TITLE OF THE MODULE 10: JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM:

BAYANI AT KABAYANIHAN

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Understand the concepts of bayani and kabayanihan
 Relate these concepts in the life and works of Rizal
 Interpret views and opinions about bayani and kabayanihan in the context
of Philippine history and society

LEARNING CONTENT:

Jose Rizal is the most popular Filipino hero of all time, we can see it through the
numerous statues, street names and places established and named after him (Zaide &
Zaide, 1999). Almost every town of the Philippines has a park or street dedicated to
Rizal. There is also a so-called Rizal law which requires all universities to include a
course on the life and works of Rizal. Moreover, when we ask Filipinos the question
“who is our national hero?” all of them or most of them answer Jose Rizal. This is true at
all ages. This is even validated by Social Weather Stations (SWS) published on April 8,
2011. In the results of the said survey, Rizal got 75 percent, Bonifacio got 34 percent,
Ninoy Aquino, 20 percent, Cory Aquino, 14 percent, Mabini, 14 percent and Aguinaldo,
11 percent. Therefore both national heroes and political elites were considered bayani
by the people (Chua, 2018).

Before we go to the question, “why and how Rizal became a hero?” let us first
define the word “hero.” According to Merriam-Webster’s dictionary (Retrieved from
https://merriam-webster.com), hero is “a person who is admired for great or brave acts
or fine qualities; a person who is greatly admired.” In the Filipino language, the word
hero has the closest link to bayani. In order to make the question more Filipinized, let us
put it in this way: “why and how Rizal became a bayani?”

Understanding “Bayani” and “Kabayanihan”

 As stated above, bayani is the known Filipino word for hero. Kabayanihan, on the
other hand means heroism. Despite this common knowledge about the stated words,
definitions have cultural contexts (Chua, 2018). Therefore, the word hero in the English
language does not commensurate to the Filipino word bayani because the latter is a
richer word than hero because it may be rooted in bayan as a place or in doing
something great, not for oneself but for a greater good for community and nation
(Ocampo, 2016).

Let us compare the difference between the two concepts: hero vs bayani. The
concept of heroism came from the Greek culture, which has Hercules as an example.
He is strong-willed and a supernatural character who uses his abilities for the people.
This is what our Westernized educational system taught us: hero was defined as life
characters who has extraordinary strength, courage and intellect. In order to provide us
a more localized academic discourse about the Filipino word bayani, Zeus Salazar
being the institution behind the pursuit of Pantayong Pananaw collected various
definitions of bayani from different ethnolinguistic groups. He discovered that it came
from the Austronesian word wani which means “helping and being compassionate with
others,” from the Visayan word bagani which means “fearless warrior”, thereby
concluding that bayani may mean “someone who gives service to the bayan without
expecting anything in return.” Moreover, according to Salazar, the main difference
between heroe and bayani is within their individualism. The latter is preoccupied with his
own “persona” or fame apart from the people but the latter’s configuration of things is
always to be with the people, doing the activities/ways of the people and being humble
like the rest of the people (Ibid).

If we are going to dig more on the meaning of bayani, Vito Santos’ Vicassan
dictionary defined it as “hero, patriot (taong makabayan), cooperative endeavor, mutual
aid, a person who volunteers or offers free service or labor to a cooperative endeavor.”
In addition, UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino (2001) listed three meanings of the said word:
“(1) a person considered to possess extraordinary talents or someone who did
something noble (dakila), (2) leading man in a play and (3) those who had the qualities
of gods, extraordinary strength, bravery or ability.” But before the existence of the
above stated definitions, there is an earlier one from the Vocabulario de la Langua
Tagala written by Jesuits Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar in 1754. This rare
historical book was edited and made available by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. In
this source, bayani means someone who is brave or valiant, someone who works
toward a common task or cooperative endeavor. It is also important to take note that
bayani came from the word bayan which is defined as “the space between here and the
sky,” it is also a town, municipality, pueblo or nation and can refer to people and citizens
(mamamayan) who live in those communities or to those who originate or come from
the same place (kababayan) (Ibid.). This is how complicated the word bayani is in the
pre-colonial context.

