specwise

The strength of bolt groups or the shear delight of A TALE OF

bearing change without tearing out your hair. TEAROUTS
BY LARRY MUIR, PE

SECTION J3.10 of the 2016 Specification for Structural As described in the Commentary, when deformation at the
Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16) introduces a new limit bolt hole is a design consideration, the strength is limited such
state: tearout. that hole elongation will not exceed ¼ in. when high tensile
Actually, that’s only half the story. More accurately, the section stress occurs on the net section. At this stress level, the bolt may
splits what had been presented in the 2010 Specification as a single not tear from the joint—but for simplicity, the limit state is still
check into two separate checks: bearing and tearout. There has referred to as tearout.
been some confusion and controversy related to the proper ap- Tearout can occur between a bolt and any edge, whether the
plication of this check that we’ll attempt to clear up here. (Note: For edge occurs at the end of the material or at an adjacent bolt hole.
the sake of brevity, we have listed the bolt grades but not the full ASTM
designation of F3125 Grades A325 and A490 throughout the text.) The Change
The change to the 2016 Specification is minor. Equation J3-
What is Tearout? 6a in the 2010 Specification has been broken into two separate
The limit state of bolt edge tearout Equations, J3-6a and J3-6c, in the 2016 Specification (see Table
was introduced in the 1999 Specifica- 1). A similar change has been made to Equations J3-6b and
tion as part of the bolt bearing checks. J3-6d. This is intended to be an editorial change. The 2016
Tearout is a limit state provided in Commentary was also revised to provide further information
Section J3.10 of the Specification. It is and guidance.
described in the Commentary as a bolt-
by-bolt block shear rupture of the ma- Table 1. Comparison Between
terial upon which the bolt bears—a fail- 2010 and 2016 Specification Tearout Provisions
ure of the material in front of the bolt 2010 Specification 2016 Specification
in the direction of the force. Though
Rn = 1.2lctFu ≤ 2.4dtFu Rn = 2.4dtFu (J3-6a)
not a theoretically correct model, bolt Figure 1
➤

(J3-6a) Rn = 1.2lctFu (J3-6a)

tearout may be easier to understand if
you think about a bolt tearing through the material (as shown
in Figure 1). There are two shear planes. Assuming the planes Lower Bound Method
shown, the strength is calculated as: As stated previously, there has been some confusion related
to the proper application of this check. There are multiple ap-
Rn = 2(0.6)lctFu = 1.2lctFu proaches possible. However, the User Note in Section J3.6 of

Though this is a simple and useful

model, it does not reflect the actual behav-
ior. If the bolt tears from the material, the Larry Muir (muir@aisc.org)
phenomenon looks more similar to Fig- is AISC’s director of
ure 2. The model does, however, produce technical assistance.
Specification Equation J3-6c, the nominal
Figure 2
➤

tearout strength when deformation at the

bolt hole is a design consideration. The
fact that the model is not precise is reflected by the fact that
the Specification also presents a limit state for conditions when
deformation at the bolt hole is not a design consideration with
Equation J3-6d, Rn = 1.5lctFu , which predicts a strength 25%
higher than the Figure 1 model.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 specwise
the 2016 Specification describes the preferred procedure. This 4. The nominal tearout strength at the edge for the ½ in.
same User Note appeared in Section J3.6 of the 2010 Specifica- plate is 29.4 kips/bolt.
tion as well. To illustrate, consider the connection with a top 5. The nominal tearout strength at the edge on each of the
and bottom 3∕8-in.-thick plate and a center ½-in.-thick plate as a in. plates can be found by prorating the strength of the
shown in Figure 3. ½ in. plate:
29.4 kips/bolt

