Muscular System − Also called striated muscle because

transverse bands, or striations, can

The muscular system is made up of three
be seen under the microscope.
types of muscle:
− Structure: Skeletal muscle cells or
• Skeletal fibers appear striated (banded). Cells
• Smooth are large, long and cylindrical, with
• Cardiac many nuclei.
− Function: Movement of the body:
Responsible for producing body movements, under voluntary control.
maintaining posture and producing body
− Location: Attached to bone or other
heat.
connective tissue.
Consists mostly of muscles attached to the
Four Major Functional Characteristics of
skeleton by tendons.
Skeletal Muscle
Functions of the Muscular System
1. Contractility - the ability of the skeletal
1. Movement of the body. muscle to shorten with force.
2. Maintenance of posture. 2. Excitability – the capacity of skeletal
3. Respiration. muscle to respond a stimulus.
4. Production of body heat. 3. Extensibility – the skeletal muscle’s
5. Communication. capability of being stretched.
6. Constriction of organs & vessels. 4. Elasticity – the ability of skeletal
7. Contraction of the heart. muscles to recoil to their original
resting length after they have been
Three Types of Muscle Tissues stretched.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Structure
− Attaches to the skeleton and enables Connective Tissue Coverings of Muscle
the body to move.
− It is striated and under voluntary or 1. Epimysium or muscle fascia
conscious control. – connective tissue sheath.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue – covers the entire muscle.
− The muscle of the heart. 2. Perimysium
− It is striated and under involuntary or
unconscious control. – loose connective tissue.

Smooth Muscle Tissue – covers the muscle fasciculi.

− Forms the walls of hollow organs 3. Endomysium

except the heart. – covers the individual muscle fibers.
− It is nonstriated and involuntary.
Muscle Fasciculi
Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
– bundles of muscle fibers.
− Constitutes approximately 40% of
body weight.
− Most muscles are attached to the
skeletal system.
Muscle Fiber Structure Sarcomere
Muscle fibers − Repeating units along the myofibril.
− Part of a myofibril formed of actin and
− Single cylindrical fiber with several
myosin myofilaments.
nuclei located at its periphery.
Myofibrils consists of two major kinds of
Parts of Muscle Fiber
protein:
Sarcolemma
− Actin Filaments (thin)
− Cell membrane of muscle fibers. − Myosin Filaments (thick)
− The muscle fibers’ cell membrane.
Actin Myofilaments
Transverse Tubules (T tubules)
− Also called thin myofilament.
− Tube like invaginations. − Resemble two minute strands of pearls
− Connect the sarcolemma to the twisted together.
sarcoplasmic reticulum. − Has attachment sites for myofilaments.
− Set of membrane channels, contains
Made-up of three components:
extracellular fluid.
− Actin
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
− Troponin
− Highly organized endoplasmic − Tropomyosin
reticulum.
Components of Actin Myofilaments
− Network of channels that surrounds the
myofibril. Troponin
− T tubules and SR enables a nerve
stimulus to initiate contraction of − Molecules are attached at specific
intervals along the actin myofilaments.
muscle fiber.
− Have binding sites for Ca2+.
Sarcoplasm
Actin
− Cytoplasm of the muscle fiber.
− a cellular protein found in
− Includes nuclei, mitochondria, and
microfilaments such as those
myofibrils.
comprising myofibrils.
Myofibrils − A type of protein, responsible for
muscle contraction and relaxation.
− Threadlike structures that extend from − A contractile protein.
one end of the muscle fiber to the
− It is also responsible for cellular
other.
movement and maintaining cell shape.
− Fine, longitudinal fibril within a skeletal
muscle fiber; consisting of sarcomeres Tropomyosin
composed of thick and thin
− The filaments that are located along the
myofilaments.
groove between the twisted strands of
Myofilaments actin myofilament subunits.
− Block the myosin filament binding sites on
− Ultramicroscopic protein thread helping
the actin myofilaments in an unstimulated
form myofibrils in skeletal muscle.
muscle
− If no Ca2+ present: The tropomyosin − Spans each Z disk and ends at the
cover the attachment sites on the actin myosin filament.
myofilament.
A Band
− If Ca2+ is present: It will bind with
troponin which causes the tropomyosin − Darker, central region of each
filaments to expose the attachment sites sarcomere.
on the actin myofilaments. − Extends the length of the myosin
myofilaments.
Myosin Myofilaments
− The actin and the myosin myofilaments
− Also called thick myofilament. overlap for some distance at both ends
− Resemble bundles of minute golf of the A band.
clubs. − The alternating I bands and A bands of
sarcomeres are the ones responsible
Myosin Heads
for the striations of skeletal muscle
– Part of the myosin molecule that fibers when observed in microscope.
resembles a golf club head.
H Zone
Three important properties of myosin
− Second light zone in the center of
heads:
sarcomere.
1. The heads can bind to attachment sites − Consists only of myosin myofilament.
on the actin myofilaments
2. They can bend and straighten during M Line
contraction. – Dark-staining band were the myosin
3. They can breakdown ATP, releasing myofilaments are anchored.
energy.
Cardiac Muscle
Sarcomere
− Muscle of the heart.
− Basic structural and functional unit of − Responsible for pumping blood.
skeletal muscle. − Under involuntary control but the heart
− The smallest portion of skeletal muscle rate can be influenced by hormones
capable of contracting. (epinephrine or adrenaline) and
− Extends from one Z disk to another Z techniques (meditation and
disk. biofeedback).
− The arrangement of the actin and − It’s actin and myosin myofilaments are
myosin myofilament in sarcomeres also organized in sarcomeres however
gives the banded appearance of it is not uniform like the skeletal
myofibrils. muscle.
Z disk − Appears striated but not as distinctly
striated as the skeletal muscle.
– Network of protein fibers forming an
attachment site for actin myofilaments. Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle

