(REFEREED RESEARCH)

A RESEARCH ON THERMAL INSULATION PROPERTIES

OF NONWOVENS PRODUCED WITH RECYCLED
JUTE AND WOOL FIBRES

GERİ DÖNÜŞTÜRÜLMÜŞ JÜT VE YÜN LİFLERİYLE ÜRETİLEN

DOKUSUZ YÜZEYLERİN ISI YALITIM ÖZELLİKLERİ
ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Deniz DURAN *

Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Textile Engineering, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Received: 07.01.2016 Accepted: 17.03.2016

ABSTRACT
Nonwovens materials are porous materials consisting of fibers and an interconnected void. Due to their unique fibre orientation and
porous structure, nonwovens are ideal materials for insulation applications. In this paper some physical thermal insulation properties of
single and double layered needle punched nonwovens produced with recycled jute and wool fibres were investigated. The use of
recycled fibres is of high importance not only for cost reduction but also in means of environmental aspects. Polyester, wool and
recycled jute (R-Jute) and recycled wool (R-Wool) fibres were used for the production of single and double layered needle punched
nonwoven structures in this study. In the latter stage fibre fineness, basis weight, thickness, air permeability, thermal conductivity and
thermal resistance properties were tested. The results were analysed statistically by using SPSS software in 95% confidence interval.
Results have shown that wool and recycled wool inclusion in single and double layered nonwoven structures enhance the thermal
insulation properties. And also it was found out that recycled fibres can be used in insulation applications without sacrificing from
thermal properties. Nonwoven structures are good candidates to be used as low cost and environmental friendly insulation materials not
only in buildings but also in automotive, furniture and clothing industries.
Keywords: Multilayer nonwoven, thermal insulation, recycled jute, wool, recycled wool.

ÖZET
Nonwoven malzemeler yapılarındaki lifler ve aralardaki boşluklardan oluşan gözenekli malzemelerdir. Bu benzersiz gözenekli ve
lifli yapıları, onları yalıtım uygulamaları için ideal kılar. Bu çalışmada geri kazanılmış jüt ve yün lifleri kullanılarak iğneleme yöntemine
göre üretilmiş tek ve çift katlı nonwoven malzemelerin bazı fiziksel ve ısı yalıtım özellikleri incelenmiştir. Geri kazanılmış liflerin
kullanımı yalnızca maliyet azaltma açısından değil, aynı zamanda çevresel konular açısından da önem arz etmektedir. Bu çakışmadaki
tek ve çift katlı nonwoven yapıların üretiminde polyester, yün, geri kazanılmış jüt ve geri kazanılmış yün lifleri kullanılmıştır. Sonraki
aşamada numunelerin lif inceliği, gramaj, kalınlık, hava geçirgenliği, ısıl iletkenlik ve ısıl direnç özellikleri test edilmiştir. Test sonuçları
SPSS yazılımı kullanılarak %95 güven aralığında analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, yapıdaki yün ve geri dönüşştürülmüş yün lifi
içeriğinin ısı yalıtım özelliklerini iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir. Sonuçlarda ayrıca ısı yalıtım özelliklerinden feragat etmeksizin geri
dönüştürülmüş liflerin de yapıda kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Çalışma kapsamında üretilen nonwoven yapılar düşük maliyetli ve
çevre dostu yalıtım malzemeleri olarak sadece bina ve inşaat sektöründe değil otomotiv, mobilya ve giyim sektörlerinde de kullanılmaya
uygundur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çok katlı nonwoven, ısı yalıtımı, geri dönüştürülmüş jüt, geri dönüştürülmüş yün.

Corresponding Author: Deniz Duran, e-mail: deniz.duran@ege.edu.tr

1. INTRODUCTION used in different industrial applications ranging from baby

diapers to packaging, furniture, household, automobile, and
The technical developments in polymers and fiber technology
airplane accessories [1]. Nonwoven materials are very
have led to improvements in physical, mechanical, thermal
promising for thermal and acoustic insulation applications
and sound properties of nonwoven fabrics. Nonwovens are
due to their unique porous structure.