(0.375 in.
0.5 in. )= 22.0 kips/bolt/plate
or 44.0 kips/bolt
As is typical, the tearout strength between the bolts does not
govern, though for unusual conditions it could.
The strength of the bolts at the inner bolt line is governed
by the tearout strength at the edge for the ½-in. plate 2(29.4
kips) = 58.8 kips. Note this is less than the double shear value of
2(30.1 kips/bolt) = 60.2 kips and the bearing strength of 2(52.2
kips/bolt) = 104.4 kips.
Figure 3
➤ ➤

The strength of the bolts at the outer bolt line is governed

Figure 4 by the tearout strength at the edge for the 3∕8-in. plate 2(22.0
kips) = 44.0 kips per shear plane. Note the tearout strength, 22
kips/bolt/plate, is less than the single shear value of 30.1 kips
and the bearing strength of 39.2 kips/bolt/plate.
The total strength of the connection is 58.8 kips + 44.0 kips
(2 shear planes) = 147 kips.

Poison Bolt Method

An alternate method, sometimes referred to as the poison
bolt method, simply multiplies the least strength of any of the
bolts by the total number of bolts. In this case the poison bolt
method yields:

Rn = (4 bolts)(29.4 kips/bolt) = 118 kips

This is obviously significantly less work, but it results in about

To save you from tearing your hair out, let’s start with the a 20% reduction in the predicted strength in this case. The un-
outcome that tearout on the edges in both plates simultane- derestimation of strength can be greater for some connections.
ously controls—i.e., two bolts tear out of the loaded edge of This approach is not recommended.
the ½ -in. plate and the other two bolts tear out of the loaded
edges of the 3∕8-in. plates. The associated applicable nominal Commentary Method
strengths are shown in the free body diagram in Figure 4. A The Commentary to the 2016 Specification suggests a sim-
free-body diagram showing the nominal strengths applicable, plification for typical connections, such as those shown in the
based on the User Note, is shown in Figure 4 (note that the AISC Steel Construction Manual. The shear, bearing and tearout
governing forces are highlighted). To explain where this came limit states for each bolt in the same connected part are deter-
from, there are five limit states to be checked for each bolt: mined and the lowest value summed to determine the strength
(1) bolt shear, (2) bearing on the main material, (3) bearing on of the group. This ignores the potential for interaction of these
the connection material, (4) tearout on the main material and limit states among multiple connected parts, but the impact is
(5) tearout on the connection material. For this example, from small in common connection details. The key is that a “reason-
the free-body diagram: able” connection is being considered, such as the example being
1. The nominal single shear strength for a ¾-in.-diameter considered here. There is some parity between the bolts chosen
A325 bolt with the threads excluded from the shear plane and the plates, and the edge distances are typical of those his-
is 30.1 kips/bolt. torically used and recommended in the Specification. The Specifi-
2. The nominal bearing strength on the ½ in. plate is 52.2 cation does not prohibit the use of 1-in.-diameter A490-X bolts
kips/bolt. to connect ¼-in. material, but such an arrangement does not
3. The nominal bearing strength on each of the a in. plates make a lot of sense, may not be economical and will present
can be found by prorating the strength of the ½ in. plate: more of an issue relative to tearout and interaction between