I Band − The rate of cardiac muscle contraction

when stimulated by neurotransmitters
− Light region of sarcomere. is between the smooth and skeletal
− Consists only of actin myofilaments. muscle.
 − Contraction is autorhythmic − Structure: Smooth muscle cells are
(generates its own rhythm). tapered at each end, nonstriated and
− Exhibits limited anaerobic respiration only have a single nucleus.
(Instead, it continues to contract at a level − Function: Regulate the size of organs,
that can be sustained by aerobic forces fluid through tubes, controls the
respiration thus making it not fatigue). amount of light entering the eye and
− Structure: Cardiac muscle cells are produces “goose flesh” in the skin.
cylindrical and striated and have a Under involuntary control.
single nucleus; they are branched and − Location: In hollow organs, such as
connected to one another by the stomach and intestine.
intercalated disk.
− Intercalated Disk – contain Muscle Contraction
specialized gap junctions which are − Contraction of skeletal muscles occur
important in coordinating the as actin and myosin myofilaments
contractions of the cardiac muscle slide past one another which causes
cells. the sarcomere to shorten.
− Function: Pumps the blood under − Shortening of the sarcomeres causes
involuntary control. myofibrils to shorten. Hence, causing
− Location: In the heart. the entire muscle to shorten
Smooth Muscle Sliding Filament Model

− Forms the walls of hollow organs − The sliding of actin myofilaments past
(except the heart). myosin myofilaments during
− Also found in the skin and eyes. contraction.
− Responsible for many functions such − During CONTRACTION: The H zone
as moving food through digestive tract and I bands shorten during contraction
and emptying the urinary bladder. but the A bands do not change in
− Contains less actin and myosin than length. The actin and myosin
skeletal muscle cells myofilament don’t shorten.
− Myofilaments are not organized into − During RELAXATION: Sarcomeres
sarcomeres thus making it appear lengthen. This lengthening requires an
nonstriated. opposing force which is produced by
other muscles or gravity
Characteristics of Smooth Muscle
Muscle Twitch
− Contracts more slowly than skeletal
muscle cells. − Is the contraction of a muscle fiber in
− Can periodically and spontaneously response to a stimulus.
generate action potentials. Has three phases
− Contraction is autorhythmic.
− Can be stimulated by hormones. − Lag phase or latent phase
− Organized to form layers. − Time between the application of a
− Functions as a unit and contract at the stimulus and the beginning of
same time. contraction.
 − Contraction phase − An isometric contraction is a type of
− The time when the muscle muscle contraction where the length of
contracts. the muscle doesn’t change while
− Relaxation phase undergoing tension.
− The time when the muscle relaxes.
− E.g.: when you take a 20-pound weight
Summation and perform a biceps curl and hold a
position halfway between the repetition
– The force of contraction of individual for 10 seconds. The length of your
muscle fibers is increase by rapidly biceps muscle doesn’t change during
stimulating them. this time, although a force is still being
Recruitment applied.

