Technical: Nasa TN
Technical: Nasa TN
Technical: Nasa TN
R=19980227091 2019-10-23T08:06:46+00:00Z
NASA TN D-233
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TECHNICAL NOTE
D- 233
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
SYMBOLS
O center of earth
R radius of earth
_NS = kN - kS
_N1 = kN - _i
Subscripts :
N nodal point
n orbit number
2 selected position
The equations for distance of satellite from earth center (see fig. l)
are
r = P (la)
i + e cos e
a(l - e2)
r = (ib)
i + e cos 0
where
L
2 (3)
8
9
Satellite velocity for a circular orbit at radius rI is
Vc 2 = go R2 (4)
rI
\r
Eccentricity is
e - , _ - (6)
cos eI i
(7)
6
L
2
E = 2 tan_ I I _II - e tan e) (9) 8
9
right spherical triangle are applied to the triangle bounded by the equa-
tor, the projected orbit plane, and the meridian or longitude through the
position _l, the pertinent relation for the situation pictured in fig-
ure 2(b) is
I
7
sin _i
sin( + el) (na)
L sin i
2
8 or
9
tan 61
- tan((o + 81) (llb)
Icos Wll
From figure 2(b), the longitude of the reference node (XN)ref and
the longitude of burnout X1 are related by
(13)
(XN)ref = XI - _NI
where
POSITION
The azimuth angle @i which will place the satellite over the position
The trace of the satellite position from the point _l,kl to the
point _2,k2e is not a great circle, since during the time interval
t(e2e ) - t(el) when the satellite passes through the orbital angle
e2e - el, the earth rotates eastward through the polar hour angle
F 7
Since the latitudes _I and _2 are known, the orbit angle 82e - ei
(fig. 3(b)), may be obtained from equation (19) and the relation
(In the application of equation (20) it may be noted that since the angles
82e - 81 and Akl_2e are both portions of intersecting great circles,
82e - 81 will be less than (or greater than) 180 ° when _l-2e is less
a first approximation for 82e from which, by equation (8), a new value
azimuth angle at burnout @i may now be calculated from the sine law
(fig. 3(b)) by
sin2Q_l_2e cos _2
sin @i = (22)
sin(82e - el)
I
ll
sin _i
sin(_ + 81) -
sin i
appendix A, are included in the procedure for obtaining the azimuth angles.
The results for both cases are then comparedwith the results obtained
by the method of reference 2 of a three-degree-of-freedom calculation
for an oblate rotating earth performed on an IBM 704 electronic data
processing machine. The data from this calculation are referred to here-
inafter as three-degree-of-freedom data. Changesfrom the selected lati-
tude and longitude, resulting from incremental changes from the burnout
condition _l and _l are also analyzed.
The orbit characteristics of a satellite vehicle launched into an
orbit 120 nautical miles above the earth's surface with an initial veloc- L
ity V1 = 1.010Vc and an elevation angle 7 = 0.50 ° are presented in 2
8
table II. The satellite radial distance r and time t calculated by
equations (1), (8), and (9) are plotted as a function of e in figure 4. ?
With the three parameters - speed, radial distance, and elevation angle -
given, only the azimuth angle at burnout _l remains to be calculated
to establish the orbit completely.
the iteration for e2e is continued and final values of the desired
quantities are obtained as shown in appendix B.
The trace of the resulting orbit is shown in figure 5(b). The method
of this paper indicated that the desired position would be reached in
335.608 minutes. The three-degree-of-freedom data indicated that at
t = 335.608 minutes the satellite is located at _=20.63 ° N.,k=320.67 ° E.,
a point 52.2 nautical miles west of the desired position.
The variations of &i, 2_2 , and 2_ 2 with A@I and &_l for
case B as derived in equations (AI) to (A3) are presented in figure 6(b).
The results for both cases indicate that the error in the desired lati-
tude and longitude is a function of the orbital angle _ + 82, the azimuth
angle at burnout @i, and the burnout latitude _i"
CONCLUDINGREMARKS
Incremental changes from the desired latitude and longitude positions due
to the perigee motion and rotation of the orbital plane can conveniently
be taken into account in the procedure. The magnitude of the changes for
a given orbit is a function of the time in orbit and the inclination
angle of the orbital plane. A comparison of the results for both the
eastward and westward launches with the results obtained from a three-
degree-of-freedom calculation for an oblate rotating earth shows very
good agreement. This indicates that there are no apparent limitations
as to launch direction or selected passage point. The error in the
desired latitude and longitude is a function of the orbital angle, the
azimuth angle at burnout, and the burnout latitude. L
2
8
Langley Research Center, 9
National Aeronautics and Space Administrationj
Langley Field, Va., November 27, 1999.