22 TEKSTİL ve KONFEKSİYON 26(1), 2016

Thermal insulation is one of the most important aspects for interstitial fluid, is often defined and used in discussing the
buildings in means of life comfort, energy saving, cost performance of an insulation material. The effective thermal
reduction and also to prevent the global warming. Thermal conductivity of a fibrous material is greatly influenced by its
insulating materials are often used in the automotive and microstructural parameters such as solid volume fraction ,
building industries. thermal conductivity of the solid fibers and the interstitial
fluid, fiber diameter, and fiber orientation. Obviously, for
To achieve an energy-efficient world, governments,
media consisting of more than one type of fibers, i.e.,
businesses and individuals should transform the building
composite insulation media, there are more parameters
sector via a multitude of actions, starting from the growing
influencing the insulation performance [5, 6].
awareness of the global energy issue. Buildings today
account for the 40% of the world’s energy use. The resulting There are some studies in the literature investigating the
carbon emissions are substantially higher than those of the thermal insulation properties of nonwovens. Abdel-Rehim
transportation sector. New buildings using more energy than et.al. studied the thermal insulation properties of 100%
necessary are being built every day, and millions of today's Polyester and 100%Polypropylene nonwovens. They found
inefficient buildings will remain standing until at least 2050. out that Polyester fabric had higher thermal resistance and
It’s therefore necessary to start reducing energy use in new specific heat resistance than polypropylene. Fabric
and existing buildings in order to reduce the planet's energy- thickness had a significant effect on the fabric temperature
related carbon footprint. Growing interest, space, and variations[7]. Debnath studied the thermal resistance and air
attention in the architecture sector are directed to permeability of needle punched nonwovens made from jute
environmental issues according to the principles of green and polypropylene blends and observed that the thermal
building. Mineral, vegetable, or animal materials such as resistance and thickness increase but air permeability
perlite, vermiculite, rock wool, glass wool, cork, plant fibers decrease significantly with the increase in fabric weight and
(cotton, flax, hemp, coconut, etc.), wood fiber, cellulose, and also that all dependent variables were influenced
sheep's wool can be used for the production of insulation significantly by fabric weight [8]. Sakthivel and
panels [2] Ramachandran studied the thermal conductivity of
nonwoven materials using reclaimed fibres and observed
Nonwoven textile materials, produced using needles, are
that thermal insulation properties of the nonwoven materials
complex three dimensional fiber structures and have the
vary significantly, depending on the type of Reclaimed fibre
application in many industrial fields. Anisotropic structure of
[9]. Ghane et.al. investigated the Effective Parameters on
needled nonwoven materials contributes to various,
Thermal conductivity of Needle Punched Nonwovens and
sometimes hardly explicable behavior of nonwoven textiles.
found out that porosity was the more significant parameter
During the needling process, fibers in the felt are
affecting thermal conductivity of nonwoven in comparison to
interconnected with their own fibers, using needles of
the mean fiber orientation [10]. Kopitar et.al. studied the
special construction that transfer fibers from the surface into
influence of calendaring process on thermal resistance of
the felt depth. In this way a product of special structure is
polypropylene nonwoven fabric structure and observed that
produced which is resistant to mechanical action and
a change in structure of the calendered samples caused a
therefore finds broad and various applications [3].
considerably lower thermal resistance i.e. better thermal
Nonwovens are porous materials consisting of solid matrix conductivity. With increasing nonwoven fabric mass, the
(the fibers) with an interconnected void. The difference between thermal resistances of needled and
interconnectedness of the void (the pores) allows the flow of needled as well as additionally bonded by calendering the
one or more fluids through the material. In our situation nonwoven fabric was reduced [11]. Martin and Lamb studied
there is a single phase flow constituted by the air, which the measurement of thermal conductivity of nonwovens
makes the nonwoven materials ideal media for insulation using a dynamic method and indicated that in agreement
applications.[4] with established theory, conductivity decreases if the
nonwoven is compressed or is made with finer fabrics or
Insulation materials are often composed of glass fibers,
has a reflective coating on the fiber surface, due to the
polymeric fibers, or mineral wools. However, in some
reduction in the radiative component of heat transfer. Fiber
applications involving high temperatures, steel fibers,
shape has no effect on thermal conductivity [12].
alumina fibers, and/or other similar temperature-resistance
materials have also been used for insulation. Heat transfer The use of recycled fibres in the production of new materials
in a fibrous insulation material occurs through conduction, is an important aspect for both environment and economy.
convection, and radiation. The contribution of each of these Use of recycled fibres from textile wastes is gaining more
modes of heat transfer varies depending on the application. importance day by day. It is known that recycled fibres
Convection heat transfer can often be neglected since the exhibit weaker mechanical properties compared to virgin
friction between the fibers and the interstitial fluid may fibres, but if appropriate application areas are found, the use
suppress convective motions inside the media. While of recycled fibres in the formation of new products have
radiative heat transfer is generally important in high- huge impact on saving the raw materal resources and
temperature applications, conductive heat transfer is often energy. Nonwovens used in heat insulation applications is
the mechanism by which heat transfers through fibrous one of the promising potential application areas for recycled
materials in temperatures near or below room temperature. jute and wool fibres [13, 14]
Conductive heat transfer occurs through the fibers and the
Even though there are some studies in the literature that
interstitial fluid. Therefore, an effective thermal conductivity,
investigated the thermal insulation properties of nonwoven
which includes the contributions of the solid and the

