz) Chert
    Loosely compacted
    organic material and Peat
    plant fragments
    Bioclastic Densely compacted
    organic material and Bituminous coal
    plant fragments
    Calcite Limestone
    Calcite and microskeletal
    Chalk
    fragments
    Calcite; almost entirely
    shell and skeletal Coquina
    fragments
    Calcite with some shell Fossiliferous
    Bioclastic
    and skeletal fragments limestone
    Dolomite with some shell Fossiliferous
    and skeletal fragments dolostone

    Page 3 of 4
    3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
    - formed below the surface of the earth through the process of metamorphism with
    the recrystallization of minerals in rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature
    conditions
    - form when pre-existing or parent rock (whether igneous, sedimentary, or even
    metamorphic) are treated by heat, pressure, and the chemical activity of fluids
    Metamorphism means “to change form.”
    CONTACT METAMORPHISM
    -occurs when magma moves into rocks
    - creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks
    - example: hornfels

    REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
    -results in large-scale deformation and high-grade metamorphism
    - creates foliated metamorphic rocks
    - examples: schist, gneiss

    Metamorphic Rock Identification


    Texture Foliation Composition Type Parent rock Rock name
    Slaty Mica Regional Mudstone Slate
    Quartz,
    Phyllitic mica, Regional Mudstone Phyllite
    chlorite
    Schistose Mica, quartz Regional Slate Schist
    Amphibole, Basalt or
    Foliated Schistose Regional Amphibolite
    plagioclase Gabbro
    Feldspar,
    Gneissic Regional Schist Gneiss
    mica, quartz
    Contact
    Bituminous
    ~ Carbon or Anthracite coal
    coal
    Regional
    Contact
    Quartz, rock
    ~ or Conglomerate Metaconglomerate
    fragments
    Regional
    Contact
    Nonfoliate ~ Calcite or Limestone Marble
    Regional
    Contact
    ~ Quartz or Sandstone Quartzite
    Regional

    Page 4 of 4

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