INTRODUCTION

On April 1946, elections were held in the Philippines. The democratic Alliance won the election
but they were not allowed to proceed to their seats for the accusation that the election was manipulated by
the use of coercion. The United States ceased its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946 by the
power of the Treaty of General Relations signed by the US and the Philippines. Manuel Roxas (from the
Liberal Party), having been inaugurated as President, and strengthened political and economic ties with
the United States. The Philippines remained highly dependent on the US market as evident in the
controversial Philippine US Trade Act. In March, 1947, the Philippines and the United States signed a
military assistance pact which allowed the US to participate equally in the exploitation of the country’s
natural resources and rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99 years.

It marked the culmination of the peaceful campaign for Philippine Independence –the two
landmarks of which were enactment of the Jones Law in 1916 (which the US Congress pledged
independence for the Philippines once Filipinos have proven the capability for self-government) and the
Philippines Independent Act (popularly known as Tydings–Mcduffie) which put in place a ten year
transition period during which the Philippines had Commonwealth status. The Third Republic also
marked the recognition by the global community of the nations, of the nationhood of the Philippines-a
process that began when a Commonwealth of the Philippines joined the Anti-Axis Alliance Known as the
United Nations on June 14, 1942, receiving recognition as an allied nation even before independence.

From 1946 to 1961, Independence Day was celebrated on July 4 on May 12,1962, President
Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 28, S. !962, which declared June 12 as Independence Day.
In 1964, Congress passed Republic Act No. 4166, which formally designated June 12 of every year as the
date on which we celebrate Philippine Independence. July 4 in turns has been observed as Republic Day
since then.

World War II had left the Philippines demoralized and severely damaged. The seven congresses
under the Third Republic were expected to play a significant role in uplifting the country from its
unfortunate devastation and in strengthening the nation politically, economically, and even culturally as a
newly independent country. The congresses of the Third Republic were among the most influential
legislators in the Third World and exhibited significant performance in crafting rules and policies that
served as the foundation of the Philippine-rule making body The Third Republic covered five presidents,
excluding the tendentious dictator, Ferdinand Marcos whose ascension to the seat for presidency marked
the end of the Third Republic.
THE ROXAS ADMINISTRATION
Manuel Roxas was the last President of the Republic of the Commonwealth and the first president of the
Republic of the Philippines. His administration demonstrated decisively that political sovereignty without
economic independence encourages reaction, perpetuation of social injustices and exploitation.

In his administration, Roxas adopted a pro-American foreign policy:

 US-RP Treaty on General Relations. An agreement that retains the right of the Americans to own
private property and to maintain the military bases in the Philippines
 Bell Trade Act. This law set qoutas on Philippine exports on the US, pegged the Philippine peso
to the dollar, and provided for the extension of free trade between US and the Philippines.
 Inclusion of Parity Amendment in the Philippine Constitution which allowed US citizens and
corporations equal rights in the exploitation of natural resources and operation of the public
Utilities
 US-RP Military Bases Agreement. A treaty that allowed the US to keep vast tracts of land for
their military bases and further allowing US military fores beyond the jurisdiction of the
Philippines even when they are outside their bases.

Manuel Roxas’ Landmark

1. Industrialization of the Philippines

2. Preservation of close cooperation and special relations with the US
3. Maintenance of the rule of law and order

Major Accomplishment

1. Tydings Rehabilitation Act

2. Bell Trade Act
3. Parity Rights
4. Military Bases Agreement
5. Adopted Pro-American Policy

Major Occurrence

1. Issue of Collaboration
2. Graft and corruption in the government, as evidenced by the “Surplus of War Property Scandal”,
“Chinese Immigration Qouta Scandal”, “School Supplies Scandal”
 3. The failure to put an end to the communist insurgency and Huk Movement
4. High unemployment rate

Autobiography

Manuel Acuna Roxas( January 1, 1892- April 15, 1948)

He was born in Capiz, Capiz Province, on Jan. 1, 1892. In 1914 he graduated from the College of Law of
the University of the Philippines. In 1916 he became provincial governor. In 1922 he was elected to
Congress, becoming Speaker of the Philippine Assembly.