TEKSTİL ve KONFEKSİYON 26(1), 2016 23

materials, studies about the thermal insulation properties of respectively. Thermal properties of the samples were
double layered nonwovens produced with recycled fibres is measured by using Alambeta Device [16, 17] Results were
very limited. evaluated statistically by using SPSS software in 95%
confidence interval.
This study focuses on investigating the thermal insulation
properties of single and double layered needle punched
Table 1. Raw materials and processes involved in the production of
nonwovens produced with recycled jute and wool fibres. single layered nonwoven samples
Biodegradable and environmental friendly jute fibres are
used in many application areas including composites, Single LayeredStructures
packaging, shoes, clothing, agriculture, construction, 100 % Wool
marine, automotive and medicine sectors [14 ,15] Wool 100 % PES
fibres are the most commonly used natural fibres for thermal
%50 Wool/%50 R-Jute
insulation.
%50 Wool/%50 R-Wool

2. MATERIALS AND METHOD %50 PES/%50 R-Jute

%50 PES/%50 R-Wool
Polyester, wool and recycled jute (R-Jute) and recycled
wool (R-Wool) fibres were used for the production of single
and double layered nonwoven structures in this study. Jute 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
and wool wastes to be recycled were obtained from Turkish
3.1 Fibre Fineness
carpet industry. Recycling of the wastes were made in two
stages namely cutting and openning stages. In the first Fineness of the fibres were tested by using a Leica DM EP
stage, the wastes were cut into small pieces of 12 cm. In the light microscope with 400x zoom. 20 measurements were
second stage the pieces were openned into the fibres by taken for each fibre type and average results are given in
using a 3 sectioned openning machine. Table 3.
The fibres were processed in Dilo needling machine with
3.2 Thickness
automatic feeding system. During the production process of
singlelayered structures, recycled jute (R-Jute) and recycled Table 3 shows the thickness values of single and double
wool (R-Wool) fibres were blended with virgin polyester and layered nonwovens. Even though all the single layered
wool fibres for better processability due to short fibre length. nonwonvens were aimed to be produced in the same
100% wool and 100% PES single layered nonwovens were thickness, there are flunctuations in the thickness values of
also produced for comparison. Then double layered the samples produced with wool fibres, which were
structures were produced by combining the single layered processed more difficulty in the needle loom compared to
nonwovens with each other in different ways by needling in PES fibres, due to coarser fibre structure. This trend was
the needle loom. The properties of produced samples are more obvious while processing wool and recycled fibre
given in Table 1 and Table 2.
blended nonwovens in needle loom, due to high difference
Basis weight, thickness and air permeability tests were of fibre fineness. The same difficulty was not faced with PES
applied to the nonwovens, according to the standards TS fibres, since the fibre fineness is more compatible with the
251, TS 7128 EN ISO 5084, TS 391 EN ISO 9237 recycled fibres (see Table 3).