Rizal as “Bayani” and his Portrayal of “Kabayanihan”

Now, let us go back to our discussion on Rizal being a bayani. There is no law
that supported the popular statement that we Filipinos always hear from our old folks
—“Rizal as the Philippine National Hero.” We were taught during our childhood that we
have our “Pambansang Bayani” and that is Jose Rizal. Moreover, we are also
bombarded with information that he is the greatest in the ranking of Filipino heroes.
Rizal being at the top, seconded by Bonifacio and the others.

It is the National Historical Commission of the Philippines who set the criteria for
heroes since it is the agency which is in charge of our historical matters. According to
them, if a person is being admired and appreciated even after 50 years of his ideas and
ideals, the person can be considered a hero. In 1965, there is a so-called agency
National Heroes Commission which released a criteria and definition of a hero and was
approved by the committee led by Director Carlos Quirino of the National Library. Hero,
according to them is defined as “an admirable leader towering over his peers, who is
serving a noble cause, possessing exceptional talent, distinguished valor and/or hold
enterprise, exercising a determinative influence over the spiritual life of his people in a
particular remarkable event.” In a more specific manner, the Commission came up with
characteristics that a person should possessed to be considered a hero.

1. Motives and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (i.e. welfare of the
country)
 In attaining the ideal, did the person sacrifice purely and exclusively for the
country’s welfare or were there ulterior/selfish motives in pursuing those
sacrifices? Were the methods in attaining his/her ideals morally valid?

2. The moral character of the person

Did he do any immoral thing that tainted his/her personal character? If there was,
did it affect his work, society or ideals?
3. The influence of the person to his age or epoch and the succeeding eras

Given all these criteria, the truth is that these standards were very stringent and
being considered a “hero” requires intense scrutiny of one’s personal life. Given this, we
can say that it really aimed to confer the title to someone deserving as the word “hero”
is mostly misused nowadays.

As time goes by, the definition of hero is becoming more complex in the
Philippine society, far from the known precolonial concept of bayani who is from the
bayan and with the bayan in pursuing ideals. In 1993, the then-President Fidel V.
Ramos issued Executive Order 75 which created the National Heroes Committee which
aimed to “study, evaluate, and explicitly recommend Filipino national personages as
national heroes in due recognition to their sterling character and remarkable
achievements for the country.” It was attended by reknown historians like Onofre D.
Corpuz, Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil, Dr. Samuel K. Tan, Dr. Marcelino Foronda, Dr.
Alfredo Lagmay, Dr. Bernardita Churchill and others. This body accepted Dr. Corpuz’s
definition of a hero—“heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter
aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom; heroes are those who define and
contribute to a system of life and freedom and order for a nation.” He even added that it
is one’s nationalism which makes someone a hero. Thereby saying that someone can
be a hero if he identifies himself in the Philippine nation (national identity) and would be
willing to sacrifice for its benefit. They also added that heroes are those people who
contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.

In 1995, another meeting among historians was conducted, the Committee

decided to adapt another criteria which states that “a hero is part of the people’s
expression.” It places the importance of the people’s acceptance and acclamation of a
person to be a hero. These historians realized that the participation of the people,
especially of the youth in validating a person’s achievements and virtues is important for
they are the ones who will judge whether the person’s ideals were worthy to be praised
and imitated. They even argued that “the choice of a hero involves not only the
recounting of an episode or events in history but of the entire process that made this
person a hero.” Understanding the historical condition/context was deemed important
this time. Moreover, they also emphasized that heroes should not be legislated,
acclamation of their ideals is enough to legitimize their contributions in our history and
society. Proclaiming them as national heroes confirms the public veneration of their
great contributions to this country (De Viana et al., 2018).

