ANNELIDA AND ECHINODERMATA

By :
Name : Mellya Rizki Pitriani
Student ID : B1B017031
Entourage : VII
Group :3
Assistant : Maurizka Khairunnisa Ayuning H.

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS II LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

The animal phylum Annelida (Latin: annul or annelus = ring, bracelet. Greek:
eidos = shape) is known as a roundworm. The body of this phylum member (coelomata)
is segmented, with metamerism as its main characteristic: the division of body cavities,
the nervous system, blood circulation, and the excretory system is metameric. Complete
digestive tract (mouth - intestine - anal), tubular in shape, extends the axis of the body.
Respiration with epidermis or gills (in tube worms, for example) in certain somites. The
hermaphrodite reproductive organs (class Oligochaeta and Hirudinea), with animals
directly in the form of adult animals; or married with two (class Archiannelida and
Polychaeta), through the trochophore larvae phase (Oemarjati, 1990).
Another character of Annelida worms that is not found in more primitive
animals is a large body cavity filled with fluid. This allows internal organs to rub
against one another easily, thus facilitating extensive body movements. This cavity,
called the selom, is entirely covered by mesoderm. However, the development of the
embryo is very different from the development of the selom in vertebrates. In the initial
division stage, special embryo cells form in the embryo. Mitotic division of these cells
produces mesoderm tissue mass. Finally in the network develops a cavity that gradually
enlarges into a selom (Kimball, 1992).
Echinodermata are an important component in terms of fauna diversity in coral
reef areas. This is because coral reefs act as a shelter and find food for Echinoderms
fauna. Ecologically, Echinoderms fauna play a very important role in coral reef
ecosystems, especially in the food chains, because these biota are generally detritus and
predator eaters (Suwartimah, 2017). Fauna diversity is found in coastal ecosystems. One
phylum that has its own charm in the coastal environment is Echinoderms. Echinoderms
are shallow water inhabitants, commonly found on coral reefs and seagrass beds. This
animal has the ability to autotomy and regenerate parts of the body that are lost, broken,
or damaged. All animals that belong to this phylum have a symmetrical radial body
shape and most have an endoskeleton from lime-like bulges in the form of thorns (Jasin,
1984). Echinodermata can be found in almost all depths. This phylum appeared in the
early cambrian period and consisted of 7000 species that are still alive and 13,000
species that have become extinct. This phylum is also closely related to the chordates,
and its radial symmetry evolved secondary. Starfish larvae, for example, still exhibit a
considerable similarity to hemichordate larvae (Kastawi, 2005).
The framework of Echinodermata that have pentaradial body symmetry can be
divided into axial skeletons, which are associated with the peristom (mouth opening)
and the ambulacral system, and the extraction skeleton which is the rest of the body
wall. The axial skeleton is built from several different plates. Peristomial opening is
limited by several combinations of oral plates and oral plates that are positioned inter
radially (Sumrall, 2017).

B. Objectives

The objective of this laboratory activity are :

