3

Introduction to
Classes and
You will see something new.
Objects
Two things. And I call them
Thing One and Thing Two.
—Dr. Theodor Seuss Geisel

Nothing can have value

OBJECTIVES
without being an object of In this chapter you will learn:
utility.
—Karl Marx ■ What classes, objects, methods and instance variables
are.
Your public servants serve ■ How to declare a class and use it to create an object.
you right.
■ How to declare methods in a class to implement the
—Adlai E. Stevenson class’s behaviors.
■ How to declare instance variables in a class to implement
Knowing how to answer one
who speaks,
the class’s attributes.
To reply to one who sends a ■ How to call an object’s methods to make those methods
message. perform their tasks.
—Amenemope
■ The differences between instance variables of a class and
local variables of a method.
■ How to use a constructor to ensure that an object’s data
is initialized when the object is created.
■ The differences between primitive and reference types.

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
2 Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects

Self-Review Exercises
3.1 Fill in the blanks in each of the following:
a) A house is to a blueprint as a(n) is to a class.
ANS: object.
b) Each class declaration that begins with keyword must be stored in a file that
has exactly the same name as the class and ends with the .java file-name extension.
ANS: public.
c) Every class declaration contains keyword followed immediately by the class’s
name.
ANS: class.
d) Keyword creates an object of the class specified to the right of the keyword.
ANS: new.
e) Each parameter must specify both a(n) and a(n) .
ANS: type, name.
f) By default, classes that are compiled in the same directory are considered to be in the
same package—known as the .
ANS: default package.
g) When each object of a class maintains its own copy of an attribute, the field that repre-
sents the attribute is also known as a(n) .
ANS: instance variable.
h) Java provides two primitive types for storing floating-point numbers in memory—
and .
ANS: float, double.
i) Variables of type double represent floating-point numbers.
ANS: double-precision.
j) Scanner method returns a double value.
ANS: nextDouble.
k) Keyword public is a(n) .
ANS: access modifier.
l) Return type indicates that a method will perform a task but will not return
any information when it completes its task.
ANS: void.
m) Scanner method reads characters until a newline character is encountered,
then returns those characters as a String.
ANS: nextLine.
n) Class String is in package .
ANS: java.lang.
o) A(n) is not required if you always refer to a class with its fully qualified class
name.
ANS: import declaration.
p) A(n) is a number with a decimal point, such as 7.33, 0.0975 or 1000.12345.
ANS: floating-point number.
q) Variables of type float represent floating-point numbers.
ANS: single-precision.
r) The format specifier is used to output values of type float or double.
ANS: %f.
s) Types in Java are divided into two categories— types and types.
ANS: primitive types, reference types.
3.2 State whether each of the following is true or false. If false, explain why.

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Self-Review Exercises 3

a) By convention, method names begin with an uppercase first letter and all subsequent
words in the name begin with a capital first letter.
ANS: False. By convention, method names begin with a lowercase first letter and all subse-
quent words in the name begin with a capital first letter.
b) An import declaration is not required when one class in a package uses another in the
same package.
ANS: True.
c) Empty parentheses following a method name in a method declaration indicate that the
method does not require any parameters to perform its task.
ANS: True.
d) Variables or methods declared with access modifier private are accessible only to meth-
ods of the class in which they are declared.
ANS: True.
e) A primitive-type variable can be used to invoke a method.
ANS: False. A primitive-type variable cannot be used to invoke a method—a reference to
an object is required to invoke the object’s methods.
f) Variables declared in the body of a particular method are known as instance variables
and can be used in all methods of the class.
ANS: False. Such variables are called local variables and can be used only in the method in
which they are declared.
g) Every method’s body is delimited by left and right braces ({ and }).
ANS: True.
h) Primitive-type local variables are initialized by default.
ANS: False. Primitive-type instance variables are initialized by default. Each local variable
must explicitly be assigned a value.
i) Reference-type instance variables are initialized by default to the value null.
ANS: True.
j) Any class that contains public static void main( String args[] ) can be used to exe-
cute an application.
ANS: True.
k) The number of arguments in the method call must match the number of parameters in
the method declaration’s parameter list.
ANS: True.
l) Floating-point values that appear in source code are known as floating-point literals and
are type float by default.
ANS: False. Such literals are of type double by default.
3.3 What is the difference between a local variable and a field?
ANS: A local variable is declared in the body of a method and can be used only from the
point at which it is declared through the end of the method declaration. A field is de-
clared in a class, but not in the body of any of the class’s methods. Also, fields are
accessible to all methods of the class. (We will see an exception to this in Chapter 8,
Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look.)
3.4 Explain the purpose of a method parameter. What is the difference between a parameter
and an argument?
ANS: A parameter represents additional information that a method requires to perform its
task. Each parameter required by a method is specified in the method’s declaration.
An argument is the actual value for a method parameter. When a method is called,
the argument values are passed to the method so that it can perform its task.