15
APPENDIX
A
INCREMENTAL
CHANGES
FROMDESIREDPOSITIONS
A¢ 2 = (A_2)ie + (A@2)pm
and
L
2_2 = (2_2)i e + (_2)p m 2
8
9
where the subscripts ie and pm represent insertion errors and
perigee motion (oblateness effects), respectively, and
(A¢)
2 pm
=+- slnicos
cos(_
_2
+ e2)_ (A_)
and
cosi sec2(_
+ 02e
) _ (AS)
(2_k2)pm = 1 + cos2i tan2(_ + 82e )
The rotation of the major axis is in the same direction as the satellite
if i < 63 " 4 ° 3 in the opposite direction if i > 63.4 ° and is zero when
i = 63.4 ° . The other main effect of the earth's oblateness is the rota-
tion of the orbital plane 2_ defined as
A_ = dfl At (A8)
dt
3Y
17
The orbital plane rotates about the earth's axis in the opposite direc-
tion to the earth's rotation and the approximate mean rate of rotation
of the orbital plane in deg/mln (ref. 3) is
The rotation of the orbital plane affects only the incremental longitude
so that a _ term must be included in equation (A3) to give the total
oblateness effect on the longitude of the desired passage point. The
magnitudes of 2z0 and 2_Q are obtaine@ by multiplying equations (A7)
and (A9) by the orbiting time nT + t(e)2 - t(0)l expressed in minutes.
These values are substituted into equation (19) before a second itera-
tion is performed.
18
APPENDIX B
Azimuth Angle
L
The calculation of the azimuth angle at burnout involves the use
2
of equations (21), (18), (19), (20), (8), (22), and (i0) as follows:
8
9
Oblateness Effects
The oblateness effects are calculated through the use of the fol-
lowing equations:
Ili
19
_=-6
94 i
4o-3p2cos
l + _
cos i sec2(to +O2e ) Z_m + A_l
Satellite Position
sin _i
sln(to + 81) -sin i
(hN)re f = h I - ZikNl
_l = 70.468
i = 34.o81
= i.%5
A¢2 = 0.086
Z_Q = -1.340
Ak 2 = 1.028
i = 34.043
( )ref: 225.971
= 34.497
Akl_2e = -198.808
e2e = -260.863
t(82e ) = 66.996
@i = 201.203
i = -72.553
mo= -0.53z
A_ 2 = O.5O3
A_ = -O.578
Ak 2 = -O.759
L
The iteration procedure yields the following values: 2
8
Parameter 2d iteration 3d iteration 4th iteration
#i = 198.721
i = -74.569
(hN)re f = 230.269
: 59.427
23
REFERENCES
L
TABLE I
2
8
9
MAGNITUDE OF AZIMUTH ANGLE _i AND SIGN OF INCLINATION ANGLE i
N.(+) NE° + 0 to 90
S.(-) SE. 90 to 180
SE. 90 to 180
NE. + 0 to 90
25
TABLE II
L
2
8 ORBIT CHARACTERISTICS USED FOR SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
9
0 _l,kl
_z
_Jk2e
c Equator
o
kN kI kO
o
oI
Zquator
2e
Satel]ite
trsce
_o
,--4
CM -p
O.J 0,,I 0,.I 0_I 0,.I C'J
o
cO
I I 0J
kO
_D
o
oJ
II
Ch
bD
0
!
,-1 o
ao
o_
o _ cO
0 u'N
0.1
o 0"_
4-_ 11
cJ
8 _ .,,
_1 g-t
_1 c,/
o
,-I
_ ct/
t/l
o 00
-r-t
o
co 0
-0
,--t
,--4
I1)
I I I I I o
o o o o o o 0
&.J o co _o
r-I
0
c_
ce_
0
0o
PO
0
k13
cv
8
2 o
04
o 0_
oo o)
i_1 .r--I
0
@4
,-4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
_ap t_ Capn_%.e, I
51
8o
oh
co
cJ
-40-20 _ _ .........
-8O
0 hO 80 120 160 200 2hO 280 320 360
Longitud% _, deg
_D
-I I
!
ro
1 _D
-I
Go
-I
-I 0 1 -I 0
33
h0
0
j
-I I
i __
-1
hD
_O
- I
-1
-I 0 I -I 0 i