Materials Engineering (ME-208-C)

B. Tech. Semester – IV
(Mechanical Engineering)
 INTRODUCTION
Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us
realize. virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to
one degree or another by materials.

Transportation,
housing,
clothing,
communication,
recreation, and food production

Early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials

development
• Stone Age,
• Bronze Age,
• Iron Age
 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

MATERIALS SCIENCE
 It involves investigating the relationships that exist between
the structures and properties of materials.
 The role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize
new materials

MATERIALS ENGINEERING
 On the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing
or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined
set of properties.
 A materials engineer is called upon to create new products or
systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for
processing materials
 STRUCTURE

The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its

internal components.

SUBATOMIC STRUCTURE involves electrons within the individual atoms and

interactions with their nuclei.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE On an atomic level, structure encompasses the

organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE contains large groups of atoms that are normally

agglomerated together, is termed microscopic, meaning that which is
subject to direct observation using some type of microscope.

MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE Finally, structural elements that may be viewed

with the naked eye are termed macroscopic.
 PROPERTY

A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of

response to a specific imposed stimulus.
Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material
shape and size.

Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped

into six different categories:
 MECHANICAL
 ELECTRICAL
 THERMAL
 MAGNETIC
 OPTICAL
 DETERIORATIVE
 STIMULUS

STIMULUS
a thing that arouses activity or energy in someone or something; a spur or incentive.

 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES stimulus is Force

 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, stimulus is an electric field.
 THERMAL BEHAVIOR stimulus is heat .
 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES stimulus is magnetic field.
 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light
radiation;
 DETERIORATIVE CHARACTERISTICS relate to the chemical
reactivity of materials.
Components
 Example

Three thin disk specimens of aluminum oxide that have been placed over
a printed page in order to demonstrate their differences in light-
transmittance characteristics.

 TRANSPARENT
 TRANSLUCENT (some of this reflected light is transmitted through the disk).
 OPAQUE—that is, none of the light passes through it.
 WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?

 Problem to select the right material from the thousands that are
available.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION

 in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will
dictate the properties required of the material. (example : trade off
between strength and ductility)
 A second selection consideration is any deterioration of
material properties that may occur during service operation. (e.g.
at higher temperature mechanical strength loss, corrosive
environments)
 What will the finished product cost?

You will be more proficient and confident in making judicious materials choices based
on these criteria.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

 METALS
 CERAMICS
 POLYMERS
 COMPOSITES
 ADVANCED MATERIALS
 SEMICONDUCTORS
 BIOMATERIALS
 SMART MATERIALS
 Metals

 Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic

elements (e.g., iron, aluminum, copper, titanium and gold), and often
also nonmetallic elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in
relatively small amounts.
 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively
dense
 Regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively
stiff and strong yet are ductile, resistant to fracture
 Metallic materials have large numbers of non-localized electrons;
that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
 Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat
 lustrous appearance, Magnetic properties (Fe, Co, and Ni)
 Ceramics

These are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements ,they are
most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
Aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon
carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), traditional ceramics—clay minerals ,cement
and glass.
Relatively stiff and strong as compared metals. typically very hard.
extreme brittleness and are highly susceptible to fracture.
However, newer ceramics are being engineered to have improved resistance
to fracture;
insulative to the passage of heat and electricity as compared to metals and
polymers.
Optical characteristics - transparent, translucent, or opaque, some of the
oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.
 POLYMERS

 Plastic and rubber materials.

 They are organic compounds that are chemically based on
carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (i.e., O, N, and Si).
 large molecular structures, often chain like in nature, that often
have a backbone of carbon atoms.
 Polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),
polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
 low densities,
 they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types
 easily formed into complex shapes.
 In general, they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in
a large number of environments.
 Drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or
decompose at modest temperatures
 low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.
POLYMERS
 COMPOSITES
 A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials,
mainly —metals, ceramics, and polymers.
 They have combination of properties and the best characteristics
of each of the component materials.
 Natural composites—wood and bone.
 Fiberglass : small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric
material (normally an epoxy or polyester).
 The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle),
whereas the polymer is more flexible. Thus, fiberglass is relatively
stiff, strong and flexible. In addition, it has a low density
 Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite—carbon
fibers that are embedded within a polymer.
 These materials are stiffer and stronger than glass fiber–reinforced
materials but more expensive.
 Aircraft and aerospace applications, high-tech sporting equipment
(e.g., bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets, and skis/snowboards) and
recently in automobile bumpers.
 ADVANCED MATERIALS

 Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech)

applications e.g. (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers, fiber-
optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry.
 examples include electronic equipment
 These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose
properties have been enhanced, and also newly developed, high-
performance materials.
 They may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers),
and are normally expensive.
 Advanced materials include
 semiconductors,
 biomaterials,
 materials of the future (smart materials and nanoengineered
materials).
 SEMICONDUCTORS

 Semiconductors have electrical properties that are

intermediate between the electrical conductors (i.e., metals and
metal alloys) and insulators
 The electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely
sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity
atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very
small spatial regions.
 Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated
circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and
computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the past three
decades.
 BIOMATERIALS

 Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the

human body to replace diseased or damaged body parts.
 These materials must not produce toxic substances and must
be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse
biological reactions).
 All of the preceding materials—metals, ceramics, polymers,
composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials.
 For example, some of the biomaterials that are utilized in
artificial hip replacements are discussed in the online
Biomaterials Module.
 SMART MATERIALS (or intelligent)

 The adjective smart implies that these materials are able to sense
changes in their environment and then respond to these changes in
predetermined manners—traits that are also found in living organisms.

 Components of a smart material

 Sensor (that detects an input signal),

 Actuator (that performs a responsive and adaptive function).

Actuators may be called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, or

mechanical characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric
fields, and/or magnetic fields.
 ACTUATORS

Shape-memory alloys are metals that,

after having been deformed, revert back to
their original shape when temperature is
changed

PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS expand and

contract in response to an applied electric
field (or voltage); conversely,

MAGNETOSTRICTIVE materials is
analogous to that of the piezoelectrics, except
that they are responsive to magnetic fields

ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL AND
MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL
fluids are liquids that experience dramatic changes in viscosity
upon the application of electric and magnetic fields, respectively.
 NANOMATERIALS

 Nanomaterials may be any one of the four basic types—

 metals,
 ceramics,
 polymers, and
 composites.
 they are distinguished on the basis of their size;
 the nano-prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural
entities are on the order of a nanometer (10–9 m)—as a rule, less than
100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500 atom diameters).
 Development of scanning probe microscopes which permit
observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible
to design and build new structures from their atomic level constituents,
one atom or molecule at a time (i.e., “materials by design”).
 NANOMATERIALS

 This ability to carefully arrange atoms provides opportunities

to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties
that are not otherwise possible.
 Materials that are opaque in the macroscopic domain may
become transparent on the nanoscale
 Solids become liquids, chemically stable materials become
combustible, and electrical insulators become conductors.
Furthermore, properties may depend on size in this nanoscale
domain.