Table 2. Raw materials and processes involved in the production of double layered nonwoven samples

Double Layered Structures Layer 1 Layer 2

100 % Wool+100 % Wool 100 % Wool 100 % Wool
100 % PES+100 % PES 100 % PES 100 % PES
%50 Wool/%50 R-Jute+100 % Wool %50 Wool/%50 R-Jute 100 % Wool
%50 Wool/%50 R-Wool+100 % Wool %50 Wool/%50 R-Wool 100 % Wool
%50 PES/%50 R-Jute+100 % PES %50 PES/%50 R-Jute 100 % PES
%50 PES/%50 R-Wool+100 % PES %50 PES/%50 R-Wool 100 % PES

Table 3. Average fibre fineness for each fibre type

Fibre Type Fibre Fineness (m)

Wool 117,7
Polyester (PES) 47,7
Recycled wool (R-Wool) 17
Recycled Jute (R-Jute) 30,2

24 TEKSTİL ve KONFEKSİYON 26(1), 2016

Table 4. Thickness values of single and double layered nonwovens It can be seen in Table 5 that the highest weight results
were obtained with 50% Wool/50% R-Wool in single layered
Single Layered Structures Thickness (mm)
nonwovens. This is due to higher thickness compared to
100 % Wool 3,252 other samples. Among the R-Jute blended structures, 50%
100 % PES 3,453 PES/50% R-Jute single layered nonwoven weighed heavier
than 50% PES/50% R-Wool of the same thickness, due to
50% Wool/50% R-Jute 2,761 higher specific weight of R-Jute fibres compared to R-Wool
50% Wool/50% R-Wool 4,176 fibres.
50% PES/50% R-Jute 3,652 Results obtained from double layered nonwovens followed
50% PES/50% R-Wool 3,629 the same trend as single layered nonwovens. The highest
results were obtained with 50% Wool/50% R-Wool+100 %
Double Layered Structures
Wool structures, due to the high thickness of wool and wool
100 % Wool+100 % Wool 3,811 blended layers.
100 % PES+100 % PES 3,820
3.4 AirPermeability
50% Wool/50% R-Jute+100 % Wool 3,849
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the air permeability results of
50% Wool/50% R-Wool+100 % Wool 5,110
single and double layered nonwovens respectively.
50% PES/50% R-Jute+100 % PES 4,088
50% PES/50% R-Wool+100 % PES 4,070 In general, it can be commented that lower air permeability
results were obtained with wool and wool blended
nonwovens, compared to PES based nonwovens, for both
3.3 Basis Weight
single and double layered samples. This trend can most
Results of the basis weight measurements of single and clearly be observed when 100% wool samples are
double layered samples are presented in Table 5. compared with 100%PES samples. Wool samples form a
more isotropic structure due to felting effect, caused by their
Table 5 shows that among the samples of similar thickness surface structure. That makes them preferable for thermal
100% wool nonwovens weighed higher than 100% PES insulation applications.
nonwovens for both single and double layered structures.
This is due to the difference in the specific weights of wool The lowest air permeability results were obtained with 50%
and PES fibres. Wool/50% R-Wool samples in single layered structures and
50% Wool/50% R-Wool+100 % Wool samples in double
Table 5. Basis weight values of single and double layered nonwovens layered structures, mainly due to highest thickness and
Single Layered Structures Basis Weight (g/m )
2 basis weight of that samples.
100 % Wool 140,33 Table 6 shows the p values of factors affecting the air
100 % PES 105 permeability for 95% confidence interval.
50% Wool/50% R-Jute 106,67 Table 6. P values of factors affecting the air permeability for 95%
50% Wool/50% R-Wool 281,00 confidence interval.
50% PES/50% R-Jute 154,33 p value
50% PES/50% R-Wool 137,67
Wool ratio of the upper layer 0,000
Double Layered Structures
Wool ratio of the lower layer 0,000
100 % Wool+100 % Wool 272
PES ratio of the upper layer 0,000
100 % PES+100 % PES 159,67
50% Wool/50% R-Jute+100 % Wool 254 PES ratio of the lower layer 0,403
50% Wool/50% R-Wool+100 % Wool 362,33 R-wool ratio of the upper layer 0,001
50% PES/50% R-Jute+100 % PES 160,33 R-jute ratio of the upper layer 0,072
50% PES/50% R-Wool+100 % PES 200,66