In December 1931 Roxas, together with Senate president pro tempore Sergio Osmena, left for the United
States to secure the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act from the U.S Congress, which would grant Philippine
Independence after a Transition period of 10 years .This bill was rejected by the opposition forces led by
Manuel Quezon. In 1938 he was appointed secretary of finance by Commonwealth.

Definition of Terms

1. Depict/Depicted.
Dewey Boulevard in the City of Manila was renamed in his memory,and he is currebtly depicted
on the 100 Philippine peso bill.

2. Administration
Roxas’ administration adopted a pro-american policy.

3. Peace and Order

The proclsmstion of Philippine independence written by Pres. Harry Truman was read by Paul
McNutt.this was followed by the signing of the Treaty of General Relations, an agreement on
peace and amity between the US and the Philippines.

Reference:

http://www.gov.ph/2011/03/17/manuel-roxas
/
THE ELPIDIO QUIRINO ADMINISTRATION
When President Roxas died of heart attack, Quirino, being the Vice President took over the presidency to
finish his term, and served again as President when he won in the 1949 elections over Jose P. Laurel. It
was during his administration when the RP-US Mutual Defense Treaty was approved in 1951. This
agreement allowed the United States to intervene in the country’s internal affairs by using its troops to
ensure peace and order. Quirino was also credited for the setting up of rural banks to facilitate credit
facilities in rural areas.

Main Objectives of Quirino Administration

 Economic reconstruction of the nation through industrialization

 Restoration of the faith and confidence of the people in the government

Administrative Landmark

 The creation of PACSA (President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration) to alleviate the
economic plight of the masses
 Establishment of the ACCFA( Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration) to
help the farmers avail of low-interest loans from the government
 Establishment of Rural Banks and Labor Management Advisory Board, as well as the President
Advisory Body
 Excelled in foreign relations

Major Occurrence

 Unabated rampage of graft and corruption in his government

 Wasteful spending of the people’s money in extravagant junkets abroad
 Failure of government to check the Huk menace which made travel in the provinces unsafe
 Economic distress of the times, aggravated by rising unemployment rate, soaring prices of
commodities, and unfavorable balance of trade
 Frauds and terrorism committed by the Liberal Party moguls in 1947,1949 and 1951 elections
Autobiography

Elpidio Quirino was born on November 16, 1890 at Vigan, Ilocos Sur Philippines. His father,
Don Mariano Quirino, was a warden at a provincial jail. His mother was Dona Gregoria Mendoza Rivera
Quirino. Young Elpidio graduated from elementary school in nearby Caoayan. Advanced beyond his
years, Elpidio became a barrio(rural village) teacher while studying at Vigan High School. After
obtaining a law degree from the University of the Philippines, near Manila, in 1915, Quirino practiced
law until he was elected a member of the Philippine House of Representatives in 1919-25 and a senator in
1925-31.

In 1931 Elpidio Quirino was reelected to the Senate, and in 1934 he served as a member of the
Philippine Independence mission to Washington D.C.,helping secure the Tydings McDuffie Act, which
set the timetable for Philippine Independence from the United States. Quirino was also one of the drafters
of the Philippine Constitution, which was approved in May 1935.

Definition of Terms

1. Governance.
Quirino attempted to improve social, economic and agrarian conditions.
2. Administration.
Quirino’s administration faced a serious threat from the Communist-led Hukbalahap movement
3. Economy.
Quirino’s main objective is Economic reconstruction of the nation through industrialization

Reference

https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/www.biography.com/people/elpidio-quirino-37511

Philippines past and Beyond worktext

IPM Publishing
Culiat, Tandang Sora Quezon City
Ipm_pub.yahoo.com
RAMON MAGSAYSAY ADMINISTRATION
Magsaysay assumed the role of President in 1953 when he won against incumbent President Quirino. He
was decisively elected as president by the Filipinos because of his image of being “pro-masses”. His
success as a Huk fighter made him the idol of the masses, Magsaysay was the third president of the
Republic.

Through his policy of bullet and reforms, Magsaysay was able to defeat the armed revolutionary
movement. He was the first President to improve the conditions of the barrios through construction of
barrio roads and bridges, barrio artesian wells and irrigation system. President Magsayasay is also
credited for signing into law the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 guaranteeing the rights of the tenants
to the lands that they tilled. He also signed the Laure-Langley Agreement which increased the exportation
raw materials and importation of finished products from the US. Unfortunately at the height of his
popularity and power, Pres. Magsaysay died in a plane crash on March 17, 1957 in Cebu.