In the academe, there are two institutionalized historians who have conflicting
views on Rizal being a bayani, they are Gregorio Zaide and Zeus Salazar. The heroism
of Jose Rizal for Zaide is undeniable given the fact that he died because of the two
known published books (Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo) that portrayed the real
experiences of the Filipinos during the Spanish colonization. According to him, these
published books, ultimately Noli Me Tangere inspired the Filipinos to resist the
colonization of the Spaniards. It even ignited the Katipunan leaders like Bonifacio to
create the said secret society. He even argued that Jose Rizal is at the top of all the
national heroes because of the weight of his contribution in attaining freedom from
Spanish colonization. On the other hand, based on the idea of Salazar regarding the
local definitions of bayani and the above-discussed dichotomy between “hero” and
bayani, Jose Rizal and other ilustrados who were distinguished for their talents and
contribution to the people can be classified as heroes because of their separation from
most of the bayan and their Western education. Moreover, Andres Bonifacio and other
ordinary Katipunan members who fought with other kababayans remained culturally part
of the bayan are classified as bayani. This idea is also supported by the known historian
Xiao Chua (2018).

As we can see from our assessed facts about the words bayani and
kabayanihan, we can say that our most famous Filipino hero, Jose Rizal can be
acclaimed as our bayani in the right context. Yes, he may be educated in a Western
nation that made him apart from the bayan in pursuing his ideals, but we cannot
eradicate the fact that he directly experienced what it meant to be an indio in his bayan
—thereby sharing experiences with those of his kababayans that made him write novels
that discusses the abuses done by the Spaniards to Filipinos.

In the most general sense, what is common among the cultural meanings of the
words bayani and hero is that, they both talk about a person who pursue unselfish
ideals for his people/community. Undeniably, it embodies the life and works of Jose
Rizal, thereby saying that he is qualified for both words—hero and bayani.

ASSESSMENT TASK
Write an essay on Rizal being a Bayani.

References:

Chua, X. (2018, January). Defining and surveying heroism. Retrieved from

manilatimes.net on 25 June 2020.

De Viana, A. et al. (2018). Jose Rizal: Social Reformer and Patriot, A Study of
His Life and Times (Revised edition). Manila: Rex Book Store

Ocampo, A.R. (2016, No month). ‘Bayani’ a richer word than ‘hero.’ Retrieved
from opinion.inquirer.net on 25 June 2020.

Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (1999). Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist and National Hero (2nd edition). Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing
Co., Inc.
Title of the Module 11: Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism- National

Symbol

Learning Outcomes:

At the end this module, the students should be able to:

1.Identify the different contributions of Rizal in the development of Philippine nationalism;

2 .Examine the values highlighted by various representations of Rizal as a national symbol;

3.Advocate the value Rizal’s life encapsulates.

Learning Content:

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 75 Series of 1993

MALACAÑANG MANILA

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 75, Series of 1993

CREATING THE NATIONAL HEROES COMMITTEE UNDER THE OFFICE OF THE

PRESIDENT

WHEREAS, the State is mandated to foster patriotism and nationalism among the citizens,

especially the youth, pursuant to Article II, Sections 13 and 17, of the Constitutions;

WHEREAS, the State, through its educational system, is also mandated to inculcate patriotism

and nationalism, and the appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development

of the country pursuant to Article XIV, Section 3 (2), of the Constitution;

WHEREAS, Almighty God has gifted the sovereign Filipino people with National Heroes, the

men and women of sterling character and remarkable achievements that directed, and continue to

direct, the historic destiny of the country;

WHEREAS, it is timely and appropriate to proclaim these National Heroes, the renowned

achievers of their generations and the shinning exemplars of these times;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FIDEL V. RAMOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the

powers vested in me by law, do hereby order:

SEC. 1. A National Heroes Committee is hereby created, composed of the Secretary of

Education, Culture and Sports as Chairman, and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the

Secretary of National Defense as Members, to study and recommend the proclamation of

National Heroes.

SEC. 2. All departments, bureaus, offices, agencies and instrumentalities of the Government,

including government-owned or controlled corporations, are hereby directed to extend the fullest

support to the National Heroes Committee in the performance of its functions.

SEC. 3. The private sector is hereby urged to assist the National Heroes Committee in the

performance of its functions.

SEC. 4. The National Historical Commission shall act as Secretariat of the National Heroes

Committee.

SEC. 5. This Executive Order shall take effect immediately.