TEKSTİL ve KONFEKSİYON 26(1), 2016 25

 Air Permeability (l/m2/sn)
6000
5311
5000
4088
3836
4000 3495

3000 2640
1922
2000

1000

0
100 % Wool 100 % PES %50 Wool/%50 R‐ %50 Wool/%50 R‐ %50 PES/%50 R‐Jute %50 PES/%50 R‐
Jute Wool Wool

Figure 1. Air Permeability values of single layered nonwovens

Air Permeability (l/m2/sn)
4000
3377 3297
3500
3000 2784

2500
2000 1701
1500 1309
956
1000
500
0
100 % Wool+100 %  100 % PES+100 % PES %50 Wool/%50 R‐ %50 Wool/%50 R‐ %50 PES/%50 R‐ %50 PES/%50 R‐
Wool Jute+100 % Wool Wool+100 % Wool Jute+100 % PES Wool+100 % PES

Figure 2. Air Permeability values of double layered nonwovens

As it can be seen in Table 6, effects of wool ratio of the thichness and basis weight values of the samplers including
upper layer, wool ratio of the lower layer, PES ratio of the 100%PES at the upper layer, compared to the samples
upper layer, and R-wool ratio of the upper layer on air including 50% PES at their upper layer.
permeability and R-jute ratio of the upper layer are
statistically significant. Results of the statistical evaluations Results of the statistical analysis have shown that effect of
have shown that air permeability decreased with decreasing PES ratio of the lower layer is not statistically significant.
PES ratio of the upper layer, increasing Wool ratio of the This might be caused by the heterogenity between the
upper layer and increasing R-Wool ratio of the upper layer. layers of the double layered structure; due to the existance
It was also observed that, the difference between the air of R-Wool and R-Jute fibres in the upper layer, when PES
permeability results of samples including 100% and 50% was used at the lower layer. This is not the case for the
wool at the upper layer were not statistically significant, samples having 100% PES at the upper layer due to
while the difference of 0% wool from 100% and 50% wool homogenity. Also, this situation is not valid for the samples
were found to be statistically significant. The lowest sir having 100% Wool at the lower layer, since Wool fibres
permeability results were obtained with 0% Wool and 0% R- have a more curly structure compared to PES fibres,
Wool including samples at the upper layer. This is due to the resulting in more homogenity between the layers.
lower basis weight of the sampes with 0% wool inclusion in 3.5 Thermal Properties
the upper layer. Air permeability increased with increasing
PES ratio at the upper layer. Higher air permeability results Table 7 shows the p values of factors affecting the thermal
were obtained with samples including 100% PES, compared conductivity and thermal resistance for 95% confidence
to the samples including 50% PES for both single and interval.
double layered structures. This might be due to the lower