– The number of muscle fibers 2 Types of Eccentric Contraction

contracting is increased by the Voluntary Eccentric Contractions
increasing number of motor units
stimulated and the muscle contracts − Typically, this is done in a smooth and
with more force. controlled motion where the muscle,
the biceps, acts to decelerate the
Tetanus elbow joint at the end of the movement.
− Convulsive tension. − The same muscle that started this
− Is a sustained contraction that occurs motion, the biceps, is now undergoing
when the frequency of stimulation is so tension in the opposite direction. It is
rapid that no relaxation occurs. now lengthening as it returns the
weight back down towards your waist.
Types of Muscular Contractions This is an example of a voluntary
Concentric Contractions eccentric contraction.

− A concentric contraction is a type of Involuntary Eccentric Contractions

muscle contraction when the length of − When the weight or resistance you are
the muscles shortens while attempting to move or lift is too heavy
undergoing tension or strong for the muscle to
− Ex: when you pick up a curl bar and accommodate. The main difference
perform a biceps curl, the length of between this, and the voluntary
your bicep muscles shorten. Your eccentric contractions, is the lack of
hands start down by your sides, and control over the weight/resistance
ends with your hands up by your during an involuntary eccentric
shoulders. The biceps muscles contraction.
shorten during this motion.
Muscle Tone
Eccentric Contractions
− Is the constant tension produced by
− An eccentric contraction is a type of muscles over long periods of time.
muscle contraction when the length of − Responsible for keeping the back and
the muscle elongates, or legs straight, the head in upright
lengthens while undergoing tension. position, and the abdomen from
− Isometric Contractions bulging.
 − Depends on a small percentage of Muscles are typically grouped so that of
motor units in a muscle being another muscle or group of muscles.
stimulated at any point of time, causing
− Biceps brachii FLEXES elbow
their muscle fibers to contract
− triceps brachii EXTENDS ELBOW.
tetanically and out of phase with one
another. Agonist
Skeletal Anatomy − Muscle that accomplishes a certain
Tendon movement, such as flexion.
Antagonist
− Connects muscle to the bone.
Aponeuroses − A muscle acting on opposition to an
agonist.
− broad, sheet like tendons.
Synergists
Retinaculum
− Members of a group of muscles
− band of connective tissue that holds working together to produce a
the tendons at each wrist and ankle. movement
Muscle contraction Prime mover
− Causes body movement by pulling one − Among group of synergists, if one
of the bones toward the other across muscle plays major role in
the movable joint. accomplishing the desired movement.
− E.g. Brachialis (prime mover in flexing
2 Points of attachment
the elbow)
1. Origin
Fixators
− also called as the “head”, it is the most
− Muscles that hold one bone in place
stationary end of the muscle
relative to the body while a distal bone
− Origins are usually, but not always, is moved.
proximal or medial to the insertion of a
− E.g. Muscle of Scapula (fixators to hold
given muscle.
scapula in place)
2. Insertion
Nomenclature
− Is the end of the muscle attached to the
− Some muscles are named according to
bone undergoing the greatest
their location. Pectoralis (chest)
movement.
− Named according to their origin and
Belly insertion. Brachioradialis (brachio,
arm)
− part of muscle between the origin and
− Named according to the number of
the insertion.
origins. Biceps (bi, two + two)
Some muscles that has multiple origins − Named according to function. Flexor
digitorum (flexes digits, fingers)
1. Biceps brachii (2)
− Named according to their size. Vastus,
2. Triceps brachii (3)
large
 − Named according to their shape. Fusiform
Deltoid, triangular
− Fascicles lie parallel to long axis of
− or orientation of their fasciculi. Rectus,
muscle.
straight.
− Belly of muscle is larger in diameter
Fascicle Arrangement than ends.
− Example: Biceps (two-headed)
Circular
Triceps Brachii (three-headed)
− Fascicles arranged in a circle around
Muscles of the Head and Neck
an opening.
− Act as sphincters to close the opening. Muscles Moving the Head and Neck
− Example: Orbicularis Oris and
Anterior
Orbicularis Oculi.
Longus Capitis
Convergent
− is a prevertebral muscle of the neck
− Broadly distributed fascicles converge
− it is involved in flexion and rotation of
at a single tendon.
the head and cervical vertebrae.
− Example: Pectoralis Major and
Pectoralis Minor. Rectus Capitis Anterior
Parallel − is a short, flat muscle, situated
immediately behind the upper part of
− Fascicles lie parallel to one another
the Longus capitis.
and to the long axis of the muscles.
− aids in flexion of the head and the neck
− 3 types: Trapezium, Rhomboidal,
Quadrate. Posterior
Pennate Longissimus Capitis