( )
0.375 in. connected elements.
52.2 kips/bolt = 39.2 kips/bolt/plate
0.5 in.
or 78.4 kips/bolt
MAY 2017
 specwise
The Commentary simplification can be applied to the ex- Tearout Between Holes
ample. The strength based on bolt shear remains unchanged, Common connections typically provide for ¾-in. or 7∕8-in.
8(30.1 kips/bolt) = 241 kips. The bearing and edge bolt tearout bolts spaced at 3 in. on center. Fortunately, for this common
strengths of the ½-in. plate was determined previously as 52.2 configuration, tearout is not a concern between the rows of
kips/bolt and 29.4 kips/bolt, respectively. The tearout strength bolts. For bolts larger than 7∕8 in. in diameter, bolt shear, not
between the bolts is 76.2 kips, and as is common in typical con- tearout, will govern if the plate is made significantly thick. Ta-
nections, it does not govern. By inspection, the limits states for ble 3 presents the minimum thickness required to ensure that
the 3∕8-in. plates do not govern. Therefore, the strength of the bolt shear (and not tearout) governs. The values assume either
connection is: 3 in. spacing or the minimum allowed by the Specification: 22∕3
times the nominal diameter per Section J3.3. Single shear is
(2 bolts)(52.2 kips/bolt) + (2 bolts)(29.4 kips/bolt) = 163 kips also assumed.
Table 3. Minimum Thickness (inches)
The predicted strength, 163 kips, is higher than the 147 kips to Ensure Tearout Does not Govern Between Holes
predicted by the User Note model but only by about 11%. We A36 Grade 50
knew it would be higher, because it starts by assuming a fail- Bolt F3125 Grade F3125 Grade
ure mechanism instead of a force distribution; it is an upper- Diameter
(inches) A325-X A325-X
bound solution. As described in the 2016 Commentary, we have A325-N or A490-X A325-N or A490-X
bounded the actual strength of the connection. A comparison A490-N A490-N
of the various methods is presented in Table 2. 1 3
∕8 7
∕16 9
∕16 5
∕16 3
∕8 ½
11∕8 ½ 5∕8 ¾ 7∕16 9∕16 5∕8
Table 2. Comparison of Methods 5∕8 13∕16 9∕16 11∕16
1¼* ½ ½
Poison Lower 2016
Pre-1999 13∕8* 9∕16 11∕16 7∕8 ½ 5 ∕8 13∕16
Bolt Bound* Commentary
5 15 9 11 7
Values 1½* ∕8 ¾ ∕16 ∕16 ∕16 ∕8
209 118 147 163
(kips) *Spacing is 22∕3 times the nominal diameter.
% of Lower
142 80 100 111
Bound A similar analysis can be performed to find the minimum
*Per User Note in Section J3.6 in the 2010 and 2016 Specification. thickness such that tearout does not govern given edge dis-
tances of 1¼ in. and 1½ in. The results are presented in Table 4.
Adding Bolt Rows
As is probably already clear, it is the way in which the tearout Table 4. Minimum Thickness (inches)
at the edge bolts is handled that is causing the difference be- to Ensure Tearout Does not Govern at Edge
tween the various models. The effect of adding rows of bolts le = 1.25 in. le = 1.5 in.
can be seen in Figure 5. The discrepancy between the methods
Bolt F3125 Grade F3125 Grade
drops off quickly as rows of bolts are added. This is consistent Diameter
with assumptions, made as far back as at least 1936, that edge (inches) A325-X A325-X
A325-N or A490-X A325-N or A490-X
tearout is less of a concern for connections with multiple rows A490-N A490-N
of bolts in the direction of the force. 3∕16 3∕16 3∕16
½ ¼ ¼ ¼
5∕8 5∕16 3∕8 7∕16 ¼ 5∕16 3∕8

Figure 5: Effect of number of rows.

➤

¾ 7∕16 9∕16 11∕16 3∕8 7∕16 ½

7∕8 5∕8 13∕16 1 ½ 5∕8 ¾
1.12
15∕16 13∕16 17∕16 11∕16 7 ∕8 11∕16
1
1.1
Lower Bound
Commentary

1.08 What About the Manual?

1.06 The most widespread change to AISC’s Steel Constrcution
Manual (www.aisc.org/publications) involved simply adding
1.04 the term tearout in the text to reflect the breaking up of the
1.02 tearout and bearing limit states.
The most substantial change was made to Table 10-1, which
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 included a tabulation of beam web available strength per inch
Number of Rows of thickness. Due to the format of the table, neither the lower
bound nor the 2016 Commentary alternative approach is pos-