26 TEKSTİL ve KONFEKSİYON 26(1), 2016

3.5.1 Thermal Conductivity blended samples, compared to PES based samples for both
single and double layered samples. As explained in air
Thermal conductivity can be thought of as a flux of heat
permeability results, since wool fibres form a tighter
(energy per unit area per unit time) divided by a temperature
structure due to felting effect, compared to PES fibres, heat
gradient (temperature difference per unit length). For textile
is conducted via the fibres more easily.
materials, still air in the fabric structure is the most important
factor for conductivity value, as still air has the lowest Lowest thermal conductivity results are obtained with
thermal conductivity value compared to all fibers (λair = 100%PES samples in single layered structures and with 100
0.025) [18]. % PES+100 % PES sampes in double layered structures;
wich exhibited the highest air permeability results. High air
Thermal conductivity of a structure is a very important
permebaility of a sample can lead to a lower thermal
property for determining the thermal insulation properties of
conductivity because of the air gaps in the structure. When
the structure. It is known that lower thermal conductivity
50% Wool/50% R-Jute and 50% Wool/50% R-Wool Single
leads to better thermal insulation function.
layered structures are compared, it can be seen that the
Results of the statistical analyses have shown that, Wool latter shows a lower thermal conductivity, due to higher wool
ratio of the upper and lower layers, PES ratio of the upper fibre inclusion and also higher thickness. This difference
and lower layers, R-Wool and R-Jute ratios of the upper appeared to be smaller in double layered structures namely
layers and basis weight of the samples have significant 50% Wool/50% R-Jute+100 % Wool and 50% Wool/50% R-
effect on the thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity Wool+100 % Wool, since the difference between the
decreased with increasing PES ratio of the upper layer, amounts of wool decreased. The same effect was seen
increasing R-Wool ratio of the upper layer and decreasing between 50% PES/50% R-Jute and 50% PES/50% R-Wool
Wool ratio of the upper layer. The lowest thermal samples. The latter showed lower thermal conductivity
conductivity results were obtained with the samples results due to the R-Wool inclusion. The same effect was
containing 0% Wool at the upper layer. The highest results also observed in double layered structures, 50% PES/50%
were obtained with samples containing 100% Wool at the R-Jute+100 % PES and 50% PES/50% R-Wool+100 %
upper layer and 0% R-Wool at the upper layer. PES, with a smaller difference in thermal conductivity
values.
It can be seen in Figure 3 and Figure 4 that, higher thermal
conductivity results were obtained with wool and wool

Table 7. P values of factors affecting the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance for 95% confidence interval.
p value
Thermal Conductivity Thermal Resistance
Wool ratio of the upper layer 0,000 0,044
Wool ratio of the lower layer 0,000 0,011
PES ratio of the upper layer 0,000 0,782
PES ratio of the lower layer 0,014 0,039
R-wool ratio of the upper layer 0,031 0,000
R-jute ratio of the upper layer 0,074 0,004

Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)
0,0385
0,0379
0,0380 0,0376
0,0374
0,0375
0,0370
0,0365
0,0360 0,0356 0,0357
0,0355 0,0352
0,0350
0,0345
0,0340
0,0335
100 % Wool 100 % PES %50 Wool/%50 R‐ %50 Wool/%50 R‐ %50 PES/%50 R‐Jute %50 PES/%50 R‐
Jute Wool Wool

Figure 3.Thermal conductivity results of single layered nonwovens

TEKSTİL ve KONFEKSİYON 26(1), 2016 27

 Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)
0,039 0,039
0,038
0,038 0,038