Ramon Magsaysay was dubbed as “the guy” because many considered him as the President who
really connected and represented the common man being a president with sympathetic heart to the
masses. He even opened Malacanang to the public.

Major Achievement
 Agrarian reform- creation of NARRA( National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration)
 Breaking the backbone of the HUK Movement
 Restoration of people’s confidence on the government
 Establishment of SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization
 Negotiated with the Japanese government regarding the reparations agreement that was signed in
Manila(Japan would pay war reparations in $300,000,000 for 25 years)
 Imposed high moral standard for public officials

Administrative Landmark
 Barong tagalog
 “One of the Cleanest and Most Corruption- Free”
 “Philippine Golden Year”
 Trade and Industry Flourished
 “The Philippines Ranked Second in Asia’s Clean Well-governed Countries”

Major Occurrence

 Impending projects
 Lack of enough funds
 Graft and corruption
Autobiography

Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay (Idol of the Masses)

He was born on August 31,1907 in Iba ,Zambales. His parents are Exequel Magsaysay and
Perfecta Del Fierro. He entered the University of the Philippines in 1927. He worked as a chauffeur to
support himself as he studied engineering later; transferred to the Institute of Commerce at Jose Rizal
College(1928-1932), where he received a baccalaureate in commerce.

He then worked as automobile mechanic and shop superintendent. He joined the motor pool of
the 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine army during WW2. Congressman under Pres. Roxas
Administration and serve as Chairman of the House National Defense Committee. Secretary of National
Defense during Pres. Quirinos Administration.

Definition of Terms

1. Revolutionary.
Through his policy of bullet and reforms, Magsaysay was able to defeat the armed revolutionary
movement.

REFERENCE

http://www.slideshare.net/arnelISSI
http://www.gov.ph/2011/03/17/ramon magsaysay/
Philippine History and Government with Constitution
Port Ramce M. Dili,ET
CARLOS P. GARCIA ADMINISTRATION
Vice President Carlos P. Garcia continued the unexpired term of Mag. After the expiration of the
term, Garcia ran again in the 1957 presidential election and won. He was inaugurated as the fourth
president of the Republic. Garcia’s Administration was anchored on three basic policies: authority,
Filipino first Policy and cultural revival. During his time, President Garcia imposed restrictions on the
entry of imported goods which encouraged the growth of local manufacturing industries in the country.
This policy also promoted more active participation of Filipinos in business and commerce. Garcia’s
administration was identified as the Golden Age of Philippine Industrialization.

Major Achievement

 Filipino First Policy

-This is the law that was passed by the Garcia administration, to give local businessman more
priority over foreign investors.
 Austerity Program
This was implemented by Garcia in order to curt the rampant graft and corruption within the
country. The program centered on wise spending, industry, thrift, trustworthiness, integrity and
honesty.
 Bohlen-Serrano Agreement
This was the law that shortened the original 99 years lease of US bases here in the Philippines to
25 years; the agreement was renewable for periods only up to 5 years.
 Republic Cultural Awards
The Garcia administration also put emphasis on cultural revival, due to the colonization of many
countries he felt that the revival of the Filipino culture was needed. The award was given to
Filipino artists, scientist, historians and writers.

Major Occurrence

 Garcia was criticized by foreign countries, especially the United States for his anti-foreign
policies.
 Corruption in the government by his appointed cabinet members married his administration
 Several cases of corruption were found within the government offices during his administration

Administrative Landmark

 Filipino First Policy

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Carlos P. Garcia was born in Talibon, Bohol on November 4, 1896.

His parents are Policronio Garcia and Ambrosia Polestico
His political career started in 1925 when he won as representative in the third district of his
province.
Garcia grew up with politics with his father serving as a municipal mayor for four terms.
Rather than practice law right away, he worked as a teacher for two years at Bohol Provincial
High School. He became famous for his poetry in Bohol, where he earned the nickname “Prince
of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”.
He acquired his Primary education in Native Bohol, his secondary education in Cebu
Provincial High School and College Education in Siliman University. Garcia entered politics in
1925, scoring an impressive victory to become Representative of the Third District of Bohol. He
was elected for another term in 1928 and served until 1941 when he successfully ran for Senate,
but he was unable to serve due to the Japanese occupation of the Philippinesduring the 2 nd World
War. He assumed the office when Congress re-convened in 1945 after allied liberation and the
end of the War.