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
4 Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects

Exercises
3.5 What is the purpose of keyword new? Explain what happens when this keyword is used in
an application.
ANS: The purpose of keyword new is to create an object of a class. When keyword new is
used in an application, first a new object of the class to the right of new is created, then
the class’s constructor is called to ensure that the object is initialized properly.
3.6 What is a default constructor? How are an object’s instance variables initialized if a class has
only a default constructor?
ANS: A default constructor is a constructor provided by the compiler when the program-
mer does not specify any constructors in the class. When a class has only the default
constructor, its instance variables are initialized to their default values. Variables of
types char, byte, short, int, long, float and double are initialized to 0, variables of
type boolean are initialized to false, and reference-type variables are initialized to
null.

3.7 Explain the purpose of an instance variable.

ANS: A class provides an instance variable (or several instance variables) when each object
of the class must maintain information separately from all other objects of the class.
For example, a class called Account that represents a bank account provides an in-
stance variable to represent the balance of the account. Each Account object main-
tains its own balance, but does not know the balances of the bank’s other accounts.
3.8 Most classes need to be imported before they can be used in an application. Why is every
application allowed to use classes System and String without first importing them?
ANS: Classes System and String are both in package java.lang, which is implicitly im-
ported into every Java source-code file.
3.9 Explain how a program could use class Scanner without importing the class from package
java.util.
ANS: If every use of a class’s name in a program is fully qualified, there is no need to import
the class. A class’s fully qualified name consists of the class’s package followed by the
class name. For example, a program could use class Scanner without importing it if
every use of Scanner in the program is specified as java.util.Scanner.
3.10 Explain why a class might provide a set method and a get method for an instance variable.
ANS: An instance variable is typically declared private in a class so that only the methods
of the class in which the instance variable is declared can manipulate the variable. In
some cases, it may be necessary for an application to modify the private data. For
example, the owner of a bank account should be able to deposit or withdraw funds
and check the account’s balance. A class’s designer can provide public set and get
methods that enable an application to specify the value for, or retrieve the value of, a
particular object’s private instance variable.
3.11 Modify class GradeBook (Fig. 3.10) as follows:
a) Include a second String instance variable that represents the name of the course’s in-
structor.
b) Provide a set method to change the instructor’s name and a get method to retrieve it.
c) Modify the constructor to specify two parameters—one for the course name and one
for the instructor’s name.
d) Modify method displayMessage such that it first outputs the welcome message and
course name, then outputs "This course is presented by: " followed by the instruc-
tor’s name.

