Che-205: Heat Transfer Fundamentals: Dr. Muhammad Wasim Tahir

Che-205: Heat Transfer Fundamentals
(Spring 2020)
Source: http://www.enexio.com/products/wet-cooling-towers/ December 30, 2016
Dr. Muhammad Wasim Tahir

Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore
Course outline
1. Introduction to heat transfer
2. Application and importance of heat transfer
3. Modes of heat transfer
4. Steady state one dimensional conduction including heat sources and convective boundary conditions
5. Extended surfaces
6. Transient conduction: lumped capacity method
7. Free and forced convection under various flow patterns
8. Dimensional analysis
9. Importance of temperature in mechanism of heat transfer
10. Calculation of caloric and wall temperature
11. Momentum and heat transfer analogies
12. Boiling and condensation
13. Principles of radiation heat transfer
14. Introduction to heat transfer equipment and their configurations
Marks allocation
1. Final examination 40 %
2. Mid-term examination 30 %
3. Quiz 20 %
4. Attendance/Conduct 10 %
Suggested reading material
Text Book:
RAJPUT, R. K., Heat and Mass Transfer, S.
Chand & Company Ltd., Delhi, 2006
What is heat?
o Particles in a system are in continuous motion (vibration, rotation, translation)
o Particle motion attributes to K.E.
for each particle referred to as
heat or thermal energy
o Sum of K.Es. of all the particles in
a body is referred to as heat
o Faster the particles in a body Solid Liquid Gas
move hotter the body gets
o Heat is denoted by Q
o Measured in Joules (J) in MKS
system
Temperature
o Every particle in a system moves with its own
energy
o Particles interact (collide) with each other and
change energies
o Averaging thermal energies of particles gives
temperature of the system
o Temperature is measure of the average kinetic
energy of a system
https://clipartfest.com/download/38887a058e9ba6b486dc6fce4a1abdf674fde385.html
Temperature scales
 Centigrade (°C), Kelvin (K), Fahrenheit (°F), Rankine (°R)
http://www.citycollegiate.com/gaslaws.htm
Transfer of heat
o Temperature gradient within a system or between systems drives the
transfer of heat
o Heat is always transferred from a point of higher T to that of the lower
o Heat transfer can be defined as heat or thermal energy in transit
Thermodynamics & heat transfer

o Thermodynamics deals with the end or final state
o Heat transfer deals with the rate of energy
transport
Transfer of heat
o Temperature gradient within a system or between systems drives the
transfer of heat
o Heat is always transferred from a point of higher T to that of the lower
o Heat transfer can be defined as heat or thermal energy in transit
Thermodynamics & heat transfer

o Thermodynamics deals with the end or final state
o Heat transfer deals with the rate of energy
transport
Energy conservation
o Total energy of the system is conserved
Total energy Total energy Change in total
entering the ̶ leaving the = Energy of the
system system system
o Energy can be transferred to or from a system by heat, work, mass flow

Ein – Eout = ΔE
Ėin – Ėout = dE/dt

At steady state Ėin = Ėout
2. Application & importance of HT
In general
o Maintaining body temperature
o In life support (from sun to earth)
o Cooking (electric & gas ranges)
o Cooling & keeping warm
o Relaxation & relieving muscle pain
o Weather formations
In engineering
o Steam engines, turbines, boilers
o Nuclear & solar energy
o power generation
o Chemical process industry
o Electronic device cooling
o Insulation designs on pipes & walls
use HT analysis
Engineering design
o Boilers & heat exchangers
o Electric and hybrid vehicle battery cooling
Example 1: Water heating in electric
pot
1.2 kg of liquid water initially at 15°C is to be
heated to 95°C in a teapot equipped with a 1200-
W electric heating element inside (Fig. 1–18).
The teapot is 0.5 kg and has an average specific
heat of 0.7 kJ/kg · °C. Taking the specific heat of
water to be 4.18 kJ/kg · °C and disregarding any
heat loss from the teapot, determine how long it
will take for the water to be heated.
Conduction:
HT due to particle inreaction alone.
No bulk movement
Convection:
HT due to actual movement of bulk of
fluid
Radiation:
HT by electromegnatic waves
(photons). Require no medium
Conduction
Fourier‘s law of heat conduction:
The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer
is proportional to the temperature difference

across the layer and the heat transfer area, but is
inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer.
That is,
Heat conduction rate α (A·ΔT)/(Δx)
Where, ΔT = (T2 ̶ T1)
Thermal conductivity (k):
Rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of material per unit
area per unit degree rise in temperature.
o k is a measure of material‘s ability to conduct heat
e.g. for water, k = 0.608 (W/m·°C) at room T
and for iron, k = 80.2 (W/m·°C) at room T
o Higher value of k indicative of good condutor
o Lower value of k is indicative of poor conductor or good onsulator
Thermal conductivity (k):
Data derived from

Thermal diffusivity (α):
Thermal diffusivity of a material can be viewed as the ratio of the
heat conducted through the material to the heat stored per unit
volume.
α = (Heat conducted)/(Heat stored)
α = k/(ρ CP)
Larger value of thermal diffusivity indicates faster propogation of

heat through the material
Example 3.1:
Example 3.2:
Convection
Rate of convective heat transfer between a solid surface and
adjacent fluid is given by Newton’s law of cooling.
Heat convection rate = hA (Ts ̶ Tf)
Where, h = Heat transfer or film coefficient given in (W/m2·°C)
Convection
Rate of convective heat transfer between a solid surface and
adjacent fluid is given by Newton’s law of cooling.
Heat convection rate = hA (Ts ̶ Tf)
Where, h = Heat transfer or film coefficient given in (W/m2·°C)
Example 3.3:

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Che-205: Heat Transfer Fundamentals

Source: http://www.enexio.com/products/wet-cooling-towers/ December 30, 2016

Dr. Muhammad Wasim Tahir

Thermodynamics & heat transfer

Thermodynamics & heat transfer

o Energy can be transferred to or from a system by heat, work, mass flow

Ėin – Ėout = dE/dt

Data derived from

Larger value of thermal diffusivity indicates faster propogation of

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