Hydraulics -

the Science of
Power Transfer
via
Pressure Liquids

Parker Training 1
 In the beginning is the ... volume

If a volume is displaced, there will be a ... volume flow

The volume flow overcomes the ... resistance

Resistance results in ... pressure

If pressure acts on an area, there will be ... force

If force is path-dependent, there will be ... work

If work is done in a time, there will be ... power

Parker Training 2
 Hydraulics is Power Transfer
via Pressure Liquids
Pressure Load
f(Load)
• =
Volume Flow Hydraulic
= Power Resistance
Hydraulic p • qV
Power

Electrical
Input
Power
E

Parker Training 3
 Volume Flow, Motion, Power

Motion,
Work, Electrical
Power Power
Pumps
Path, Displacement Volume Revolutions
per
Time Area Volume Minute

Volume Flow

Parker Training 4
 Power Transfer
Load = Resistance
„Compressive Force“
= Las
„Resistance Force“ t
Power = Work / Time
Power = Energy / Time
0
Pressure x Volume Flow = Power
depends on
Resistance

Q=?

Parker Training 5
 Pressure control valve is not operative.
Load=Resistance

P Resistance
pmax
0

100% volume flow runs

towards cylinder

0% volume flow runs off

E via pressure control valve

Pressure depends on
resistance only.

Q=? Q=?

Parker Training 6
 Pressure control valve is operative.
Load=Resistance=0

pmax
pmax
0

Pump volume flow runs 100%

to tank via pressure control valve.
Pressure = set pressure at
pressure control valve:
E = pmax

Q=? Q=?

Parker Training 7
 “Types of Pressure Development”

Statical: Pressure p
develops in a volume through
compression.

Dynamical: A pressure difference p

develops at a resistance
through a volume flow.

Parker Training 8
 Pressure through Resistance

Throttle

Parker Training 9
 Pressure:
“Pascal’s Law” for “Static Volume”

F [N] p [MPa]
[bar]
[kgf/cm²]

A [cm²]

Parker Training 10
 Pressure:
“Bernoulli’s Law” for “Dynamic Volume Flow”

F [N] p [MPa]
[bar]
[kgf/cm²]

p
A [cm²]

Parker Training 11
 Force Transmission
F1 Forces F2

p1 p2

A1 A2

Pressure p1 = p2 = constant

F1 / F2 = A1 / A2

Parker Training 12
 Pressure Transmission

p1 p2

A1 A2

Force F1 = F2 = constant

p1 / p2 = A2 / A1

Parker Training 13
 For instance, pressure is generated by...

Force Force Temperature

[kp]

Pressure Pressure
[bar] [bar]
Volume Volume

Temperature
[°C ]

Gas Resistance
p
Resistance

Pressure A1 q v1 q v2 A2
[bar]

Parker Training 14
 Resistance
Load = Resistance
here: Throttle + Load
Las
t

p1 0
Resistance
(e.g., throttle,
directional,
proportional valves,
blocks etc.)

E P1 = System Pressure

Parker Training 15
 Resistance
Load = Resistance

p2 0 Las
t
p = p1 - p2

p1 0
Resistance p2 = ‘Load Pressure‘
(e.g., throttle,
directional,
p= ‘Resistance Pressure‘
proportional valves,
blocks etc.) p1 = ‘Pump Pressure‘
E

Parker Training 16
 Load Resistance in Cylinder’s Effective Direction

Load
Move out at
„negative“ load
p

Load
Move in at
„negative“ load
p

Parker Training 17
 Load Resistance against Cylinder’s Effective Direction

Load
Move out against
„positive“ load
p

Load Move out against

p „passive“ load

Load
Move in against
„positive“ load
p

Load Move in against

p „passive“ load
Parker Training 18
 Hydraulic Pressure Liquids are compressible !

0 0

Parker Training 19
 “Hydrodynamics” “Hydrostatics”
Force = Mass x Acceleration Force = Pressure x Area

Power Transfer Force Power Transfer

by Kinetic Energy x by Displacement
Speed - Path
= Force / Area
Work =
Pressure

Force / Area
=
Force
Pressure
= Work / Time
Mass =
x Power
Acceleration

Force
[kp]

Area
Pressure
[bar]

Parker Training 25
 Pump Symbols
Fixed Variable
Displacement Capacity
Pumps Pumps

E E
Pressure control devices are required
for all pumps.

D D

Parker Training 27
 Pilot-operated pressure control valve with additional operating piston
for “no-pressure” circulation control.

Parker Training 31
 Characteristic Curves for
Pressure Control Valves
Direct-operated

Pilot-operated

Parker Training 32
 Oil Tank – Basic Design

Parker Training 36
 Volume = Displacement Volume [ cm³ / rev. ] (in pumps)
Motor Displacement [ cm³ / rev. ] (in motors)

Axial Piston Pump Torque Motor

Gear Pump
7 Stator Chamber 6 Rotor
Chamber

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Motor Displacement /
rev. =
Green + Red Blue + Red 6 x 7 x 1 Chamber
Volume (cm³)

Parker Training 37
 Rotationsgruppe einer Axialkolbenpumpe
Control Disk
Cylinder Block
Pistons + Piston Shoes

Parker Training 42
 Section of a PVplus

Parker Training 43
Parker Training 53
Parker Training 54