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1.Exercises on Classes

Java Programming
1.1Ex: The Circle Class An Introduction to Cla
1.2Ex: A Simplified Circle Class
1.3Ex: The Rectangle Class
Tutorial 1.4Ex: The Employee Class
1.5Ex: The InvoiceItem Class

OOP Exercises
1.6Ex: The Account Class
1.7Ex: The Date Class
1.8Ex: The Time Class
2.Exercises on Composition
2.1Ex: The Author and Book Classes An Introdu
2.2Exercise Advanced: Book and
1.Exercises on Classes 2.3Ex: The MyPoint Class
2.4Ex: The MyCircle and MyPoint
2.5Ex: The MyTriangle and MyPoint
2.6Ex: The MyRectangle and MyPoint
2.7Ex: The Customer and Invoice
2.8Ex: The Customer and Account
3.More Exercises on Classes
3.1Ex: The MyComplex class
3.2Ex: The MyPolynomial Class
3.3Ex: Using JDK's BigInteger Class
3.4Ex: The MyTime Class
3.5Ex: The MyDate Class
3.6Ex: Bouncing Balls Ball and
3.7Ex: The Ball and Player Classes
4.Exercises on Inheritance
4.1Ex: The Circle and Cylinder
4.2Ex: Superclass Person and its subclasses
4.3Ex: Point2D and Point3D
4.4Ex: Point and MovablePoint
4.5Ex: Superclass Shape and its subclasses
5.Exercises on Composition vs Inheritance
5.1Ex: The Point and Line Classes
5.2Ex: The Circle and Cylinder
6.Exercises on Polymorphism, Abstract Classes a
6.1Ex: Abstract Superclass Shape and Its Concre
6.2Ex: Polymorphism
6.3Ex: Interface Movable and its implementation
6.4Ex: Interfaces GeometricObject
7.More Exercises on OOP
7.1Ex: The Discount System
7.2Ex: Polyline of Points with ArrayList
8.Exercises on Data Structures
8.1Ex: MyIntStack
1.1Ex: The Circle Class An Introduction to Classes and Instances
This first exercise shall lead you through all the basic concepts in OOP.

A class called circle is designed as shown in the following class diagram. It contains:

Two private instance variables: radius of the type double and color of the type String, with default value of
1.0 and "red", respectively.
Two overloaded constructors a default constructor with no argument, and a constructor which takes a double
argument for radius.
Two public methods: getRadius() and getArea(), which return the radius and area of this instance, respectively.

The source codes for Circle.java is as follows:

/*
*TheCircleclassmodelsacirclewitharadiusandcolor.
*/
publicclassCircle{//Saveas"Circle.java"
//privateinstancevariable,notaccessiblefromoutsidethisclass
privatedoubleradius;
privateStringcolor;

//Thedefaultconstructorwithnoargument.
//Itsetstheradiusandcolortotheirdefaultvalue.
publicCircle(){
radius=1.0;
color="red";
}

//2ndconstructorwithgivenradius,butcolordefault
publicCircle(doubler){
radius=r;
color="red";
}

//Apublicmethodforretrievingtheradius
publicdoublegetRadius(){
returnradius;
}

//Apublicmethodforcomputingtheareaofcircle
publicdoublegetArea(){
returnradius*radius*Math.PI;
}
}

Compile "Circle.java". Can you run the Circle class? Why?

This Circle class does not have a main() method. Hence, it cannot be run directly. This Circle class is a building block
and is meant to be used in another program.

Let us write a test program called TestCircle in another source file called TestCircle.java which uses the Circle
class, as follows:

publicclassTestCircle{//Saveas"TestCircle.java"
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
 //DeclareaninstanceofCircleclasscalledc1.
//Constructtheinstancec1byinvokingthe"default"constructor
//whichsetsitsradiusandcolortotheirdefaultvalue.
Circlec1=newCircle();
//Invokepublicmethodsoninstancec1,viadotoperator.
System.out.println("Thecirclehasradiusof"
+c1.getRadius()+"andareaof"+c1.getArea());

//Declareaninstanceofclasscirclecalledc2.
//Constructtheinstancec2byinvokingthesecondconstructor
//withthegivenradiusanddefaultcolor.
Circlec2=newCircle(2.0);
//Invokepublicmethodsoninstancec2,viadotoperator.
System.out.println("Thecirclehasradiusof"
+c2.getRadius()+"andareaof"+c2.getArea());
}
}

Now, run the TestCircle and study the results.

More Basic OOP Concepts

1. Constructor : Modify the class Circle to include a third constructor for constructing a Circle instance with two
arguments a double for radius and a String for color.