Done in the City of Manila, this 29th day of March in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred

and ninety-three.
(Sgd.) FIDEL V. RAMOS

President of the Philippines

By the President:

(Sgd.) ANTONIO T. CARPIO

Chief Presidential Legal Counsel

THE GATES TO HEROISM: DEFINING A FILIPINO HERO

It is common for Filipinos to look for someone to idolize –saints, politicians, artists, models,

etc., somebody they will glorify and imitate. Since the time of the declaration of Philippine

independence, 109 years ago, many were acknowledged as Filipino heroes, more so today, that

every individual who become so popular or the main character in any particular event is given

the title “hero”. The essence of the word “hero” is past declining, today one need not to die or do

such gallant act to be given the noble title or that some just won a boxing match. Time has really

evolved and so does our standard in defining a Filipino hero. Will our forefathers who gave their

lives for freedom feel insulted for this? Are these the Filipinos we’ll look up to for guidance

through the times, aren’t our children losing the true meaning of heroism by our doings? All

these things we should ask ourselves before giving the title “hero” to anyone.

But what does being a hero mean? Dr. Esteban de Ocampo, a known historian, stated in his

book about Rizal that a hero means a prominent or central personage taking an admirable part in

any remarkable action or event; a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or

fortitude in suffering; and a man honored after death by public worship because of exceptional

service to mankind. The true heroes of Philippine history deserve to be called so for they didn’t
have any idea that one day they will be measured up, they just acted upon their principles. The

concept of honoring heroes came only to the Philippines in 1900, when the Philippine

Commission (Pardo de Tavera, Legarda, Luzurriaga (Filipino members) and headed by William

Howard Taft) approved Act No. 137 combining the districts of Morong and Manila to be named

as “Province of Rizal,” in honor of the most illustrious Filipino. Actually, this Act was disputed

by many but the basis of the Commission was so strong that it has surpassed the public’s

questions.

Since then, heroes were celebrated here and there, citing their names in every politician’s

speeches, declaring holidays, naming streets, constructing monuments, etc. in their honor. Until

one day, realizing that so many names were acknowledged as heroes, need to evaluate the

situation was proposed. During Marcos’ presidency, he tasked the National Heroes Commission

to come up with the criteria for national hero. On March 28, 1993, thru the President’s Executive

Order No. 75, the National Heroes Committee was created, commissioned to study, evaluate and

recommend historical figures to be declared as national heroes. The Committee composed of

worthy members, with a series of discussions came up with the new criteria.

The criteria is composed of 10 standards:

First is the extent of a person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country.

Second, the motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (was his ideal purely for

the welfare of the country and without any taint of self-interested motives, most of all the method

of attainment should be morally valid).

The third is the moral character of the person concerned (the person should not have any

immorality issue that affected his ideal).

The fourth is the influence of the person concerned on his age and or the succeeding age.

Fifth is that heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for

the nation’s freedom (they must have desired the country’s freedom in any situation especially

when there’s a threat of invasion in any form).

Sixth is that heroes are those who define and contribute to a system of life of freedom and order

for a nation (one who helps in the orderliness and betterment of the country).

Seventh is, heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.

Eight, a hero is part of the people’s expression (the citizen must have recognized and

acknowledged the person as a hero).

Ninth, a hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations, his concern for the future

generations must be seen in his decisions and ideals).

Lastly, the choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history,

but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero.

Filipino’s expectations of public figures are different now than it was more than a hundred

years ago, maybe because of the realization that no one is perfect. This is the reason why today

so many were acknowledged as heroes and many were voted in important governing positions

with flaws and questionable characters. Lucky are those who aspire one day to be called a hero

that the criteria was already set to pattern their decisions with. I hope that the criteria for national

heroes will not only be checked against the historical figures but also with the politicians to

whom we will entrust the power to govern our country.

Topic 2. Monuments of Rizal in the different countries of the world

NEW SOUTH WALES, Australia – The Knights of

Rizal in Australia led the commemoration of the

122nd Anniversary of the Martyrdom of Philippine

National Hero Dr. Jose P. Rizal on 30 December 2018

in Campbelltown City and Blacktown City in New

South Wales.