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Exercises 5

Use your modified class in a test application that demonstrates the class’s new capabilities.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 3.11 Solution: GradeBook.java

2 // GradeBook class with a constructor to initialize the course name.
3
4 public class GradeBook
5 {
6 private String courseName; // course name for this GradeBook
7 private String instructorName; // name of course's instructor
8
9 // constructor initializes courseName with String supplied as argument
10 public GradeBook( String course, String instructor )
11 {
12 courseName = course; // initializes courseName
13 instructorName = instructor; // initializes instructorName
14 } // end constructor
15
16 // method to set the course name
17 public void setCourseName( String name )
18 {
19 courseName = name; // store the course name
20 } // end method setCourseName
21
22 // method to retrieve the course name
23 public String getCourseName()
24 {
25 return courseName;
26 } // end method getCourseName
27
28 // method to set the instructor name
29 public void setInstructorName( String name )
30 {
31 instructorName = name; // store the course name
32 } // end method setInstructorName
33
34 // method to retrieve the instructor name
35 public String getInstructorName()
36 {
37 return instructorName;
38 } // end method getInstructorName
39
40 // display a welcome message to the GradeBook user
41 public void displayMessage()
42 {
43 // this statement calls getCourseName to get the
44 // name of the course this GradeBook represents
45 System.out.printf( "Welcome to the grade book for\n%s!\n",
46 getCourseName() );
47 System.out.printf( "This course is presented by: %s\n",
48 getInstructorName() );
49 } // end method displayMessage
50
51 } // end class GradeBook

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 6 Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects

1 // Exercise 3.11 Solution: GradeBookTest.java

2 // GradeBook constructor used to specify the course name at the
3 // time each GradeBook object is created.
4
5 public class GradeBookTest
6 {
7 // main method begins program execution
8 public static void main( String args[] )
9 {
10 // create GradeBook object
11 GradeBook gradeBook1 = new GradeBook(
12 "CS101 Introduction to Java Programming", "Sam Smith" );
13
14 gradeBook1.displayMessage(); // display welcome message
15
16 System.out.println( "\nChanging instructor name to Judy Jones\n" );
17 gradeBook1.setInstructorName( "Judy Jones" );
18
19 gradeBook1.displayMessage(); // display welcome message
20 } // end main
21
22 } // end class GradeBookTest

Welcome to the grade book for

CS101 Introduction to Java Programming!
This course is presented by: Sam Smith

Changing instructor name to Judy Jones

Welcome to the grade book for

CS101 Introduction to Java Programming!
This course is presented by: Judy Jones

3.12 Modify class Account (Fig. 3.13) to provide a method called debit that withdraws money
from an Account. Ensure that the debit amount does not exceed the Account’s balance. If it does,
the balance should be left unchanged and the method should print a message indicating "Debit
amount exceeded account balance." Modify class AccountTest (Fig. 3.14) to test method debit.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 3.12 Solution: Account.java

2 // Account class with a constructor to
3 // initialize instance variable balance.
4
5 public class Account
6 {
7 private double balance; // instance variable that stores the balance
8
9 // constructor
10 public Account( double initialBalance )
11 {
12 // if initialBalance is not greater than 0.0,
13 // balance is still initialized to 0.0 by default

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Exercises 7

14 if ( initialBalance > 0.0 )

15 balance = initialBalance;
16 } // end Account constructor
17
18 // credits (adds) an amount to the account
19 public void credit( double amount )
20 {
21 balance = balance + amount; // add amount to balance
22 } // end method credit
23
24 // debits (subtracts) an amount from the account
25 public void debit( double amount )
26 {
27 if ( amount > balance )
28 System.out.println( "Debit amount exceeded account balance." );
29
30 if ( amount <= balance )
31 balance = balance - amount; // subtract amount to balance
32 } // end method credit
33
34 // returns the account balance
35 public double getBalance()
36 {
37 return balance; // gives the value of balance to the calling method
38 } // end method getBalance
39
40 } // end class Account

1 // Exercise 3.12 Solution: AccountTest.java

2 // Create and manipulate an Account object.
3 import java.util.Scanner;
4
5 public class AccountTest
6 {
7 // main method begins execution of Java application
8 public static void main( String args[] )
9 {
10 Account account1 = new Account( 50.00 ); // create Account object
11 Account account2 = new Account( -7.53 ); v
12
13 // display initial balance of each object
14 System.out.printf( "account1 balance: $%.2f\n",
15 account1.getBalance() );
16 System.out.printf( "account2 balance: $%.2f\n\n",
17 account2.getBalance() );
18
19 // create Scanner to obtain input from command window
20 Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );
21 double withdrawalAmount; // withdrawal amount read from user
22
23 System.out.print( "Enter withdrawal amount for account1: " );
24 withdrawalAmount = input.nextDouble(); // obtain user input
25 System.out.printf( "\nsubtracting %.2f from account1 balance\n",

