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Introduction To Material Science and Engineering

This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the historical development of materials from the Stone Age to modern times. Key concepts are defined, including structure, properties, processing, and performance. The central theme of materials science and engineering is explained as the relationship between a material's structure, properties, processing, and performance. Common materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, and composites are classified and compared based on their atomic structure and resulting behaviors. Advanced materials like biomaterials and smart materials that can sense and respond to their environments are also introduced.

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Zenrock Silvestre
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
517 views

Introduction To Material Science and Engineering

This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the historical development of materials from the Stone Age to modern times. Key concepts are defined, including structure, properties, processing, and performance. The central theme of materials science and engineering is explained as the relationship between a material's structure, properties, processing, and performance. Common materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, and composites are classified and compared based on their atomic structure and resulting behaviors. Advanced materials like biomaterials and smart materials that can sense and respond to their environments are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Zenrock Silvestre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Materials 

Science and Engineering
Historical perspective on Materials
Stone age (2.5 million BC) Bronze age (3500 BC)

Iron age (1000 BC)


Historical perspective on Materials
Basic definitions (1)
• Structure
→ relates to the arrangement of the internal
components of a material
“subatomic→ atomic→ microscopic→ macroscopic”
• Property
→ a material trait expressed in terms of the
kind and magnitude of response to a specific
imposed stimulus
→ generally independent of size and shape
Basic definitions (2)
• Processing and Synthesis
→ the method by which a material is
manufactured

• Performance
→ the ability of a material to conform to its
intended purpose
Materials Science

→ involves investigating the relationships that


exist between the structure and properties
of materials
→ scientific discipline which is primarily
concerned with the search for basic
knowledge about the internal structure,
properties and processing of materials
Materials Engineering

→ designing or engineering the structure of


materials to produce a pre-determined set
of properties
→ engineering discipline which is primarily
concerned with the use of fundamental and
applied knowledge of materials so that they
can be converted into products needed or
desired by society
Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)

→ involves investigating why materials


behave the way that they do, as well as
how materials are made and how they can
be improved
Central theme of MSE
Processing & synthesis

Performance
Property
Structure
Structure-property-processing-performance

Disk specimens of aluminum oxide (Al2O3)


Properties of solid materials:
1) Mechanical Property
– relates deformation(response) to an applied
load or force(stimulus)
– ex. yield strength, elastic modulus
2) Electrical Property
– response to an electric field
– ex. electrical conductivity, dielectric constant
3) Thermal Property
– response to heat energy
– ex. thermal conductivity, heat capacity, CTE
Properties of solid materials:
4) Magnetic Property
– response to a magnetic field
– ex. magnetic permeability
5) Optical Property
– response to electromagnetic radiation (light)
– ex. index of refraction, reflectivity
6) Deteriorative Property
– indicates the chemical reactivity of materials
– ex. corrodibility/corrosion resistance
Classification of Materials:
1) Metals
– inorganic substances composed of one or
more metallic elements, and often also
nonmetallic elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen,
and oxygen) in relatively small amounts
– have large numbers of delocalized electrons
– very good conductors of heat and electricity
– ex. Fe, Cu, Al, brass (Cu and Zn)
* Metal Alloy - a metallic substance that is
composed of two or more elements
Classification of Materials:
2) Ceramics
– compounds between metallic and non-
metallic elements
– frequently occur as oxides, nitrides and
carbides
– relatively stiff and strong
– have high hardness and typically insulative to
electricity and heat
– ex. clay products, Al2O3, SiC, SiO2
Classification of Materials:
3) Polymers
– consist of long organic molecular chains
– many of them are organic compounds that
are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen,
and other nonmetallic elements (viz. O, N,
and Si)
– have low densities and low softening
temperatures
– ex. plastics, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),
polystyrene (PS), nylon, rubbers
Comparison of different materials
Material Atomic Level Characteristic Consequence/Behavior
Metals ¾ Metallic bond w/ delocalized ¾ Very good thermal and electrical
electrons conductivity
¾ Non-directional metallic ¾ High ductility and malleability
bond ¾ Well-defined deformation mechanisms
¾ Crystalline structure
Polymers ¾ Covalent bonds (directional) ¾ Very strong bonds w/in molecules but
¾ Low electron mobility little bonding between molecules
¾ Macromolecules (long ¾ Low melting points
chains) ¾ Low thermal and electrical conductivity
¾ High flexibility

Ceramics ¾ Covalent bonds (directional) ¾ Very high melting point


¾ Ionic bonds (non-directional) ¾ Low thermal and electrical
conductivities
¾ High compressive strength due to
covalent bonds
¾ Ionic solids tend to fracture by
cleavage along well-defined planes
Classification of Materials:
4) Semiconductors
– have electrical properties intermediate
between conductors and insulators
– electrical characteristics are extremely
sensitive to minute concentrations of impurity
atoms
– have made possible the advent of integrated
circuitry that has totally revolutionized the
electronics and computer industries over the
past three decades
– ex. Si, GaAs
Classification of Materials:
5) Composites
– consist of two or more materials from the
previous categories
– design goal of a composite is to achieve a
combination of properties that is not
displayed by any single material, and also to
incorporate the best characteristics of each of
the component materials
– ex. plywood, reinforced concrete, fiberglass
Types of materials
Metals

Composites

Semiconductors
Ceramics
Polymers
Room-temperature density comparison
Room-temperature elastic modulus comparison
Room-temperature tensile strength comparison
Room-temperature resistance to fracture comparison
Room-temperature electrical conductivity comparison
Advanced Materials
Biomaterials
– employed in components implanted into the
human body for replacement of diseased or
damaged body parts
– must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not
cause adverse biological reactions)
Advanced Materials
Smart Materials
– able to sense changes in their environments and
then respond to these changes in predetermined
manners—traits that are also found in living
organisms
– components of a smart material (or system)
include some type of sensor (that detects an input
signal), and an actuator (that performs a
responsive and adaptive function)
– Ex. shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics,
magnetostrictive materials, and
electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids
Smart materials

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