MAY 2017
 specwise
sible. It was therefore decided that the best option was to simply ➤ In the 2016 Specification, the hole clearance increased to
remove these values. This leaves the designer the task of evalu- 1∕8 in. for bolts 1 in. and larger in diameter. This will af-
ating tearout. Manual Table 7-5 can aid in this task. Tables 3 and fect the clear distance and therefore the tearout strength
4 in this article can also be used to determine when tearout will ➤ The five-limit-state approach described in a User Note
and will not be an issue. is the recommended design approach and is the one re-
flected in many AISC Design Examples and more recent
Rules of Thumb and Helpful Hints AISC Design Guides
Keep these tips in mind when considering tearout: ➤ The poison bolt model is conservative and might be suf-
➤ Tearout will not govern between the bolts for many com- ficient in some instances but may not result in the most
mon connections economical design
➤ Tearout will not govern the strength of shear connec- ➤ The mechanism-based approach, as described in the
tions to uncoped beams with 7∕8-in.- or 1-in.-diameter Commentary, though tending to overestimate the
bolts and the edge distance, le , is equal to 1.25 in. or 1.5 strength may be sufficient for many common conditions
in. Additional information, including a history of edge distance
➤ Edge tearout will generally not govern if the thickness checks in the AISC Specification, more detailed calculations re-
of the plies is equal to the bolt diameter lated to the example problem, references and other information
➤ Bolt grades and diameters should be well-matched to about bolt tearout can be found at www.aisc.org/tearout. And
the strength of the plies you can view and download the current version of the Specifica-
➤ Edge distance must be considered, though often tearout tion at www.aisc.org/specifications.  ■
can be deemed okay by inspection

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

A Tale of Tearouts: Web Supplement

This is a supplement to the May 2017 Modern Steel Construction article “A Tale of Tearouts” (available
at www.modernsteel.com/archives). The information presented here was compiled while working on
the article that appeared in the article, but was not printed to due space limitations.

A little history

Recent discussions and questions received at the AISC Steel Solutions Center related to bolt tearout
sometimes tend to treat the limit state as a new and foreign addition to structural steel design. In fact,
edge distance checks at bolted connections have existed for some time in the AISC Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI-AISC 360) available at www.aisc.org/specifications. A brief history is
provided below.

The 1923 Specification stated: “The minimum distance from the center of any rivet hole to a sheared
edge shall be 2¼ in. for 1¼-in. rivets, 2 in. for 11/ 8 -in. rivets, 1¾ in. for 1-in. rivets, 1½ in. for 7/ 8 -in. rivets,
1¼ in. for ¾-in. rivets, 11/ 8 in. for 5/ 8 -in. rivets, and 1 in. for ½-in. rivets. The maximum distance from any
edge shall be 12 times the thickness of the plate, but shall not exceed 6 in.” The minimum ratio of edge
distance to rivet diameter is 12/ 3 . The Specification was in some ways less specific back then, as it often
gave only allowable stresses and relied on engineers to figure out where to apply them, but it does not
seem to be common practice to check a limit state related to tear-out of the bolt through the edge.
None was necessary since the bearing strength topped out at only 30 ksi and would govern instead of
edge tear-out for any reasonable assumed value for tear-out.

In 1936, the allowable bearing stress was increased from 30 ksi to 40 ksi. New edge distance
requirements were also introduced. Section 18(f) stated:

“The distance from the center of any rivet under computed stress, and that end or other
boundary of the connected member toward which the pressure of the rivet is directed, shall be
not less than the shearing area of the rivet shank (single or double shear respectively) divided by
the plate thickness.

This end distance may however be decreased in such proportion as the stress per rivet is less
than that permitted under Section 10 (a); and the requirement may be disregarded in case the
rivet in question is one of three or more in a line parallel to the direction of stress.”