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 8 Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects

26 withdrawalAmount );
27 account1.debit( withdrawalAmount ); // subtract amount from account1
28
29 // display balances
30 System.out.printf( "account1 balance: $%.2f\n",
31 account1.getBalance() );
32 System.out.printf( "account2 balance: $%.2f\n\n",
33 account2.getBalance() );
34
35 System.out.print( "Enter withdrawal amount for account2: " );
36 withdrawalAmount = input.nextDouble(); // obtain user input
37 System.out.printf( "\nsubtracting %.2f from account2 balance\n",
38 withdrawalAmount );
39 account2.debit( withdrawalAmount ); // subtract amount from account2
40
41 // display balances
42 System.out.printf( "account1 balance: $%.2f\n",
43 account1.getBalance() );
44 System.out.printf( "account2 balance: $%.2f\n",
45 account2.getBalance() );
46 } // end main
47
48 } // end class AccountTest

account1 balance: $50.00

account2 balance: $0.00

Enter withdrawal amount for account1: 25.67

subtracting 25.67 from account1 balance

account1 balance: $24.33
account2 balance: $0.00

Enter withdrawal amount for account2: 10.00

subtracting 10.00 from account2 balance

Debit amount exceeded account balance.
account1 balance: $24.33
account2 balance: $0.00

3.13 Create a class called Invoice that a hardware store might use to represent an invoice for an
item sold at the store. An Invoice should include four pieces of information as instance variables—
a part number (type String), a part description (type String), a quantity of the item being pur-
chased (type int) and a price per item (double). Your class should have a constructor that initializes
the four instance variables. Provide a set and a get method for each instance variable. In addition,
provide a method named getInvoiceAmount that calculates the invoice amount (i.e., multiplies the
quantity by the price per item), then returns the amount as a double value. If the quantity is not
positive, it should be set to 0. If the price per item is not positive, it should be set to 0.0. Write a
test application named InvoiceTest that demonstrates class Invoice’s capabilities.
ANS:

1 // Exercises 3.13 Solution: Invoice.java

2 // Invoice class.

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Exercises 9

3
4 public class Invoice
5 {
6 private String partNumber;
7 private String partDescription;
8 private int quantity;
9 private double pricePerItem;
10
11 // four-argument constructor
12 public Invoice( String part, String description, int count,
13 double price )
14 {
15 partNumber = part;
16 partDescription = description;
17
18 if ( count > 0 ) // determine whether count is positive
19 quantity = count; // valid count assigned to quantity
20
21 if ( price > 0.0 ) // determine whether price is positive
22 pricePerItem = price; // valid price assigned to pricePerItem
23 } // end four-argument Invoice constructor
24
25 // set part number
26 public void setPartNumber( String part )
27 {
28 partNumber = part;
29 } // end method setPartNumber
30
31 // get part number
32 public String getPartNumber()
33 {
34 return partNumber;
35 } // end method getPartNumber
36
37 // set description
38 public void setPartDescription( String description )
39 {
40 partDescription = description;
41 } // end method setPartDescription
42
43 // get description
44 public String getPartDescription()
45 {
46 return partDescription;
47 } // end method getPartDescription
48
49 // set quantity
50 public void setQuantity( int count )
51 {
52 if ( count > 0 ) // determine whether count is positive
53 quantity = count; // valid count assigned to quantity
54
55 if ( count <= 0 ) // determine whether count is zero or negative
56 quantity = 0; // invalid count; quantity set to 0

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 10 Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects

57 } // end method setQuantity

58
59 // get quantity
60 public int getQuantity()
61 {
62 return quantity;
63 } // end method getQuantity
64
65 // set price per item
66 public void setPricePerItem( double price )
67 {
68 if ( price > 0.0 ) // determine whether price is positive
69 pricePerItem = price; // valid price assigned to pricePerItem
70
71 if ( price <= 0.0 ) // determine whether price is zero or negative
72 pricePerItem = 0.0; // invalid price; pricePerItem set to 0.0
73 } // end method setPricePerItem
74
75 // get price per item
76 public double getPricePerItem()
77 {
78 return pricePerItem;
79 } // end method getPricePerItem
80
81 // calculates and returns the invoice amount
82 public double getInvoiceAmount()
83 {
84 return getQuantity() * getPricePerItem(); // calculate total cost
85 } // end method getPaymentAmount
86 } // end class Invoice

1 // Exercises 3.13 Solution: InvoiceTest.java

2 // Application to test class Invoice.
3
4 public class InvoiceTest
5 {
6 public static void main( String args[] )
7 {
8 Invoice invoice1 = new Invoice( "1234", "Hammer", 2, 14.95 );
9
10 // display invoice1
11 System.out.println( "Original invoice information" );
12 System.out.printf( "Part number: %s\n", invoice1.getPartNumber() );
13 System.out.printf( "Description: %s\n",
14 invoice1.getPartDescription() );
15 System.out.printf( "Quantity: %d\n", invoice1.getQuantity() );
16 System.out.printf( "Price: %.2f\n", invoice1.getPricePerItem() );
17 System.out.printf( "Invoice amount: %.2f\n",
18 invoice1.getInvoiceAmount() );
19
20 // change invoice1's data
21 invoice1.setPartNumber( "001234" );
22 invoice1.setPartDescription( "Yellow Hammer" );

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Exercises 11

23 invoice1.setQuantity( 3 );
24 invoice1.setPricePerItem( 19.49 );
25
26 // display invoice1 with new data
27 System.out.println( "\nUpdated invoice information" );
28 System.out.printf( "Part number: %s\n", invoice1.getPartNumber() );
29 System.out.printf( "Description: %s\n",
30 invoice1.getPartDescription() );
31 System.out.printf( "Quantity: %d\n", invoice1.getQuantity() );
32 System.out.printf( "Price: %.2f\n", invoice1.getPricePerItem() );
33 System.out.printf( "Invoice amount: %.2f\n",
34 invoice1.getInvoiceAmount() );
35
36 Invoice invoice2 = new Invoice( "5678", "Paint Brush", -5, -9.99 );
37
38 // display invoice2
39 System.out.println( "\nOriginal invoice information" );
40 System.out.printf( "Part number: %s\n", invoice2.getPartNumber() );
41 System.out.printf( "Description: %s\n",
42 invoice2.getPartDescription() );
43 System.out.printf( "Quantity: %d\n", invoice2.getQuantity() );
44 System.out.printf( "Price: %.2f\n", invoice2.getPricePerItem() );
45 System.out.printf( "Invoice amount: %.2f\n",
46 invoice2.getInvoiceAmount() );
47
48 // change invoice2's data
49 invoice2.setQuantity( 3 );
50 invoice2.setPricePerItem( 9.49 );
51
52 // display invoice2 with new data
53 System.out.println( "\nUpdated invoice information" );
54 System.out.printf( "Part number: %s\n", invoice2.getPartNumber() );
55 System.out.printf( "Description: %s\n",
56 invoice2.getPartDescription() );
57 System.out.printf( "Quantity: %d\n", invoice2.getQuantity() );
58 System.out.printf( "Price: %.2f\n", invoice2.getPricePerItem() );
59 System.out.printf( "Invoice amount: %.2f\n",
60 invoice2.getInvoiceAmount() );
61
62 } // end main
63
64 } // end class InvoiceTest

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 12 Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects

Original invoice information

Part number: 1234
Description: Hammer
Quantity: 2
Price: 14.95
Invoice amount: 29.90

Updated invoice information

Part number: 001234
Description: Yellow Hammer
Quantity: 3
Price: 19.49
Invoice amount: 58.47