//3rdconstructortoconstructanewinstanceofCirclewiththegivenradiusandcolor
publicCircle(doubler,Stringc){......}

Modify the test program TestCircle to construct an instance of Circle using this constructor.

2. Getter : Add a getter for variable color for retrieving the color of this instance.

//Getterforinstancevariablecolor
publicStringgetColor(){......}

Modify the test program to test this method.

3. public vs. private: In TestCircle, can you access the instance variable radius directly e.g.,
System.out.println(c1.radius); or assign a new value to radius e.g., c1.radius=5.0? Try it out and explain
the error messages.
4. Setter : Is there a need to change the values of radius and color of a Circle instance after it is constructed? If
so, add two public methods called setters for changing the radius and color of a Circle instance as follows:

//Setterforinstancevariableradius
publicvoidsetRadius(doublenewRadius){
radius=newRadius;
}

//Setterforinstancevariablecolor
publicvoidsetColor(StringnewColor){......}

Modify the TestCircle to test these methods, e.g.,

Circlec4=newCircle();//constructaninstanceofCircle
c4.setRadius(5.0);//changeradius
System.out.println("radiusis:"+c4.getRadius());//Printradiusviagetter
c4.setColor(......);//Changecolor
System.out.println("coloris:"+c4.getColor());//Printcolorviagetter

//YoucannotdothefollowingbecausesetRadius()returnsvoid,
//whichcannotbeprinted.
System.out.println(c4.setRadius(4.0));

5. Keyword "this": Instead of using variable names such as r for radius and c for color in the methods'
arguments, it is better to use variable names radius for radius and color for color and use the special
keyword "this" to resolve the conflict between instance variables and methods' arguments. For example,

//Instancevariable
privatedoubleradius;
 //Constructor
publicCircle(doubleradius){
this.radius=radius;//"this.radius"referstotheinstancevariable
//"radius"referstothemethod'sparameter
color=.......
}

//Setterofradius
publicvoidsetRadius(doubleradius){
this.radius=radius;//"this.radius"referstotheinstancevariable
//"radius"referstothemethod'sargument
}

Modify ALL the constructors and setters in the Circle class to use the keyword "this".

6. Method toString(): Every welldesigned Java class should contain a public method called toString() that
returns a short description of the instance in a return type of String. The toString() method can be called
explicitly via instanceName.toString() just like any other method; or implicitly through println(). If an
instance is passed to the println(anInstance) method, the toString() method of that instance will be invoked
implicitly. For example, include the following toString() methods to the Circle class:

//Returnadescriptionofthisinstanceintheformof
//Circle[radius=r,color=c]
publicStringtoString(){
return"Circle[radius="+radius+"color="+color+"]";
}

Try calling toString() method explicitly, just like any other method:

Circlec1=newCircle(5.0);
System.out.println(c1.toString());//explicitcall

toString() is called implicitly when an instance is passed to println() method, for example,

Circlec2=newCircle(1.2);
System.out.println(c2.toString());//explicitcall
System.out.println(c2);//println()callstoString()implicitly,sameasabove
System.out.println("Operator'+'invokestoString()too:"+c2);//'+'invokestoString()too

The final class diagram for the Circle class is as follows:

1.2Ex: A Simplified Circle Class

1.3Ex: The Rectangle Class

1.4Ex: The Employee Class

1.5Ex: The InvoiceItem Class

1.6Ex: The Account Class

1.7Ex: The Date Class

1.8Ex: The Time Class

2.Exercises on Composition

2.1Ex: The Author and Book Classes An Introduction to OOP Composition

This first exercise shall lead you through all the concepts involved in OOP Composition.

A class called Author as shown in the class diagram is designed to model a book's author. It contains:

Three private instance variables: name String, email String, and gender char of either 'm' or 'f';
One constructor to initialize the name, email and gender with the given values;

publicAuthor(Stringname,Stringemail,chargender){......}

There is no default constructor for Author, as there are no defaults for name, email and gender.
public getters/setters: getName(), getEmail(), setEmail(), and getGender();
There are no setters for name and gender, as these attributes cannot be changed.
A toString() method that returns "Author[name=?,email=?,gender=?]", e.g., "Author[name=Tan Ah
Teck,email=ahTeck@somewhere.com,gender=m]".