− Fascicles originate from a tendon that − derives from upper thoracic transverse
runs the length of the entire muscle. processes (T1 to T5) and articular
processes of C4 through C7.
It has three different patterns:
− its action is to extend the head.
− Unipennate: Fascicles on only one
Oblique Capitis Superior
side of the tendon.
Example: Palmar interosseus and − Is a postural muscle that monitors the
Semimembranosus. position of the head.
− Bipennate: Fascicles on both sides of
− Bilaterally, they extend the head;
the tendon.
unilaterally, they laterally flex the the
Example: Rectus Femoris.
head to the same side as the muscle.
− Multipennate: Fascicles arranged at
many places around the central Rectus Capitis Posterior
tendon.
Spread out at angles to many smaller − Likely a postural muscle that monitors
tendons. the position of the head.
Example: Deltoid. − extends the head and neck
Semispinalis Capitis Muscle of the Facial Expression
− Acting bilaterally: Extension of the The skeletal muscles of the face are
head and neck. cutaneous muscles attached to the face.
− Acting unilaterally: Rotation of head
Eyes and Eyebrows
and neck to opposite side
− It is also considered as one of the main Occipitofrontalis
factors in maintaining the balance of
− raises the eyebrows and furrows the
the head on the neck
skin of the forehead
Splenius Capitis
Orbicularis Oculi
− It is a broad strap-like muscle in the
− closes the eyelids and causes “crow’s
back of the neck.
feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral
− It also assists in supporting the head in
corners of the eyes
the erect position
− extends, rotates, and laterally flexes Levator Palpebrae Superioris
the neck
− raises the upper lids
Trapezius − Ptosis - a droopy eyelid on one side,
usually indicates that the nerve to the
− Is one of the major muscles of the back
levator palpebrae superioris has been
and is responsible for moving, rotating,
damaged.
and stabilizing the scapula and
extending the head at the neck. Corugator Supercilii
Lateral − draws the eyebrows inferiorly and
medially, producing furrows in the skin
Rectus Capitis Lateralis
between the eyes.
− Is a short muscle situated anterior to
Lips and Surrounding the Mouth
the vertebral column that extends
between the atlas and the base of the Orbicularis Oris / Buccinator
skull and is involved in lateral flexion of
− the kissing muscles, pucker the mouth
the neck.
Smiling is accomplished with these
Sternocleidomastoid
muscles:
− Functions in the rotation of the head to
− Zygomaticus Major and Minor
the opposite side or obliquely rotate the
head. It also flexes the neck. − Levator Anguli Oris
− Risorius
Scalene Muscles
Levator Labii Superioris
− are three paired muscles (anterior,
middle and posterior), located in the − Sneering
lateral aspect of the neck. Frowing or Pouting:
− Act as accessory muscles of
respiration, and perform flexion at the − Depressor Anguli Oris
neck. − Depressor Labii Inferioris
− Mentalis
Muscles of Mastication − depresses mandible when hyoid is
fixed.
Involves forcefully closing the mouth and
grinding food between the teeth Stylohyoid
Temporalis − elevates hyoid.
− one of the main muscles of Infrahyoid Muscles
mastication, which is involved in the
1. Omohyoid,
elevation and retraction of the lower
jaw. 2. Sternohyoid
Masseter 3. Sternothyroid
− primarily responsible for the elevation − depresses hyoid.
of the mandible and some protraction − Fixes hyoid in mandibular depression.
of the mandible.
4. Thyrohyoid
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
− depresses hyoid and elevates thyroid
− Bilateral contraction - protrudes and cartilage of larynx.
depresses mandible, stabilizes − fixes hyoid in mandibular depression.
condylar head during closure
− Unilateral contraction - medial Tongue Movements
movement (rotation) of mandible. Tongue is important in mastication and
Medial Pterygoid Muscle speech in several ways:

Bilateral contraction - elevates and − It moves food around in the mouth.