Original invoice information

Part number: 5678
Description: Paint Brush
Quantity: 0
Price: 0.00
Invoice amount: 0.00

Updated invoice information

Part number: 5678
Description: Paint Brush
Quantity: 3
Price: 9.49
Invoice amount: 28.47

3.14 Create a class called Employee that includes three pieces of information as instance vari-
ables—a first name (type String), a last name (type String) and a monthly salary (double). Your
class should have a constructor that initializes the three instance variables. Provide a set and a get
method for each instance variable. If the monthly salary is not positive, set it to 0.0. Write a test
application named EmployeeTest that demonstrates class Employee’s capabilities. Create two Em-
ployee objects and display each object’s yearly salary. Then give each Employee a 10% raise and dis-
play each Employee’s yearly salary again.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 3.14 Solution: Employee.java

2 // Employee class.
3
4 public class Employee
5 {
6 private String firstName;
7 private String lastName;
8 private double monthlySalary;
9
10 // constructor to initialize first name, last name and monthly salary
11 public Employee( String first, String last, double salary )
12 {
13 firstName = first;
14 lastName = last;
15
16 if ( salary >= 0.0 ) // determine whether salary is positive

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Exercises 13

17 monthlySalary = salary;
18 } // end three-argument Employee constructor
19
20 // set Employee's first name
21 public void setFirstName( String first )
22 {
23 firstName = first;
24 } // end method setFirstName
25
26 // get Employee's first name
27 public String getFirstName()
28 {
29 return firstName;
30 } // end method getFirstName
31
32 // set Employee's last name
33 public void setLastName( String last )
34 {
35 lastName = last;
36 } // end method setLastName
37
38 // get Employee's last name
39 public String getLastName()
40 {
41 return lastName;
42 } // end method getLastName
43
44 // set Employee's monthly salary
45 public void setMonthlySalary( double salary )
46 {
47 if ( salary >= 0.0 ) // determine whether salary is positive
48 monthlySalary = salary;
49 } // end method setMonthlySalary
50
51 // get Employee's monthly salary
52 public double getMonthlySalary()
53 {
54 return monthlySalary;
55 } // end method getMonthlySalary
56
57 } // end class Employee

1 // Exercise 3.14 Solution: EmployeeTest.java

2 // Application to test class Employee.
3
4 public class EmployeeTest
5 {
6 public static void main( String args[] )
7 {
8 Employee employee1 = new Employee( "Bob", "Jones", 2875.00 );
9 Employee employee2 = new Employee( "Susan", "Baker", 3150.75 );
10
11 // display employees

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 14 Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects

12 System.out.printf( "Employee 1: %s %s; Yearly Salary: %.2f\n",

13 employee1.getFirstName(), employee1.getLastName(),
14 12 * employee1.getMonthlySalary() );
15 System.out.printf( "Employee 2: %s %s; Yearly Salary: %.2f\n",
16 employee2.getFirstName(), employee2.getLastName(),
17 12 * employee2.getMonthlySalary() );
18
19 // increase employee salaries by 10%
20 System.out.println( "\nIncreasing employee salaries by 10%" );
21 employee1.setMonthlySalary( employee1.getMonthlySalary() * 1.10 );
22 employee2.setMonthlySalary( employee2.getMonthlySalary() * 1.10 );
23
24 // display employees with new yearly salary
25 System.out.printf( "Employee 1: %s %s; Yearly Salary: %.2f\n",
26 employee1.getFirstName(), employee1.getLastName(),
27 12 * employee1.getMonthlySalary() );
28 System.out.printf( "Employee 2: %s %s; Yearly Salary: %.2f\n",
29 employee2.getFirstName(), employee2.getLastName(),
30 12 * employee2.getMonthlySalary() );
31 } // end main
32
33 } // end class EmployeeTest

Employee 1: Bob Jones; Yearly Salary: 34500.00

Employee 2: Susan Baker; Yearly Salary: 37809.00

Increasing employee salaries by 10%

Employee 1: Bob Jones; Yearly Salary: 37950.00
Employee 2: Susan Baker; Yearly Salary: 41589.90

