PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG

Alkalde Jose St. Kapasigan, Pasig City

College Of Engineering

ASSIGNMENT No. 1
James Clerk Maxwell
Wilhelm Eduard Weber
Michael Faraday
Joseph Henry
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Nikola Tesla
William Gilbert
Hans Christian Oersted

Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz

Submitted by:
VILLENA, RONNEL L.

Submitted to:
Engr. Antonio Suinan

February 7, 2019
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell, (born June 13, 1831, Edinburgh,
Scotland—died November 5, 1879, Cambridge,
Cambridgeshire, England), Scottish physicist best known for
his formulation of electromagnetic theory.
James C. Maxwell was a 19th century pioneer in chemistry
and physics who articulated the idea of electromagnetism.
The concept of electromagnetic radiation originated with
Maxwell, and his field equations, based on Michael
Faraday’s observations of the electric and magnetic lines of force, paved the way for
Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which established the equivalence of mass
and energy. Maxwell’s ideas also ushered in the other major innovation of 20th-
century physics, the quantum theory. His description of electromagnetic radiation led
to the development (according to classical theory) of the ultimately unsatisfactory law
of heat radiation, which prompted Max Planck’s formulation of the quantum
hypothesis—i.e., the theory that radiant-heat energy is emitted only in finite amounts,
or quanta. The interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter, integral to
Planck’s hypothesis, in turn has played a central role in the development of the theory
of the structure of atoms and molecules.

Wilhelm Eduard Weber

Wilhelm Eduard Weber, (born Oct. 24, 1804, Wittenberg,

Ger.—died June 23, 1891, Göttingen), German physicist
who, with his friend Carl Friedrich Gauss,
investigated terrestrial magnetism and in 1833 devised
an electromagnetic telegraph. The magnetic unit, termed
a weber, formerly the coulomb, is named after him.

He played an important role in the development of electrical science, particularly by

his work to establish a system of absolute electrical units. Gauss had introduced a
logical arrangement of units for magnetism involving the basic units of mass, length,
and time. Weber repeated this for electricity in 1846.
Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday, (born September 22, 1791, Newington, Surrey,
England—died August 25, 1867, Hampton Court, Surrey),
English physicist and chemist whose many experiments
contributed greatly to the understanding of electromagnetism.

His major contribution, however, was in the field

of electricity and magnetism. He was the first to produce
an electric current from a magnetic field, invented the first electric
motor and dynamo, demonstrated the relation between electricity
and chemical bonding, discovered the effect of magnetism
on light, and discovered and named diamagnetism, the peculiar
behaviour of certain substances in strong magnetic fields. He provided the
experimental, and a good deal of the theoretical, foundation upon which James Clerk
Maxwellerected classical electromagnetic field theory.

Joseph Henry
Joseph Henry one of the first great American scientists
after Benjamin Franklin. He aided and discovered several
important principles of electricity, including self-induction, a
phenomenon of primary importance in electronic circuitry.
While working with electromagnets at the Albany Academy (New
York) in 1829, he made important design improvements. By
insulating the wire instead of the iron core, he was able to wrap a
large number of turns of wire around the core and thus greatly
increase the power of the magnet.
Henry also searched for electromagnetic induction—the process of
converting magnetism into electricity—and in 1831 he started building a large
electromagnet for that purpose. Because the room at the Albany Academy in which he
wanted to build his experiment was not available, he had to postpone his work until
June 1832, when he learned that British physicist Michael Faraday had already
discovered induction the previous year. However, when he resumed his experiments,
he was the first to notice the principle of self-induction.
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Carl Friedrich Gauss, original name Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss,
(born April 30, 1777, Brunswick [Germany]—died February 23,
1855, Göttingen, Hanover), German mathematician, generally
regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time for his
contributions to number theory, geometry, probability
theory, geodesy, planetary astronomy, the theory of functions, and
potential theory (including electromagnetism).