Jose Rizal Plaza is surrounded by beautiful

greenery and flowers at Jinjiang China Square

Long-winding cobblestoned Jose Rizal, on a hilly slope in Litomerice

 Old-timers and German Rizalistas of Heidelberg pay respect to our national hero with

appropriate ceremonies during his birthday every year. They still share fond

memories of our hero’s memorable six-month sojourn in Heidelberg and

Wilhelmsfeld, which they reminisce with particular devotion and veneration.

Jose Rizal, is the national hero of the Philippines. He was born on June 19, 1861 at Calamba,

Laguna and died by firing squad on December 30, 1896 at Rizal Park at the age of 35. He was

charged and convicted of rebellion by the Spanish court and sentenced to death.

An Intimate Ceremony of Remembrance of Rizal’s Birth at Hibiya Park in Tokyo

A picture of Philippine national hero Jose Rizal’s bronze statue in Rome, Italy recently emerged

on social media, prompting a look at how the patriot is revered in other countries.

It has been over 130 years since Rizal set foot in Spain, yet he left tangible reminders of his

momentous stay in Madrid and in Spain in general.

The first ever Rizal Park in Switzerland was inaugurated in the city of Wassen in canton Uri on

29th August 2014

The Life and Legacy of José Rizal: National Hero of The Philippines

Dr. José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, is not only admired for possessing

intellectual brilliance but also for taking a stand and resisting the Spanish colonial government.

While his death sparked a revolution to overthrow the tyranny, Rizal will always be remembered

for his compassion towards the Filipino people and the country.

Humble beginnings

José Protasio Rizal Mercado Y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 to Francisco

Mercado and Teodora Alonzo in the town of Calamba in the province of Laguna. He had nine
sisters and one brother. At the early age of three, the future political leader had already learned

the English alphabet. And, by the age of five, José could already read and write.

Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila

(now referred to as Ateneo De Manila University),

he dropped the last three names in his full name,

after his brother’s advice – hence, being known as

José Protasio Rizal. His performance in school was

outstanding – winning various poetry contests,

impressing his professors with his familiarity of

Castilian and other foreign languages, and crafting

literary essays that were critical of the Spanish

historical accounts of pre-colonial Philippine

societies.

A man with multiple professions

While he originally obtained a land surveyor and

assessor’s degree in Ateneo, Rizal also took up a

preparatory course on law at the University of Santo

Tomas (UST). But when he learned that his mother

was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine school in UST and later on specialized in

ophthalmology. In May 1882, he decided to travel to Madrid in Spain, and earned his Licentiate

in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

 Apart from being known as an expert in the field of medicine, a poet, and an essayist,

Rizal exhibited other amazing talents. He knew how to paint, sketch, and make sculptures.

Because he lived in Europe for about 10 years, he also became a polyglot – conversant in 22

languages. Aside from poetry and creative writing, Rizal had varying degrees of expertise in

architecture, sociology, anthropology, fencing, martial arts, and economics to name a few.

His novels awakened Philippine nationalism. Rizal had been very vocal against the Spanish

government, but in a peaceful and progressive manner. For him, “the pen was mightier than the

sword.” And through his writings, he exposed the corruption and wrongdoings of government

officials as well as the Spanish friars.

While in Barcelona, Rizal contributed essays, poems, allegories, and editorials to the

Spanish newspaper, La Solidaridad. Most of his writings, both in his essays and editorials,

centered on individual rights and freedom, specifically for the Filipino people. As part of his

reforms, he even called for the inclusion of the Philippines to become a province of Spain.

But, among his best works, two novels stood out

from the rest – Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not)

and El Filibusterismo (The Reign of the Greed).

In both novels, Rizal harshly criticized the Spanish

colonial rule in the country and exposed the ills of

Philippine society at the time. And because he wrote

about the injustices and brutalities of the Spaniards

in the country, the authorities banned Filipinos from reading the controversial books. Yet they
were not able to ban it completely. As more Filipinos read the books, their eyes opened to the

truth that they were suffering unspeakable abuses at the hands of the friars. These two novels by

Rizal, now considered his literary masterpieces, are said to have indirectly sparked the Philippine

Revolution.