protrudes mandible. − With the buccinators, it holds the food
in place while the teeth grind it.
Unilateral contraction - medial movement − It pushes food up to the palate and
(rotation) of mandible. back toward the pharynx to initiate
Hyoid Muscles swallowing.
− it changes shape to modify sound
Suprahyoid Muscles during speech.
Digrastic Muscle The tongue consists of mass:
− is a small muscle located in the neck, Intrinsic Muscles – entirely within the
just below the lower jaw. tongue.
− functions in the depression of the lower
jaw and elevation of the hyoid bone. – involved in changing the shape of the
tongue.
Geniohyoid – named for their fiber orientation in the
− draws the hyoid bone up and forward tongue.
during mastication and assists the Extrinsic Muscles – outside of the tongue but
opening of the mandible. attached to it.
Mylohyoid – help change the shape and move the
− elevates floor of mouth and tongue. tongue.
– named for their origin and insertion.
Tongue Muscles Palatoglossus
Intrinsic Muscles − narrows fauces; elevates posterior
tongue.
• Longitudinal
• Transverse Palatopharyngeus
• Vertical
− narrows fauces; depresses palate;
Function: Change tongue shape. elevates pharynx.
Extrinsic Muscles Tensor Veli Palatini
Genioglossus − tenses soft palate; opens auditory
tube.
− depresses and protrudes tongue.
Uvulae
Hyoglossus
- retracts and depresses side of tongue. − elevates uvula.

Styloglossus Pharynx

- retracts tongue. Phargyneal Constrictors

Palatoglossus • Inferior – narrows inferior portion of

pharynx in swallowing.
- elevates posterior tongue.
• Middle – narrows pharynx in swallowing.
Muscles of Swallowing and the Larynx
• Superior – narrows superior portion of
Larynx pharynx in swallowing.
Arytenoids Salpingopharyngeus
➢ Oblique and Transverse − elevates pharynx; opens auditory tube
in swallowing.
- narrows opening to larynx.
Cricoarytenoids Stylopharyngeus

➢ Lateral – narrows opening to larynx. − elevates pharynx.

➢ Posterior – widens opening to larynx. Muscles Moving the Eyes

Cricothyroid Rectus

− lengthens (tenses) vocal cords. • Inferior – depresses the gaze.

• Lateral – laterally deviates the gaze
Thyroarytenoid and Vocalis
(looking to the side).
− shortens (relaxes) vocal cords.
• Medial – medially deviates the gaze
Soft Palate (looking toward the nose).
Levator Veli Palatini • Superior – elevates and medially
deviates gaze (looking up).
− elevates soft palate.
Oblique Intransversarii – laterally flexes vertebral
column.
• Inferior – elevates and laterally
deviates gaze. Multifidus – extends and rotates vertebral
column.
• Superior – depresses and laterally
deviates gaze. Psoas Minor – flexes vertebral column.
Trunk Muscles Rotatores – extends and rotates vertebral
column.
Muscles Moving the Vertebral Column
Thoracic Muscles
Deep Group – extend from vertebra to
vertebra. Scalenus
Superficial Group – extend from vertebra to – elevate the first two ribs during more
ribs. forceful inspiration.
Erector spinae – group of muscles on each ➢ Anterior and Medial – elevates first
side of the back consists of three subgroups: rib.
1. Iliocostalis ➢ Posterior – elevates second rib.
2. Longissimus – most of the muscles on
Intercostals
the lower back
3. Spinalis ➢ External – quiet inspiration; elevates
ribs.
Superficial
➢ Internal – forced expiration; depresses
Erector spinae
ribs.
Iliocostalis – extends vertebral column.
Diaphragm
Cervicis, Thoracis, Lumborum - extends,
– dome-shaped muscle; causes the
laterally flexes, and rotates vertebral column.
major movement produced during
Longissimus quiet breathing.
– Inspiration: contracts, chest expands,
Capitis – extends head.
air flows in
Cervicis – extends neck. – Expiration: relaxes, chest contracts,
air flows out
Thoracis – extends vertebral column.
Serratus Posterior
Spinalis and Semispinalis
➢ Inferior – depresses inferior ribs and
Cervicis – extends neck.
extends vertebral column.
Thoracis – extends vertebral column.
➢ Superior – elevates superior ribs.
Splenius Cervicis – rotates and extends
Transversus thoracis
neck.
– decreases diameter of thorax.
Longus colli – flexes neck.
Deep
Interspinales – extends back and neck.
Abdominal Wall Upper Limb Muscles
Anterior Pectoral Region
Rectus Abdominis Located on the anterior chest wall. Contains
four muscles that exert a force on the upper
– flexes abdominal column; compresses
limb.
abdomen.
Pectoralis Major
Internal and External abdominal oblique
– Most superficial muscle in the pectoral
– flexes and rotates vertebral column;
region. It is large and fan shaped.
compresses abdomen; depresses
– Action: Flexes shoulder, extends
thorax.
shoulder from flexed position.
Transversus Abdominis
Pectoralis Minor
– compresses abdomen.
– lies underneath pectoralis major. Both
Posterior of these muscles form part of the
anterior wall of the axilla region.
Quadratus Lumborum – Action: Depresses scapula or elevates
– laterally flexes vertebral column and ribs.
depresses twelfth rib. Serratus Anterior
Pelvic Floor and Perineum – located more laterally in the chest wall,
Bulbospongiosus and forms the medial border of the
axilla region.
➢ Male – constricts urethra; erects penis. – Origin: Ribs 1-9
➢ Female – erects clitoris. – Insertion: Medial border of scapula.
– Action: Rotates and protracts
Coccygeus – elevates and supports pelvic scapulae; Elevates Ribs.
floor.
Shoulder Region
Ischiocavernosus – compresses base of
penis or clitoris. Extrinsic

