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    Heat Transfer Basics

    Uploaded by

    Ashwin Chandarana
    This document provides an overview of heat transfer, including the key concepts of temperature, heat, and the three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains that heat transfer occurs from a high temperature source to a low temperature receiver. The three mechanisms are defined - conduction transfers energy through direct contact between molecules; convection relies on bulk fluid transport; and radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves. Equations for calculating the rate of heat transfer via each mechanism are also presented. The document discusses process heat transfer applications and common heat exchangers like shell and tube heat exchangers. It outlines the general design process for shell and tube heat exchangers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Heat Transfer Basics

    Uploaded by

    Ashwin Chandarana
    64 views23 pages
    This document provides an overview of heat transfer, including the key concepts of temperature, heat, and the three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains that heat transfer occurs from a high temperature source to a low temperature receiver. The three mechanisms are defined - conduction transfers energy through direct contact between molecules; convection relies on bulk fluid transport; and radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves. Equations for calculating the rate of heat transfer via each mechanism are also presented. The document discusses process heat transfer applications and common heat exchangers like shell and tube heat exchangers. It outlines the general design process for shell and tube heat exchangers.

    Original Description:

    Basics of Heat transfer covering mechanism and application in industry

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    This document provides an overview of heat transfer, including the key concepts of temperature, heat, and the three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains that heat transfer occurs from a high temperature source to a low temperature receiver. The three mechanisms are defined - conduction transfers energy through direct contact between molecules; convection relies on bulk fluid transport; and radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves. Equations for calculating the rate of heat transfer via each mechanism are also presented. The document discusses process heat transfer applications and common heat exchangers like shell and tube heat exchangers. It outlines the general design process for shell and tube heat exchangers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    64 views23 pages

    Heat Transfer Basics

    Uploaded by

    Ashwin Chandarana
    This document provides an overview of heat transfer, including the key concepts of temperature, heat, and the three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains that heat transfer occurs from a high temperature source to a low temperature receiver. The three mechanisms are defined - conduction transfers energy through direct contact between molecules; convection relies on bulk fluid transport; and radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves. Equations for calculating the rate of heat transfer via each mechanism are also presented. The document discusses process heat transfer applications and common heat exchangers like shell and tube heat exchangers. It outlines the general design process for shell and tube heat exchangers.

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    You are on page 1of 23

    HEAT TRANSFER

    from BASICS to APPLICATION

    Ashwin Chandarana
    entech ENGINEERS
    +91 9879822740
    1
    Heat Transfer - Introduction
    Necessary to understand concept of Temperature v/s Heat transfer

     Temperature is measure of energy of molecules of substance.

     Temperature Units are ° C, ° K, or ° F

     Heat is related to the energy in transit, and science dealing with its rate
    is HEAT TRANSFER

     Heat transfer units are cal/hr, joule/ hr or Btu/ hr

     Temperature indicates the ‘hotness’ of substance and helps predict the


    direction of Heat Transfer

    2
    Heat Transfer - Introduction
     Heat transfer is from High temperature source to Low temperature
    receiver
     Heat transfer may or may not be associated with temperature change /
    phase change
     Eg. Heating of Ice

    Temperature increases above boiling point


    STEAM
    Temperature at boiling point

    WATER Temperature increases till boiling point

    Temperature at melting point


    ICE Temperature increases till melting point

    3
    Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
     3 types of mechanisms for Heat Transfer:

     Conduction

     Convection

     Radiation

    4
    Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
    Conduction
    Conduction:
     Energy transfer across system boundary/ fixed
    material by mechanism of inter-molecular
    interactions
     This needs matter and does not need any bulk
    motion
     Usually through solids, with limited application to
    liquids/ gases

    5
    Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
    Conduction
     The rate equation is described by
    Fourier Law:
    Q = -k*A*ΔT

     Proportional to
     Area of contact
     Temperature difference
     Intrinsic property of material,
    Thermal conductivity
    (considering constant thickness)

     Vector quantity (dependent on


    direction)

    6
    Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
    Convection
    Convection:
     Energy transfer across system boundary by
    combination of inter-molecular interactions and
    bulk transport/ fluid mixing
     This needs fluid matter
     Two types of Convection
     Natural convection (induced by buoyancy forces)
     Forced convection (induced by external means)

    7
    Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
    Convection
     The rate equation is described by Newton’s Law of Cooling:
    Q = h*A*ΔT

     Proportional to
     Area of contact
     Temperature difference
     Heat transfer Coefficient

     Scalar quantity

     Heat transfer Coefficient is influenced by Geometry, fluid characteristics, flow


    characteristics etc.