Rizal’s unfateful days

Upon his return to the Philippines, Rizal formed a progressive organization called the La Liga

Filipina. This civic movement advocated social reforms through legal means. Now Rizal was

considered even more of a threat by the Spanish authorities (alongside his novels and essays),

which ultimately led to his exile in Dapitan in northern Mindanao.

This however did not stop him from continuing his plans for reform. While in Dapitan,

Rizal built a school, hospital, and water system. He also taught farming and worked on

agricultural projects such as using abaca to make ropes.

In 1896, Rizal was granted leave by then Governor-General Blanco, after volunteering to

travel to Cuba to serve as doctor to yellow fever victims. But at that time, the Katipunan had a

full-blown revolution and Rizal was accused of being associated with the secret militant society.

On his way to Cuba, he was arrested in Barcelona

and sent back to Manila to stand for trial before the

court martial. Rizal was charged with sedition,

conspiracy, and rebellion – and therefore, sentenced

to death by firing squad.

Days before his execution, Rizal bid farewell to his

motherland and countrymen through one of his final letters, entitled Mi último adiós or My Last
Farewell. Dr. José Rizal was executed on the morning of December 30, 1896, in what was then

called Bagumbayan (now referred to as Luneta). Upon

hearing the command to shoot him, he faced the squad

and uttered in his final breath: “Consummatum est” (It is

finished). According to historical accounts, only one

bullet ended the life of the Filipino martyr and hero.

His legacy lives on after his death, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. And

with the assistance of the United States, the Philippines declared its independence from Spain on

June 12, 1898. This was the time that the Philippine flag was waved at General Emilio

Aguinaldo’s residence in Kawit, Cavite.

Today, Dr. Rizal’s brilliance, compassion, courage,

and patriotism are greatly remembered and

recognized by the Filipino people. His two novels

are continuously being analyzed by

students and professionals.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines even require their students to take a subject

which centers around the life and works of Rizal. Every year, the Filipinos celebrate Rizal Day –

December 30 each year – to commemorate his life and works. Filipinos look back at how his

founding of La Liga Filipina and his two novels had an effect on the early beginnings of the

Philippine Revolution. The people also recognize his advocacy to achieve liberty through

peaceful means rather than violent revolution.

 In honor of Rizal, memorials and statues of the national hero can be found not only

within the Philippines, but in selected cities around the world. A road in the Chanakyapuri area

of New Delhi (India) and in Medan, Indonesia is named after him. The José Rizal Bridge and

Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are also dedicated to the late hero.

Within the Philippines, there are streets, towns/cities, a university (Rizal University), and

a province named after him. Three species have also been named after Rizal – the Draco rizali (a

small lizard, known as a flying dragon), Apogania rizali (a very rare kind of beetle with five

horns) and the Rhacophorus rizali (a peculiar frog species).

To commemorate what he did for the country, the Philippines built a memorial park for

him – now referred to as Rizal Park, found in Manila. There lies a monument which contains a

standing bronze sculpture of Rizal, an obelisk, and a stone base said to contain his remains. The

monument stands near the place where he fell during his execution in Lune

Assessment Task:
Answer the following questions.

1. Distinguish nationality from nationalism

2. Cite a situation where nationalism is being observed.

3. What are the pieces of evidence that Rizal contributed to the development of Philippine

nationalism?

4. Give some reasons, why Jose Rizal is being recognized in other countries as an

important Filipino figure.

References:

Electronic Source

Executive Order #75 series of 1993 Retrieved from

https://www.officialgazatte.gov.ph/1993/03/29/executive-order-no-75-1993/

Galang, D. (2012) THE GATES TO HEROISM: DEFINING A FILIPINO HERO.

Retrieved September 5, 2012 from http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-gates-to-heroism-
defining-a-filipino-hero/

Valdeavilla, R. (20180) The Life and Legacy of José Rizal: National Hero of The
Philippines Retrieved June 8, 2018 from
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-life-and-legacy-of-jose-rizal-
the-philippines-national-hero