External anal sphincter – keeps orifice of – originate from the torso, and attach to
anal canal closed. the bones of the shoulder (clavicle,
scapula or humerus).
External urethra sphincter – constricts – The muscles are organized into two
urethra layers: superficial layer and deep
Transverse Perinei layer.

➢ Deep – supports pelvic floor Trapezius

➢ Superficial – fixes central tendon – a broad, flat and triangular muscle.

The muscles on each side form a
trapezoid shape. It is the most
superficial of all the back muscles.
 – Actions: Elevates, depresses, retracts, Teres Major
rotates and fixes scapula. Extends
– The teres major forms the inferior
head and neck
border of the quadrangular space.
Latissimus Dorsi Originates from the lateral border of
scapula. Attached in the medial crest of
– originates from the lower part of the
intertubercular groove.
back, where it covers a wide area.
– Actions: Extends shoulder, Adducts
– Actions: Extends shoulder, adducts
and medially rotates the arm.
and medially rotates arm.
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Levator scapulae
– The rotator cuff muscles are a group of
– is a small strap-like muscle. It begins
four muscles that originate from the
in the neck, and descends to attach to
scapula and attach to the humeral
the scapula.
head.
– Actions: Elevates, retracts and rotates
Supraspinatus
scapula. Laterally flexes neck.
– Originates from the supraspinous
Rhomboid Major
fossa of scapula, attaches to the
– Actions: Retracts, rotates and fixes greater tubercle of the humerus.
scapula. – Actions: Stabilizes shoulder and
abducts arm.
Rhomboid Minor
Infraspinatus
– Actions: Retracts, slightly elevates,
rotates and fixes scapula. – Originates from the infraspinous fossa
of scapula, attaches to the greater
Intrinsic tubercle of the humerus.
– originate from the scapula and/or – Actions: Stabilizes and extends
clavicle, and attached to the humerus. shoulder and Laterally rotates the arm.
– There are six muscles in this group: the Subscapularis
deltoid, teres major, and the four
rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, – Originates from the subscapular fossa
infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres of scapula. It attaches to the lesser
minor). tubercle of the humerus.
– Actions: Stabilizes and extends
Deltoid shoulder and Medially rotates the arm.
– The deltoid muscle is shaped like the Teres Minor
Greek letter delta – Δ. Originates from
clavicle, acromion process and – Originates from the lateral border of
scapular spine. Attached in the deltoid scapula. It attaches to the greater
tuberosity tubercle of the humerus.
– Actions: Flexes and extends shoulder, – Actions: Stabilizes and extends
abducts medially and laterally rotates shoulder; adducts and Laterally rotates
arm the arm.
Upper Arm
– Located between the shoulder joint
and elbow joint. It contains four
muscles – three in the anterior
compartment (biceps brachii,
brachialis, coracobrachialis), and one
in the posterior compartment (triceps
brachii).
Muscles that Move the Arm
(Arm Movement)