In the 1830s he became interested in terrestrial magnetism and participated in the first
worldwide survey of the Earth’s magnetic field (to measure it, he invented the
magnetometer). With his Göttingen colleague, the physicist Wilhelm Weber, he made the
first electric telegraph, but a certain parochialism prevented him from pursuing the
invention energetically. Instead, he drew important mathematical consequences from this
work for what is today called potential theory, an important branch of mathematical
physics arising in the study of electromagnetism and gravitation.

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist best known for
the formulation of Coulomb’s law, which states that the force
between two electrical charges is proportional to the product of
the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. Coulombic force is one of the principal
forces involved in atomic rea ctions.

Coulomb developed his law as an outgrowth of his attempt to

investigate the law of electrical repulsions as stated by Joseph Priestley of England. To
this end he invented sensitive apparatus to measure the electrical forces involved in
Priestley’s law and published his findings in 1785–89. He also established the inverse
square law of attraction and repulsion of unlike and like magnetic poles, which
became the basis for the mathematical theory of magnetic forces developed by Siméon-
Denis Poisson. He also did research on friction of machinery, on windmills, and on the
elasticity of metal and silk fibres. The coulomb, a unit of electric charge, was named in
his honour.
Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla, (born July 9/10, 1856, Smiljan, Austrian Empire
[now in Croatia]—died January 7, 1943, New York, New York,
U.S.), Serbian American inventor and engineer who discovered
and patented the rotating magnetic field, the basis of
most alternating-current machinery. He also developed the
three-phase system of electric power transmission.

In 1891 he invented the Tesla coil, an induction coil widely used

in radio technology. Training for an engineering career, he
attended the Technical University at Graz, Austria, and the University of Prague. At
Graz he first saw the Gramme dynamo, which operated as a generator and, when
reversed, became an electric motor, and he conceived a way to use alternating
current to advantage. Later, at Budapest, he visualized the principle of the rotating
magnetic field and developed plans for an induction motor that would become his first
step toward the successful utilization of alternating current.

William Gilbert
William Gilbert, Gilbert also spelled Gylberde, Educated as a
physician, Gilbert settled in London and began to practice in
1573. His principal work, De Magnete, Magneticisque
Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (1600; On the
Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies and on the Great Magnet the
Earth), gives a full account of his research on magnetic bodies
and electrical attractions.

After years of experiments, he concluded that a compassneedle points north–south

and dips downward because Earth acts as a bar magnet. The first to use the
terms electric attraction, electric force, and magnetic pole, he is often considered the
father of electrical studies.
Hans Christian Oersted

Hans Christian Ørsted, Ørsted also spelled Oersted, Danish

physicist and chemist who discovered that current in a wire
can deflect a magnetized compass needle, a phenomenon the
importance of which was rapidly recognized and which
inspired the development of electromagnetic theory.

In 1806 Ørsted became a professor at the University of

Copenhagen, where his first physical researches dealt
with electric currents and acoustics. During an evening lecture in April 1820, Ørsted
discovered that a magnetic needle aligns itself perpendicularly to a current-carrying
wire, definite experimental evidence of the relationship
between electricity and magnetism. Since 1908 this society has awarded an Ørsted
Medal for outstanding contributions by Danish physical scientists. In the early 1930s
the name oersted was adopted for the physical unit of magnetic field strength in the
centimetre-gram-second system.

Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz

Heinrich Lenz was a Russian physicist who contributed a
significant chapter to the evolving story of electromagnetism that
physicists throughout Europe were piecing together in the
1800s. Lenz’s law, in electromagnetism, statement that an
induced electric current flows in a direction such that the
current opposes the change that induced it.
Thrusting a pole of a permanent bar magnet through a coil of
wire, for example, induces an electric current in the coil; the
current in turn sets up a magnetic field around the coil, making it a magnet. Lenz’s law
indicates the direction of the induced current. Because like magnetic poles repel each
other, Lenz’s law states that when the north pole of the bar magnet is approaching the
coil, the induced current flows in such a way as to make the side of the coil nearest the
pole of the bar magnet itself a north pole to oppose the approaching bar magnet. Upon
withdrawing the bar magnet from the coil, the induced current reverses itself, and the near
side of the coil becomes a south pole to produce an attracting force on the receding bar
magnet.