3.15 Create a class called Date that includes three pieces of information as instance variables—a
month (type int), a day (type int) and a year (type int). Your class should have a constructor that
initializes the three instance variables and assumes that the values provided are correct. Provide a set
and a get method for each instance variable. Provide a method displayDate that displays the month,
day and year separated by forward slashes (/). Write a test application named DateTest that dem-
onstrates class Date’s capabilities.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 3.15 Solution: Date.java

2 // Date class with instance variables for the month, day and year.
3
4 public class Date
5 {
6 private int month;
7 private int day;
8 private int year;
9
10 // constructor
11 public Date( int monthValue, int dayValue, int yearValue )
12 {
13 month = monthValue;

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 Exercises 15

14 day = dayValue;
15 year = yearValue;
16 } // end three-argument constructor
17
18 // set the month
19 public void setMonth( int monthValue )
20 {
21 month = monthValue;
22 } // end method setMonth
23
24 // return the month
25 public int getMonth()
26 {
27 return month;
28 } // return month
29
30 // set the day
31 public void setDay( int dayValue )
32 {
33 day = dayValue;
34 } // end method setDay
35
36 // return the day
37 public int getDay()
38 {
39 return day;
40 } // return day
41
42 // set the year
43 public void setYear( int yearValue )
44 {
45 year = yearValue;
46 } // end method setYear
47
48 // return the year
49 public int getYear()
50 {
51 return year;
52 } // return year
53
54 // display the date
55 public void displayDate()
56 {
57 System.out.printf( "%d/%d/%d", getMonth(), getDay(), getYear() );
58 } // end method displayDate
59 } // end class Date

1 // Exercise 3.15 Solution: DateTest.java

2 // Application to test class Date.
3
4 public class DateTest
5 {
6 public static void main( String args[] )

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 16 Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes and Objects

7 {
8 Date date1 = new Date( 7, 4, 2004 );
9
10 System.out.print( "The initial date is: " );
11 date1.displayDate();
12
13 // change date values
14 date1.setMonth( 11 );
15 date1.setDay( 1 );
16 date1.setYear( 2003 );
17
18 System.out.print( "\nDate with new values is: " );
19 date1.displayDate();
20
21 System.out.println(); // output a newline
22 } // end main
23 } // end class DateTest

The initial date is: 7/4/2004

Date with new values is: 11/1/2003

GUI and Graphics Case Study Exercise Solution

3.1 Modify the addition program in Fig. 2.7 to use dialog-based input and output with the
methods of class JOptionPane. Since method showInputDialog returns a String, you must convert
the String the user enters to an int for use in calculations. The method
Integer.parseInt( String s )

takes a String argument representing an integer (e.g., the result of JOptionPane.showInputDialog)

and returns the value as an int. Method parseInt is a static method of class Integer (from pack-
age java.lang). Note that if the String does not contain a valid integer, the program will termi-
nate with an error.
ANS:

1 // GCS Exercise 3.1: Addition.java

2 // Modification of addition example from Chapter 2
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane; // uses JOptionPane instead of Scanner
4
5 public class Addition
6 {
7 // main method begins execution of Java application
8 public static void main( String args[] )
9 {
10 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
11 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
12
13 int number1; // first number to add
14 int number2; // second number to add
15 int sum; // sum of number1 and number2
16
17 // read in first number from user as a String

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
 GUI and Graphics Case Study Exercise Solution 17

18 firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter first integer" );

19
20 // read in second number from user as a String
21 secondNumber =
22 JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter second integer" );
23
24 // convert numbers from type String to type int
25 number1 = Integer.parseInt( firstNumber );
26 number2 = Integer.parseInt( secondNumber );
27
28 sum = number1 + number2; // add numbers
29
30 // create the message
31 String message = String.format( "The sum is %d", sum );
32
33 // display result
34 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, message );
35 } // end main
36 } // end class Addition

© Copyright 1992-2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.