Write the Author class. Also write a test driver called TestAuthor to test all the public methods, e.g.,

AuthorahTeck=newAuthor("TanAhTeck","ahteck@nowhere.com",'m');//Testtheconstructor
System.out.println(ahTeck);//TesttoString()
 ahTeck.setEmail("paulTan@nowhere.com");//Testsetter
System.out.println("nameis:"+ahTeck.getName());//Testgetter
System.out.println("eamilis:"+ahTeck.getEmail());//Testgetter
System.out.println("genderis:"+ahTeck.getGender());//TestgExerciseOOP_MyPolynomial.pngetter

A class called Book is designed as shown in the class diagram to model a book written by one author. It contains:

Four private instance variables: name String, author of the class Author you have just created, assume that a
book has one and only one author, price double, and qty int;
Two constructors:

publicBook(Stringname,Authorauthor,doubleprice){......}
publicBook(Stringname,Authorauthor,doubleprice,intqty){......}

public methods getName(), getAuthor(), getPrice(), setPrice(), getQty(), setQty().

A toString() that returns "Book[name=?,Author[name=?,email=?,gender=?],price=?,qty=?". You should
reuse Authors toString().

Write the Book class which uses the Author class written earlier. Also write a test driver called TestBook to test all the
public methods in the class Book. Take Note that you have to construct an instance of Author before you can construct
an instance of Book. E.g.,

//Constructanauthorinstance
AuthorahTeck=newAuthor("TanAhTeck","ahteck@nowhere.com",'m');
System.out.println(ahTeck);//Author'stoString()

BookdummyBook=newBook("Javafordummy",ahTeck,19.95,99);//TestBook'sConstructor
System.out.println(dummyBook);//TestBook'stoString()

//TestGettersandSetters
dummyBook.setPrice(29.95);
dummyBook.setQty(28);
System.out.println("nameis:"+dummyBook.getName());
System.out.println("priceis:"+dummyBook.getPrice());
System.out.println("qtyis:"+dummyBook.getQty());
System.out.println("Authoris:"+dummyBook.getAuthor());//Author'stoString()
System.out.println("Author'snameis:"+dummyBook.getAuthor().getName());
System.out.println("Author'semailis:"+dummyBook.getAuthor().getEmail());

//UseananonymousinstanceofAuthortoconstructaBookinstance
BookanotherBook=newBook("moreJava",
 newAuthor("PaulTan","paul@somewhere.com",'m'),29.95);
System.out.println(anotherBook);//toString()

Take note that both Book and Author classes have a variable called name. However, it can be differentiated via the
referencing instance. For a Book instance says aBook, aBook.name refers to the name of the book; whereas for an Author's
instance say auAuthor, anAuthor.name refers to the name of the author. There is no need and not recommended to call
the variables bookName and authorName.

TRY:
1. Printing the name and email of the author from a Book instance. Hint: aBook.getAuthor().getName(),
aBook.getAuthor().getEmail().

2. Introduce new methods called getAuthorName(), getAuthorEmail(), getAuthorGender() in the Book class to
return the name, email and gender of the author of the book. For example,

publicStringgetAuthorName(){
returnauthor.getName();
//cannotuseauthor.nameasnameisprivateinAuthorclass
}

2.2Exercise Advanced: Book and Author Classes Again An Array of Objects

as an Instance Variable

In the earlier exercise, a book is written by one and only one author. In reality, a book can be written by one or more
author. Modify the Book class to support one or more authors by changing the instance variable authors to an Author
array.

Notes:
The constructors take an array of Author i.e., Author[], instead of an Author instance. In this design, once a Book
instance is constructor, you cannot add or remove author.
The toString() method shall return "Book[name=?,authors=
{Author[name=?,email=?,gender=?],......},price=?,qty=?]".

You are required to:

1. Write the code for the Book class. You shall reuse the Author class written earlier.
2. Write a test driver called TestBook to test the Book class.

Hints:

//DeclareandallocateanarrayofAuthors
Author[]authors=newAuthor[2];
 authors[0]=newAuthor("TanAhTeck","AhTeck@somewhere.com",'m');
authors[1]=newAuthor("PaulTan","Paul@nowhere.com",'m');

//DeclareandallocateaBookinstance
BookjavaDummy=newBook("JavaforDummy",authors,19.99,99);
System.out.println(javaDummy);//toString()

2.3Ex: The MyPoint Class

A class called MyPoint, which models a 2D point with x and y coordinates, is designed as shown in the class diagram. It
contains:
Two instance variables x int and y int.
A default or "noargument" or "noarg" constructor that construct a point at the default location of (0,0).
A overloaded constructor that constructs a point with the given x and y coordinates.
Getter and setter for the instance variables x and y.
A method setXY() to set both x and y.
A method getXY() which returns the x and y in a 2element int array.