The Commentary to the 1936 Specification stated: “One interesting fact brought out by the test was,
that the thinnest specimens failed by shearing a wedge-shaped piece out of the end of the bar. This
action would be prevented, and the tensile value of the bar developed, by increasing the end distance
beyond the rivet. Had the specimens contained several rivets in line, this should not have occurred, as
the yielding of the end of the bar would no doubt have thrown more load back onto the interior rivets.
Since there are structural connections in which this type of premature failure might control the design,
and since such failure may sometimes be prevented by increase of thickness and in other cases by
adding more rivets (two different means of reducing the shear behind a rivet), the Committee has added
the provision contained in Section 18 (f).” Other than this tree fastener limit, the description of a model
that assumed the throwing of “more load back onto the interior rivets” is exactly the model suggested in
the User Note in the 2010 Specification.

The edge distance check did not apply to connections with three or more fasteners in the direction of
the stress. A similar exclusion existed until 1978 though for much of this time the check was required
only for connections with not more than two fasteners (as opposed to excluding the check for
connections with three or more fasteners), and the required edge distance or allowable load was
adjusted to account for the higher strength of high-strength bolts.

In 1978 the requirement became:

Along a line of transmitted force, in the direction of the force, the distance from the center of a
standard hole to the edge of the connected part shall be not less than

2P/F u t

There was no exception related to the number of bolts in a line. This equation can be rewritten as:

R n = 0.5F u L e t

The 1978 Commentary explains the change: “Recent tests performed at Lehigh University have shown
that when the capacity of a connection designed on the basis of the present higher allowable stresses is
dependent upon bearing, rather than tension on the effective net area or shear in the fasteners, the
critical bearing stress is significantly affected by reduction of the end distance, even with three fasteners
in line.”

The 1986 Specification introduced a different exception as a bearing check that applied to “a single bolt,
or two or more bolts in line of force, each with an end distance less than 1½ d.” The bearing check was
essentially the same as the one in 1978 only shown in LRFD format.

The 1986 requirement appeared in 1989 and 1993 though in a somewhat different forms.

In 1999 the references to the number of bolts and the 1½ d limit were dropped, the current strength
equations were adopted and it was stated that: “For connections, the bearing resistance shall be taken
as the sum of the bearing resistances of the individual bolts.”

The 1999 Commentary is mostly silent as to why this change was made other than to state that it was to
“simplify and generalize such bearing strength calculations.” A 1997 Engineering Journal paper, “A
Summary of Changes and Derivation of LRFD Bolt Design Provisions,” states: “Research by Kim and Yura
(1996) and Lewis and Zwerneman (1996) indicated that while current AISC and RCSC Specification
provisions for hole-elongation-controlled bearing strength calculation are correct, tearout-controlled
cases are not adequately addressed.” The paper also cites a desire to simplify the checks as an impetus
for the change.
So, edge-distance-related checks for bolted and riveted connections have been a part of structural steel
design from the beginning, though many engineers practicing today were saved from having to consider
them for much of their careers by exceptions that were allowed if certain criteria were met.

Example (The original presentation)

Let’s consider the connection shown in Figure 3:

Figure 3

Prior to the 1999 Specification, the nominal strength of this connection would have been the lesser of
the bolt shear strength and the bearing strength. In this case bearing on the ½-in. plate governs and not
the combined ¾-in. thickness of the splice plates.

The Bolt shear strength is:

R n = (4 bolts)(2 shear planes)(30.1 kips/bolt) = 241 kips

The bearing strength is:

r n = 2.4(3/ 4 in. diameter)(1/ 2 in.)(58 ksi) = 52.2 kips/bolt

R n = (4 bolts) (52.2 kips/bolt) = 209 kips

The available strength is the lesser, 209 kips.

The 1999 Specification added to this procedure consideration of tearout but provided little guidance as
to how to apply the new check. One option was to calculate the bearing strength of the critical bolts, the
one with the least strength, and apply it to all of the bolts. This is sometimes referred to as the poison
bolt model.