1. Students learn and observe some members of Phylum Annelida and Echinodermata.
2. Students learn some basic characteristics for Phylum Annelida and Echinodermata
identification and classification.
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Most annelids live freely and some are parasitic by attaching to vertebrates,
including humans. Annelid habitats are generally located on the seabed and in
freshwater, and there are also some living on land or damp places (Dwisang, 2008). The
body of the bilateral Annelida is symmetrical, long and clearly segmented, and has a
motion apparatus in the form of stiff hairs (setae) in each segment. Polychaeta with
tentacles on the head and setae on parts of the body that protrude laterally, or in the
lateral lobby called parapodia. The body is covered by a slippery cuticle which is
located above the glandular epithelium. The body wall and digestive tract with layers of
circular and longitudinal muscles, already have a body cavity (coelom) and are
generally divided by septa, complete digestive tract, tubular, extending in accordance
with the axis of the body. The cardiovasculare system is a closed system, longitudinal
blood vessels, with small branches (capillaries) in each segment (metamer), blood
plasma containing hemoglobin. Respiration with the skin, or with branchia. Excretion
organs consist of a pair of nephridia in each segment. The nervous system consists of a
pair of cerebral ganglia at the dorsal end of the brain. Associated with medio-ventral
nerve bundles that extend along the body with ganglia in each segment, there are also
tangoreceptor and photoreceptor cells. Most are hemaphroditic and develop directly or
are gonochoristic and develop through the larval stage. Reproduction by forming shoots
occurs in several species (Suwignyo et al, 2005).
The Annelida classification is divided into three classes, namely Polychaeta,
Oligochaeta, and Hirudinae. Polychaeta (poly = many; chaeta = hair), the general
characteristic of polychaeta is that it has many setae and is generally gonochoris.
Examples of polychaeta are Nereis, Spirobranchus giganteus, Arenicola, Progmatopora
lapidosa, Eunice viridis (palolo worm), and Lysidice (wawo worm). Oligochaeta (oligos
= few; chaeta = hair). A common characteristic of oligochaeta is that it has few setae
and is generally hermaphrodite. Examples of oligochaeta are Lumbricus terestris
(earthworm), Tubifex sp. (giant water worms), and Moniligaster hautenii (giant worms).
Hirudinae's most common features are that his body is flat, has no setae, at both ends of
his body there are suction devices, and is generally hermaphrodite. Examples of
hirudinae are Hirudo medicinalis (leeches) and Haemodipsa (pacet). Leeches have a
substance called hirudinin as an anti-coagulation agent, so that when a leech sucks the
blood of its prey, the blood does not clot (Dwisang, 2008).
Echinodermata have a characteristic that is radial symmetry with the body
strengthening of lime substances with protuberances of thorns. This group of organisms
all live in the sea. Movement of Echinodermata is slow, its movements are regulated by
hydrostatic pressure or the vascular system of water. The nervous system consists of an
oral ring and radial nerve cords. The excretion system in Echinodermata does not exist,
so the excretion function is carried out through the protrusion of the skin (brank /
papules). Body shape, anatomical structure in physiology Echinodermata are very
typical. Body shape radial symmetry 5 corners (pentaradial), although Echinoderms
include the Bilateria division. Actually at the time the larvae have bilateral symmetry
body shape and live as plankton, but at the end of the stage the larvae undergo
metamorphosis into radial symmetry (Jasin, 1992).
Echinodermata do not have a head; the body is arranged in an oral-aboral axis.
The body is covered in a thin epidermis that envelops the mesodermal skeleton. The
frame is inside and consists of ossicle or limestone plates which can be moved or cannot
be moved. The shape and location of each type of ossicle is unique. Large body cavities
and ciliated peritoneum in their development part of the body cavity into a system of
water vessels, an organ that is not found in other invertebrates (Jasin, 1992).
The description is devoted only to classes and orders that are still alive.
Pelmetazoa is a subphylum with most of its members extinct. The body attaches itself to
the substrate with an arboral surface or with an arboral stalk. The mouth and anus are on
the oral surface. The internal organs are protected inside the skeleton. Tube legs or
podia to attract food but some do not have suckers. The main nervous system is located
in the arboral area. Pelmatozoa has only one class left alive, Crinoidea. The Crinoidea
class is not stemmed and does not move freely, the body is made up of arboral bowls,
called caiyx and oral covers are called segments with strong five-pronged structures or
multiples. Hands can be moved, simple, generally forked, usually five or ten with or
without a pinula. Ambulacral curve, open and extends along the hand and pinnula to the
tip. Having madreporit, spina, and pedicellaria .larva is called doliolaria. This class has
only one order, Articulata. The Articulata Order encompasses extinct and surviving
Crinoids. Calyx is pentamerous, flexible, flexible, integrated into the ossicle of the
lower hand. Rough Tegman contains calcareous particles or small plates. The mouth
and ambulacral curves are clearly visible (Hyman, 1955).
Besides Pelmatozoa, there are Eleutherozoa. Most members of this subphylum
are still alive. Stems or stems do not exist and usually live freely. The body structure is
usually pentamerous, the oral surface has a mouth which is located on one side. The
anus is usually found on the arboral surface. Ambulacral curves are usually not for
collecting food and tube legs with the main suction for locomotory organs. The
Holothuroidae class belongs to this subphylum. The body is bilateral symmetry, usually
extending with the mouth at one end and the anus at the other end. Reduced
endoskeleton in the form of microscopic spicules or plates embedded in the tube wall.
The mouth is surrounded by a collection of tentacles. Podia or tube legs usually exist
and function as a means of movement. The digestive tract of food is long and winding
(Hyman, 1955).
 The Echinoidea class has a ball or bowl, oval or heart shape. The body is
enclosed by the endoskeleton shell of the calculus plate which is tightly closed by a
movable spina. The outer calcareous plates are divided into 5 intermittent regions
overlapping with 5 interambulacral regions. Podia or tube legs come out of the
ambulacral plate hole and function for movement. The mouth is located at the center of
the oral surface surrounded by a membrane peristomium, the anus is located at the
arboral pole and surrounded by a membrane-peroproct. Ambulacral curves are absent.
Pedicellaria are stemmed and have 3 pins, the development of which includes echino-
pluteus larvae that swim freely (Hyman, 1955).
The Asteroidea class has a pentagonal or star-shaped body. Clear oral and
arboral surfaces, oral surfaces face down and arboral face up. Having 5-50 long or short
arms spread symmetrically from a central disc. The mouth is located in the central part
of the oral surface and is surrounded by a membrane peristoma. The anus is small and
located on the arboral surface, the ambulacral forms a conspicuous curve supported by
podia. Flexible endoskeleton, formed from a separate osicle, the pedicellarianya is small
like a movable thorn (Hyman, 1955). The Ophiuroidea class has a flat body shape with
a round or 5-sided central disc. Clear oral and arboral surfaces, arms number 5, slender,
smooth, or prickly. The order in this class is the Ophiurae, Euryalae. Examples of
Eurylae's order are Astrophyton, Aseronyx, and Astroporpa (Kastawi, 2005).
Ophiuroids (brittle stars, basket stars and snake stars) are abundant and speciose
benthic marine organisms. With over 2000 described species, the Ophiuroidea class is
the largest of the five classes in the Echinoderms phylum. Ophiuroids have a long
evolutionary history extending back to the early Ordovician (~ 480 mya), although
modern families date from the mid- Permian. As a group, they are distributed across all
latitudes and found at all but the deepest ocean depths. Most species are restricted to
shelf (0–200 m) and / or bathyal habitats (200-3500 m), where they are associated with
a variety of substrates including mud, rock, coral, sunken wood, animal hosts,
hydrothermal vents and cold seeps (Hunter et al., 2016).
 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The instruments used in this laboratory acitivity are specimen tray, forceps,
magnifying glass, light microscope, stereo microscope, camera, animal identification
book, gloves, surgical mask, and stationary.
The material used in this laboratory activity are some specimens of Annelida and
Echinodermata.
B. Methods