Hand
Extrinsic muscles
– located in the anterior and posterior
compartments of the forearm. They
control crude movements and produce
a forceful grip.
Intrinsic muscles
– located within the hand itself. They are
responsible for the fine motor
functions of the hand.
Lower Limb
Thigh Movements
Tensor Fasciae Latae
− tenses a thick band of fascia on the
lateral side of the thigh (iliotibial tract).
 − action: steadies femur on tibia brevis and magnus. The muscle forms
(standing), flexes hip, medially rotates the medial border of the femoral
and abducts thigh. triangle.
− origin: anterior superior illiac spine. − Actions: Adducts and laterally rotates
− insertion: through lateral fascia of the thigh; flexes hip.
thigh to lateral condyle of tibia.
Gracilis
Iliopsoas
− is the most superficial and medial of
− Is actually two muscles, the psoas the muscles in this compartment. It
major and the iliacus. They originate in crosses at both the hip and knee
different areas, but come together to joints. It is sometimes transplanted
form a tendon, hence why they are into the hand or forearm to replace a
commonly referred to as one muscle. damaged muscle.
− Actions: Flexes hip − Actions: Adducts Thigh and flexes
knee.
Gluteal Muscles
Anterior Compartment
Gluteus Maximus Quadriceps Femoris Group
− action: extends hip, abducts and
laterally rotates thigh.
− origin: posterior surface of ilium,
sacrum and coccyx.
− insertion: gluteal tuberosity of
femur and illiotibial tract.
Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus
− action: abducts and medially rotates
thigh
− origin: posterior surface of ilium.
− insertion: greater trochanter of femur.
Muscles that Move the Legs
(Leg Movement)
Medial Compartment Posterior Compartment
Adductor Magnus Hamstring Muscles

− Originates from the inferior rami of the

pubis and the rami of ischium,
attaching to the linea aspera of the
femur.
− Actions: Adducts and laterally rotates
thigh; extends knee.
Adductor Longus
− The adductor longus is a large, flat
muscle. It partially covers the adductor
Muscles of the Leg, Acting on the Leg, Superficial Muscles
Ankle, and Foot
Gastrocnemius
Anterior Compartment of the Leg
− originates from the medial and lateral
Tibialis Anterior condyles of femur.
− Actions: It plantar flexes at the ankle
− The tibialis anterior muscle is located
joint, and because it crosses the knee,
alongside the lateral surface of the
it is a flexor there.
tibia.
− It is the strongest dorsiflexor of the Deep Muscles
foot.
Flexor Digitorum Longus
− Actions: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot.
− The FDL is (surprisingly) a smaller
Extensor Digitorum Longus
muscle than the flexor hallucis longus.
− The extensor digitorum longus lies It is located medially in the posterior
lateral and deep to the tibialis anterior. leg.
The tendons of the EDL can be − Actions: Flexes four lateral toes.
palpated on the dorsal surface of the Plantar flexes and inverts foot.
foot.
Tibialis Posterior
− Actions: Extension four lateral toes;
dorsiflexes and everts foot. − The tibialis posterior is the deepest
out of the four muscles. It lies between
Extensor Hallucis Longus
the flexor digitorum longus and the
− The extensor hallucis longus is flexor hallucis longus.
located deep to the EDL and TA. − Actions: Plantar flexes and inverts
− Action: Extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot.
and inverts foot.
Ankle and Toe movements
Lateral Compartment of the Leg
The thirteen muscle in the leg, with tendons
Fibularis Longus extending into the foot, can be divided into 3
groups: anterior, posterior and lateral.
− The fibularis longus originates from
the superior and lateral surface of the Gastrocnemius & Soleus
fibula and the lateral tibial condyle.
- Form the bulge of the calf
− Actions: Everts and plantarflexes foot.
Calcaneal tendon (heel)
Fibularis Brevis
- joined by gastrocnemius and soleus
− Originates from the fibula. The muscle
belly forms a tendon, which descends These muscles are flexors and are involved
with the fibularis longus into the foot. in plantar flex and invert the foot and flex
− Actions: Everts and plantarflexes foot. toes.

Posterior Compartment of the Leg Fibularis muscle

Two layers – superficial and deep. − Lateral muscles of the leg.

− Primary everters of the foot.
− Also aid in plantar flexion.
Intrinsic foot muscles
− 20 muscles located within the foot.
− Flex, extend, abduct and adduct the
toes.
− Arranged in a similar manner to
insintric of the hand.