Definition of Terms

1.Culture
The Garcia administration also put emphasis on cultural revival, due to the colonization of many
countries he felt that the revival of the Filipino culture was needed

References:

http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarlosPGarcia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarlosPGarcia
http://www.slideshare.net/ArnelISSI?carlo-p-garcia
MACAPAGAL ADMINISTRATION
Diosdado Macapagal, who styled himself as the “poor boy” from Lubao(Pampanga), was
inaugurated as the fifth president of the republic. Upon assuming his office, he repealed all policies
controlling the entry of foreign goods and services in the country. Through his” decontrol program”, he
allowed foreign investments, products and services into the country. Macapagal was the first Philippine
president to have entered into an IMF_WB program. It was also during his administration when the
Agricultural Land Reform Code was implemented. This provided for the removal of tenancy system by
encouraging farmers or landless tenants to purchase private farm lands on easy terms of payment.

Major Accomplishment

 Emergency Employment Administration

 Philippine Industry. The law abolished share tenancy on rice and corn farmlands, and established
a leasehold system in which farmers paid fixed rentals to landlords, rather tana a percentage of
the harvest
 SABAH (Sultunate of Sulu Heirs’) claim on the territory
 MAPHILINDO (Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia. The purpose is to boost our country’s
trade with our neighbors
 Independence day
 Agricultural land Reform Code of 1963 abolished share tendency on rice and corn farmlands and
establishment of a leasehold system where farmers would pay rentals to landlords instead of
harvests.

Major Occurrence

 Graft and Corruption(Stonehill Scandal)

 Rise in Consumer Goods Prices
 Low living standards of the masses
 Lack of economic stability
 Unemployment
 Devaluation of the Philippine Peso
 Foreigners could now buy and control more local businesses easily because of the exchange rate.
They were richer than the Philippines

Economic Liberation

Under pressure from the US government and International financial institutions, Macapagal
reversed Garcia-era economic policies with economic liberalization policies:

 Lifting of foreign exchange controls

 Under Garcia, Foreign(mostly American) companies in the Philippines had been prohibited from
taking their profits back to the US. Macapagal lifted the controls, allowing foreign businesses to
send their profits home. This resulted in a shortage of foreign exchange. The government was
then forced to seek foreign loans to avoid a n exchange crisis.

 Floating Peso: Under Garcia, the peso had a fixed change rate, to keep low prices for
domestically-produced goods and food. Macapagal allowed the Peso to “float” on currency
exchange markets, causing a nearly-100% devaluation of the peso, leading to increased consumer
prices, hurting Filipino consumers

Autobiography

Diosdado Macapagal was born on September 28,1910 in Lubao, Pampanga, the second of four
children in poor family. His father Urbano Macapagal was a poet who wrote in the local Pmopangan
Language. His mother was a school teacher who taught cathechism. He was a descendant(successor)
of Don Juan Macapagal a prince of Tondo, who was a great-grandson of the last reigning Rajah of
Selurong, Rajah Lakandula.

His family earned extra income by raising pigs and accommodating boarders in their home. Due
to his roots of poverty he was then called the “Poor boy from Lubao”. He was married to his first wife
Purita De La Rosa in 1938 .

Macapagal excelled in his studies at local public schools, graduating valedictorian at Lubao,
Elementary School and salutatorian in Pampanga Highschool.

Definition of Terms

 Economy
His economic policy was called decontrol, which described the administration of Macapagal. It
was called decontrol because he allowed the foreign products to enter freely in our country.

 Leadership
His leadership are seen as either unproductive to the country were the root causes of continuing
fall of the Philippine economy today. That is why he is rated just high enough to pass but not high
enough to be considered a good president.

References:

http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiosdadoMacapagal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/diosdadomacapagsal
http://www.slideshare.net/ArnelISSI?diosdado-macapagal