The method used in this laboratory activity are:

1. The morphological characters of the specimens are observed, draw, and
described by students.
2. The specimens are identified with identification keys/literature by students.
3. The simple identification key are mad based on the observed characters by
students.
4. The discussion and conclusion based on the data can be constructed by students.
 REFERENCES

Dwisang, E L., 2008. Inti Sari Biologi. Tangerang: Scientific Press.

Hunter, R. L., Lydia, M. B. Alexander, C. H. Zachary, A. K., Shannon, E. R. Additional
Insights into Phylogenetic Relationship of the Class Ophiuroidea
(Echinodermata) from RNA gene Sequences. Journal of Zoological Systematics
and Evolutionary Research, 54(4), pp. 269-275.
Hyman, L. H., 1955. The invertebrate vol. IV: Echinodermata. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Company.

Jasin, M., 1984. Sistematika Hewan Vertebrata dan Invertebrata. Surabaya: Sinar
Wijaya.

Jasin, M., 1992. Zoologi Invertebrata. Surabaya: Sinar Wijaya.

Kastawi, H. Y., 2005. Zoologi Avertebrata. Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang.
Kimball, J. W., 1992. Biologi: Jilid 3. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Oemarjati, B S., 1990. Taksonomi Avertebrata. Jakarta. UI-Prees.
Sumrall, C. D., 2017. New Insights Concerning Homology of the Oral and Ambulacral
System Plating of Pentaradial Echinoderms. Journal of Palaentology, 91(4), pp.
604-617.
Suwartimah, K., Wati, D. S., Endrawati, H., & Hartati, R., 2017. Komposisi
Echinodermata Di Rataan Litoral Terumbu Karang Pantai Krakal, Gunung
Kidul,Yogyakarta. Oseanografi Marina. 6(1), pp. 53-60.
Suwignyo, S., B. Widigdo, Y. Wardianto, dan M. Krisanti. 2005. Avertebrata Air Jilid
2. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.