The tearout strength is:

3� in.+ 1�
𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛 = 1.2 �1 1�4 in. − 4
2
16 in.
� �1�2 in. �(58 ksi) = 29.4 kips

Assuming the poison bolt model the total strength is:

R n = (4 bolts) (29.4 kips/bolt) = 118 kips

This is a lower bound solution, as the 29.4 kips can be applied to each bolt while satisfying statics and all
of the limit states. It is therefore a conservative estimate of the strength, but it may result in
uneconomical designs.

The 2010 Specification provided further guidance in a User Note, which reads: “The effective strength of
an individual fastener is the lesser of the fastener shear strength per Section J3.6 or the bearing strength
at the bolt hole per Section J3.10. The strength of the bolt group is the sum of the effective strengths of
the individual fasteners.” This is based on the Lower Bound Theorem. All of the limit states are checked
against a force distribution that satisfies statics. The user note describes the force distribution: Each bolt
resists the maximum force it can resist based on the limit states of bearing (which include a
consideration of edge distance, sometimes referred to as tearout) and bolt shear. Sufficient ductility is
assumed.

Returning to our example, applying the user note results in the following free-body diagram (Figure 4):

Figure 4

There are essentially five limit states to be checked for each bolt: (1) bolt shear, (2) bearing on the main
material, (3) bearing on the connection material, (4) tearout on the main material and (5) tearout on the
connection material. For this example, from the free-body diagram:

1. The single shear strength for a ¾-in. A325 bolt with the threads excluded from the shear
plane is 30.1 kips/bolt.
2. The bearing strength on the ½-in. plate is 52.2 kips/bolt.
3. The bearing strength on each of the 3/ 8 -in. plates can be found by prorating the strength
of the ½-in. plate: 52.2kips/bolt (0.375/0.5) = 39.2 kips/bolt/plate or 78.4 kips/bolt.
4. The tear-out strength at the edge for the ½-in. plate is 29.4 kips/bolt.
5. The tear-out strength at the edge on each of the 3/ 8 -in. plates can be found by prorating
the strength of the ½-in. plate: 29.4(0.375/0.5) = 22.0 kips/bolt/plate or 44 kips/bolt.

As is typical the tearout strength between the bolts does not govern, though for unusual conditions it
could.
The strength of the bolts at line 1 is governed by the tear-out strength at the edge for the ½-in. plate
2(29.4) = 58.8. Note this is less than the double shear value of 60.2 kips.

The strength of the bolts at line 2 is governed by the tear-out strength at the edge for the 3/ 8 -in. plate
2(22) = 44 kips per shear plane. Note the tearout strength, 22 kips/bolt/plate, is less than the single
shear value of 30.1 kips.

The total strength of the connection is 58.8 + 44(2 shear planes) = 147 kips.

This is obviously a good deal more work than simply multiplying by the least strength by the number of
bolts, but it does provide a better estimate of the strength of the connection.

The Commentary to the 2016 Specification suggests a simplification and states: “For typical connections,
such as those shown in the AISC Steel Construction Manual, it is acceptable to calculate the shear,
bearing and tearout limit states for each bolt in the same connected part and sum the lowest value of
the bolt shear or the controlling bearing or tearout limit for each bolt to determine the group strength.
The intent is that the separate bearing and tearout equations in this Specification be treated in the same
way as the combined equations in the 2010 AISC Specification. This ignores the potential for interaction
of these limit states in multiple connected parts, but that impact is small enough in common connection
details within the range of the connections shown in Part 10 of the AISC Manual, to allow the benefit of
this practical simplification in design. Nonstandard connections may be more sensitive to this
interaction; if so, a more exact approach may be necessary.”

Though the Commentary specifically cites shear connections shown in Part 10, the key is really that a
“reasonable” connection is being considered. The example being considered makes sense. There is some
parity between the bolts chosen and the plates and the edge distances are typical of those historically
used and recommended in the Specification. So, let’s apply the Commentary simplification to the
example. The predicted strength based on the Commentary model is:

The strength based on bolt shear remains unchanged, 241 kips.