     Coefficients for
     Natural convection < Forced convection < for Phase change (Boiling/
    Condensation)

    8
    Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
    Radiation
    Radiation:
     Energy transfer by electromagnetic waves that
    arises due to temperature of the body
     This does not need matter
     When source radiates heat to receiver, part of
    energy is absorbed and part reflected by receiver
     The actual heat transfer mechanism/ estimate is
    quite complex

    9
    Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
    Radiation
     The rate equation is described by Boltzman’s Law:
    E = σ*ε*A* T ^4
     σ = Dimensional (Boltzman)
    constant

     Emissive power is proportional to


     Emissivity (property of the surface)
     Area
     4th power of absolute temperature

     This equation gives Emissive power of substance (of which, part


    will be absorbed by Receiver)

     Ideal Source is ‘Black Body’ with emissivity = 1.0


    10
    Process Heat Transfer

     Process Heat Transfer in practical applications is normally a


    combination of different mechanisms of Heat transfer

     Heat transfer governed by Convection mechanism are common in


    industry

     Since Convection mechanism is related to bulk motion of fluids,


    understanding of Fluid flow is important for relating to Heat transfer
    11
    Process Heat Transfer
     Variety of Heat Exchangers used in Industry:
     Double pipe
     Shell and Tube
     Plate and Frame
     Spiral type
     Air coolers
     Jacketed/ Coiled vessels
     Fired Heaters

    12
    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
     Shell and Tube Heat exchangers are most common and
    versatile for most of the process applications

    13
    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
     Typical advantages of STHE:
     Larger Surface area in smaller volume
     Suitable for pressure applications because of its
    geometry
     Different Material of Constructions can be used
     Well established Design methods
     Well established Fabrication methods
     Reasonably easy for maintenance

    14
    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
    Design Considerations
     Application and Heat duty
     Single phase – Liquid or Gas or combination
     Phase change – Boiling or Vaporization or Condensation
     Type of STHE, for eg.
     Fixed Tube sheet
     U-tube
     Internal Floating Head
     External Floating Head
     Fluid Allocation
     Shell side
     Tube side
     Process considerations
     Stream terminal temperatures
     Fluid properties
     Material of Construction
     Fluid Velocities/ Pressure drop
     Fouling considerations

    15
    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
     General Equation

    Q = U A ΔT

     Q = Heat transferred
     U = Overall Heat transfer Coefficient
     A = Heat transfer area
     ΔT = Mean Temperature Difference

     Objective is to determine required HT area A


    
    A 
     ∆

    16
    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
     Heat to be transferred Q
     Sensible heat for no phase change application
     Latent heat for phase change application
     Combination for simultaneous application

     Mean temperature difference


    ΔT
     Driving force between
    Temperatures of both streams –
    in/ out
     Depends on flow arrangement -
    Co-current (Parallel)/ Counter-
    current
     Depends on no. of passes

    17
    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
    Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
     Overall HT Coefficient U is reciprocal of the overall resistance

     Overall resistance is combination of individual resistances

     Components of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient


    ho
     Outer Heat transfer coefficient (ho)
    kw hod
     Outer Fouling coefficient (hod) hid
    hi
     Tube metal thermal conductivity (kw)

     Inner Fouling coefficient (hid)

     Inner Heat transfer coefficient (hi)


    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
    Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
     Overall HT Coefficient Uo (based on Tube OD)

     ho = Outside HT coefficient

     hi = Inside HT coefficient

     hod = Outside Fouling coefficient

     hid = Inside Fouling coefficient

     kw= Thermal conductivity of Tube material

     do = Tube Outside Diameter

     di = Tube Inside Diameter

    19
    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
    Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
     Metal resistance
     From conductivity of material and the geometry of tube

     Fouling resistance/ coefficient for both sides


     Published data available for most of the fluids
     Based on experience/ nature of fluid in some cases

     Outer (Shell side) HT Coefficient is complex due to the geometry of bundle/


    baffles/ leakage etc. Rigorous correlations are available.

     Inner (Tube side) HT Coefficient calculation is relatively simpler and well


    established.

     Following dimensionless numbers are very important for Heat Transfer


    calculations and are correlated.
     Reynold no.
     Prandtl no.
     Nusselt no.
    20
    Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers –
    General Design methodology
     Individual coefficients depend on factors
    like
     Nature of Heat transfer process,
     Fluid properties,
     Process parameters,
     HE geometry,
     Material of construction etc.

     Design of STHE is iterative and by Trial-


    and-Error method
    21
    Establish Process / Heat duty, collect Fluid properties/
    Fouling factors etc.

    Assume Overall U based on application

    Define Geometry of STHE

    If not, repeat by Calculate the individual coefficients


    assuming new U

    Calculate Overall HT coefficient U

    Compare with the assumed HT Coefficient U

    If U matches, calculate dP etc., firm up the design


    22
    THANK YOU

    23

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