Chapter 7 Rizal

Chapter 7: EMERGING NATIONALISM
 El Filibusterismo published in 1891, he dedicated it to the three martyred priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora. MarJosJac GomBurZa
 1872 when three priest executed and Rizal was only 10 that time, but it play a decisive role in shaping his
ideas and decisions.
Vocabulary Words
Episcopal visitation – an official pastoral visit conducted by the bishop on a diocese to examine the
conditions of a congregation; often done once every 3 years.
Garrote – an apparatus used for capital punishment in which an iron collar is tightened around a
condemned person’s neck.
Polo – system of forced labor that required Filipino males from 16-60 years old to render service for a
period of 40 days.
Regular clergy – priests who belong to religious orders
Secular clergy – priests who do not belong to religious orders and are engaged in pastoral work
Tributo – system of taxation imposed by the Spanish colonial government on the Filipino’s in order to
generate resources for the maintenance of the colony
CAVITE MUTINY (REBELLION)

 On January 20, 1872, approximately 250 Filipino soldiers and workers rose in revolt at an arsenal in
Cavite.
 11 Spaniards were killed during the mutiny, but an immediate assault led by the government forces put an
end to the uprising after 3 days
 Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo ordered a decree that the arsenal workers would no longer be
exempt from the tribute and polo ( a privilege they had enjoyed in the past)
 Official accounts, however argued that the revolt (rise in rebellion) was a part of a larger movement with
the aim of overthrowing the Spanish government and asserting independence
 Official reports also claimed that the leaders of the mutiny expected the support to 2,000 men from
regiment in Cavite and Manila.
 The plan was to begin the revolt after midnight in Manila with rebels setting fires in Tondo to distract the
authorities. A signal by way of FIREWORKS would then be sent to the rebels in Cavite who would then
lay siege to the arsenal.
 In realiy, however, the mutiny in Cavite began earlier in the evening and many of those who pledged
support defected and vowed loyalty to Spain. The mutiny failed and be a reason for Spanish government
used to suppress the increasing calls for a more liberal administration.
 Among those who clamoured for reforms were FILIPINO SECULAR PRIESTS.
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
 Two types of clergy: regular priests and secular priests.
 The regular clergy were better prepared for missionary work because of their STANDARDS OF
DISCIPLINE AND ASCETICISM (is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often
for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals). Their job is to (1) introduce the faith, (2) convert the natives,
and (3) established religious communities.
 In the Philippines 5 religious orders took on this task:
1. Augustinian who arrived in 1565
2. Discalced Franciscans (1578) +13
3. Jesuits (1581) +3
4. Dominicans (1587) +6
5. Augustinians recollects (1606) +19
 The secular clergy were priests who “live in the world” they were under the authority of bishops and not
members of religious orders.
 Their primary tasks was the management of the religious communities and ideally, the continuation of the
work already laid down by the regular clergy.
 It was the tasks of regular clergy to introduce the faith and established religious communities the
management of parishes was left to secular clergy.
 Two issues were particularly contentious among the clergy in the Philippines. (1) the issue had to do with
episcopal visitations. (2) had to do with the management of parishes.
 In first issue An OMNIMODA bull passed by Pope Adrian VI in 1522 allowed the regulars to administer
the sacraments and act as parish priests independent from the authority of local bishop.
 This bull conflicted with reforms established in the Council of Trent (1545-1563) which declares that no
priest could care for the souls of laymen unless they were subjected to episcopal authority that often came
in the form of visitations.
 King Philip II was granted discretionary power to enforced the reforms in the Philippines, the regular
clergy often thwarted their implementation.
 The regular clergy argued that if they allowed the visitations to occur, the congregation would be subjected
to two sources which is the (1) bishop and (2) provincial superiors. Who may at some point issue
conflicting orders.
 In second issue Regular priests maintained control over the parishes in the early stage of Christianization
out of necessity because of the scarcity of secular priests to whom the parishes would be passed on.
 Beginning of late 17th century efforts were intensified to produce and train secular priests that by 19th
century they constituted an increasingly significant number.
 PALAGING NAGCCONTEST YUNG REGULAR CLERGY SA SECULAR
 One of the reasons by the regulars was that the Philippines still remained an active mission, EN VIVA
CONQUISTA ESPIRITUAL, with some groups not yet Christianized. Therefore argue that the Filipinos
were not ready to be turned over to the secular clergy.
 Another reason was more economic in nature with the regulars refusing to give up the parishes that
generated large profits for them. However, an overwhelming reason why the regulars refused to give up the
parishes had to do with their view that the Filipino secular clergy were UNQUALIFIED AND
INCOMPETENT. Even worse, some viewed the seculars as potential leaders of any future separatist
movement.
 Mid-19th century secular clergy reacts strongly to these claims.
 Fr. Mariano Gomez (parish priest from Bacoor) and Fr. Pedro Palaez (secretary to the archbishop) drew up
exposition to the government on the behalf of the secular clergy but their efforts proved futile (incapable of
producing any useful result; pointless)
 1860 the struggle eventually took on different tone towards as the issue of secularization was no longer
limited to questions of merit and competence.
 1864, nature of the issue became one of racial equality as well. At the forefront of this struggle to gain
equality between Spanish and Filipino priests was Fr. Jose Burgos
EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA
 As a result of revolt in Cavite a lot of priests and laymen arrested and it includes the ff:
Fr. Jose Burgos
Jacinto Zamora
Jose Guevara
Mariano Gomez
Feliciano Gomez
Mariano Sevilla
Bartolome Serra
Miguel de Laza
Justo Guazon
Vicente del Rosario
Pedro Dandan
and Analecto Desiderio
Among the laymen were lawyers and businessmen:
Gervacio Sanchez
Pedro Carillo
Maximo Inocencio
Balbino Mauricio
Raman Maurente
Maximo Paterno
and Jose Basa
These Filipinos were sentenced to varying terms of EXILE IN GUAM, while the THREE PRIESTS
GOMEZ, BURGOS, AND ZAMORA were condemned to death by garrotte on February 15, 1872.

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Chapter 7: EMERGING NATIONALISM

CAVITE MUTINY (REBELLION)

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