The bearing strength is:

r n = 52.2 kips/bolt, on the ½-in. plate as shown previously

The tearout strength for the edge bolts is:

r n = 29.4 kips/bolt, on the ½-in. plate as shown previously

The tearout strength for the interior bolts is:

𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛 = 1.2�3 in. −� 3�4 in. + 1�16 in.���1�2 in. �(58 ksi) = 76.2 kips

Therefore, the strength of the connection is:

(2 bolts)(52.2 kips/bolt) + (2 bolts)(29.4 kips/bolt) = 163 kips.

 By inspection the limits states for the 3/ 8 -in. plate do not govern.

The predicted strength of 163 kips is higher than the 147 kips predicted by the User Note model, but
only by about 11%. We knew it would be unsafe, because it starts by assuming a failure mechanism
instead of a force distribution. It is an upper bound solution. As described in the Commentary, we have
bounded the actual strength of the connection. A comparison of the various methods is presented in
Table1.

Table 1. Comparison of Methods

Pre- Poison Lower Commentary

1999 Bolt Bound Simplification
(kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
Example 1 Values 209 118 147 163
% of Lower Bound 142 80 100 111

Some Finer Points

Table 2 in the Modern Steel Construction article chooses the strength based on the five limit state lower
bound model as the datum against which the other models are compared. This might give the
impression that the five limit state lower bound model correctly predicts the strength and that the other
models provide only estimates. This is not necessarily true. The actual strength of the connection,
assuming sufficient ductility exists, will not be less than the strength predicted by the five limit state
lower bound model, but it could be higher. As stated in the Commentary, “The group strength is a
function of strain compatibility dependent on the relative stiffness of the bolts and connected parts.”
The difference between the lower bound prediction and the actual strength could be less than 11% for
the connection considered.

The example above considers only the limit states of bolt shear, bearing and tearout. Assuming a 6-in.
effective plate width, the nominal tensile strength of the plate will only be 108 kips, which will govern
the strength of the connection rendering the discrepancy between the various methods academic—with
the exception of the poison bolt model, which is so conservative it would still govern the predicted
design strength. It is not uncommon for other limit states to govern or to predict strengths falling
between the upper and lower bound models.

It should also be kept in mind that bearing is an odd limit state. If a connection is loaded to the bearing
strength produced by the Specification when deformation at the bolt hole at service load is a design
consideration, the result will not be a broken connection or even unrestrained deformations. It may
simply be a connection with elongated holes. This adds some uncertainty to the issue of whether the
lower bound model precisely predicts the actual strength of the connection rather than simply providing
a conservative estimate.

It is also worth noting that the lower bound model assumes sufficient ductility exists. This primarily
means that reasonable edge distances are provided. The spacing between bolts cannot drop below a
certain threshold—setting aside the Specification requirements—due to the need to enter and tighten
the bolts. Engineers are encouraged to use the edge distances provided in Specification Table J3.4,
though the footnote permits smaller edge distances.

References

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC) (1923), Standard Specification, New York, NY.

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC) (1936), Specification for the Design, Fabrication and
Erection of Structural Steel Buildings, New York, NY.

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC) (1978), Specification for the Design, Fabrication, and
Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings, Chicago, IL.

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC) (1986), Load and Resistance Factor Design
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Chicago, IL.

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC) (1999), Load and Resistance Factor Design
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Chicago, IL.

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC) (2010), Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,
Chicago, IL.

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC) (2016), Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,
Chicago, IL.

Kim, H. J. and Yura, J. A., The Effect of End Distance on the Bearing Strength of Bolted Connections,
PMFSEL Report No. 96-1, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 1996.

Lewis, B. E. and Zwerneman, F. J., Edge Distance, Spacing, and Bearing in Bolted Connections, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, OK, 1996.