0,037
0,037

0,036
0,035
0,035

0,034

0,033
Figure 4.Thermal conductivity results of double layered nonwovens

3.5.2 Thermal Resistance be caused by existance of the thickness factor used in the
calculation of thermal resistance, from thermal conductivity.
Thermal resistance is an indication of how well a material
insulates. It is based on the equation: R = h/λ; where R is Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the thermal resistance results of
the thermal resistance, h is the thickness and λ is the single and double layered nonwovens. It is known that lower
thermal conductivity [18] thermal conductivity leads to higher thermal resistance of a
structure and thus better thermal insulation properties.
Results of the statistical analyses have shown that; thermal
resistance was affected by Wool ratio of the upper and Among the 100% Wool and 100% PES samples, the latter
lower layers, PES ratio of the lower layer, R-Wool and R- showed higher thermal resistance results. This is mainly
Jute ratios of the upper layers significantly. It was seen that because of higher thickness and also higher thermal
the thermal resistance was increased with decreasing Wool resistance and specific heat resistance of Polyester which
ratio of the upper layer. Even though there were no Abdel-Rehim et.al. also mentioned in their study [7]. When
statistically significant difference between 0% and 50% 50% PES/50% R-Jute and 50% PES/50% R-Wool single
Wool inclusing samples at the upper layer, samples with layered samples with almost the same thickness are
100%Wool at their upper layer showed lower thermal compared it can be said that 50% PES/50% R-Wool
resistance values. Thermal resistance increased with samples show higher thermal resistance. The same trend
increasing R-Wool ratio at the upper layer, which means can be observed for 50% PES/50% R-Jute+100 % PES and
that samples produced with R-Wool fibres at their upper 50% PES/50% R-Wool+100 % PES double layered
layer showed higher thermal resistance results compared to samples, also matching with the thermal conductivity
other samples. This can be caused by the fine structure of results. This is thought to be caused by the inclusion of R-
the R-Wool fibres, which leads to a better entanglement Wool fibres in the structure.
among the fibres and a tighter structure. It is also supported
It can be generally commented that for both single and
by Figure 1 and Figure 2 which show that, R-Wool blended
double layered structures, the highest thermal resistance
samples showed considerably lower air permeability results
reults were obtained with 50% Wool/50% R-Wool structures
compared to 100% Wool, %100 PES and R-Jute blended
in single layer and with 50% Wool/50% R-Wool+100 %
samples in both single and double layered structures.
Wool structures in double layer, both due to higher wool
Results of the statistical anayses have shown that PES ratio fibre inclusion and also higher thickness. Abdel-Rehim et.al.
of the upper layer did not have a statistically significant also mentioned in their paper that the effect of fabric
effect on thermal resistance; even though it had a significant thickness on the fabric temperature variations has the
effect on thermal conductivity, as it was explained in thermal obvious significance that higher thickness means good
conductivity part. Thermal conductivity decreased with thermal insulation [7].
increasing PES ratio of the upper layer, whereas thermal
resistance was not effected significantly. This is thought to

28 TEKSTİL ve KONFEKSİYON 26(1), 2016

 Thermal Resistance (m2K/W)
0,140
0,117
0,120
0,098 0,097 0,102
0,100 0,087
0,080 0,073

0,060

0,040
0,020

0,000
100 % Wool 100 % PES %50  %50  %50 PES/%50  %50 PES/%50 
Wool/%50 R‐ Wool/%50 R‐ R‐Jute R‐Wool
Jute Wool

Figure 5.Thermal resistance results of single layered nonwovens

Thermal Resistance (m2K/W)
0,160
0,136
0,140
0,120 0,109 0,111 0,111
0,098 0,101
0,100
0,080
0,060
0,040
0,020
0,000
100 % Wool+100  100 % PES+100 % %50 Wool/%50 R‐%50 Wool/%50 R‐ %50 PES/%50 R‐ %50 PES/%50 R‐
% Wool PES Jute+100 % Wool Wool+100 % Wool Jute+100 % PES Wool+100 % PES

Figure 6.Thermal resistance results of double layered nonwovens

5. CONCLUSION of these samples compared to other samples. It is known

that basis weight has a significant imfact on thermal
In this paper, some physical and thermal insulation
insulation properties of nonwoven materials. This result is
properties of single and double layered nonwovens
also supported by the other studies in the literature.
produced from recycled jute, recycled wool, polyester and
Debnath found out that the thermal resistance and thickness
wool fibres and their combinations as double layered
increase but air permeability decrease significantly with the
structures were investigated.
increase in fabric weight and also that all dependent
The results have shown that single and double layered variables were influenced significantly by fabric weight [8].
nonwoven structures containing wool and recycled wool are
The results of this study show that recycled fibres can be
good candidates to be used in insulation applications, since
used in insulation applications without sacrificing from
they exhibit low thermal conductivity and high thermal
thermal properties. Such type of nonwoven structures can
resistance results. Samples including R-Jute and R-Wool
be used as insulation materials not only in buildings but also
fibres in their structures have also shown comparable
in automotive, furniture and clothing industries.
thermal insulation properties to 100%Wool samples. It can
be generally commented that for both single and double This result may lead to the development of new thermal
layered structures, the highest thermal resistance reults insulation materials with low cost and good thermal
were obtained with 50% Wool/50% R-Wool structures in insulation properties. This result is also very important for
single layer and with 50% Wool/50% R-Wool+100 % Wool environmental aspects.
structures in double layer. The reason is high basis weight

TEKSTİL ve KONFEKSİYON 26(1), 2016 29

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