A toString() method that returns a string description of the instance in the format "(x,y)".
A method called distance(intx,inty) that returns the distance from this point to another point at the given
(x,y) coordinates, e.g.,

MyPointp1=newMyPoint(3,4);
System.out.println(p1.distance(5,6));

An overloaded distance(MyPointanother) that returns the distance from this point to the given MyPoint instance
called another, e.g.,

MyPointp1=newMyPoint(3,4);
MyPointp2=newMyPoint(5,6);
System.out.println(p1.distance(p2));

Another overloaded distance() method that returns the distance from this point to the origin (0,0), e.g.,

MyPointp1=newMyPoint(3,4);
System.out.println(p1.distance());

You are required to:

1. Write the code for the class MyPoint. Also write a test program called TestMyPoint to test all the methods defined
in the class.
Hints:

//Overloadingmethoddistance()
 //Thisversiontakestwointsasarguments
publicdoubledistance(intx,inty){
intxDiff=this.xx;
intyDiff=......
returnMath.sqrt(xDiff*xDiff+yDiff*yDiff);
}

//ThisversiontakesaMyPointinstanceasargument
publicdoubledistance(MyPointanother){
intxDiff=this.xanother.x;
.......
}

//Testprogramtotestallconstructorsandpublicmethods
MyPointp1=newMyPoint();//Testconstructor
System.out.println(p1);//TesttoString()
p1.setX(8);//Testsetters
p1.setY(6);
System.out.println("xis:"+p1.getX());//Testgetters
System.out.println("yis:"+p1.getY());
p1.setXY(3,0);//TestsetXY()
System.out.println(p1.getXY()[0]);//TestgetXY()
System.out.println(p1.getXY()[1]);
System.out.println(p1);

MyPointp2=newMyPoint(0,4);//Testanotherconstructor
System.out.println(p2);
//Testingtheoverloadedmethodsdistance()
System.out.println(p1.distance(p2));//whichversion?
System.out.println(p2.distance(p1));//whichversion?
System.out.println(p1.distance(5,6));//whichversion?
System.out.println(p1.distance());//whichversion?

2. Write a program that allocates 10 points in an array of MyPoint, and initializes to (1,1), (2,2), ... (10,10).
Hints: You need to allocate the array, as well as each of the 10 MyPoint instances. In other words, you need to issue
11 new, 1 for the array and 10 for the MyPoint instances.

MyPoint[]points=newMyPoint[10];//DeclareandallocateanarrayofMyPoint
for(inti=0;i<points.length;i++){
points[i]=newMyPoint(...);//AllocateeachofMyPointinstances
}
//usealooptoprintallthepoints

Notes: Point is such a common entity that JDK certainly provided for in all flavors.

2.4Ex: The MyCircle and MyPoint Classes

A class called MyCircle, which models a circle with a center (x,y) and a radius, is designed as shown in the class
diagram. The MyCircle class uses an instance of MyPoint class created in the previous exercise as its center.

The class contains:

Two private instance variables: center an instance of MyPoint and radius int.

A constructor that constructs a circle with the given center's x, y and radius.

An overloaded constructor that constructs a MyCircle given a MyPoint instance as center, and radius.
A default constructor that construct a circle with center at (0,0) and radius of 1.

Various getters and setters.

A toString() method that returns a string description of this instance in the format "MyCircle[radius=r,center=
(x,y)]". You shall reuse the toString() of MyPoint.

getArea() and getCircumference() methods that return the area and circumference of this circle in double.

A distance(MyCircleanother) method that returns the distance of the centers from this instance and the given
MyCircle instance. You should use MyPoints distance() method to compute this distance.

Write the MyCircle class. Also write a test driver called TestMyCircle to test all the public methods defined in the class.

Hints:

//Constructors
publicMyCircle(intx,inty,intradius){
//NeedtoconstructaninstanceofMyPointforthevariablecenter
center=newMyPoint(x,y);
this.radius=radius;
}
publicMyCircle(MyPointcenter,intradius){
//AninstanceofMyPointalreadyconstructedbycaller;simplyassign.
this.center=center;
......
}
publicMyCircle(){
center=newMyPoint(.....);//constructMyPointinstance
this.radius=......
}

//ReturnsthexcoordinateofthecenterofthisMyCircle
publicintgetCenterX(){
returncenter.getX();//cannotusecenter.xandxisprivateinMyPoint
 }

//ReturnsthedistanceofthecenterforthisMyCircleandanotherMyCircle
publicdoubledistance(MyCircleanother){
returncenter.distance(another.center);//usedistance()ofMyPoint
}

2.5Ex: The MyTriangle and MyPoint Classes

A class called MyTriangle, which models a triangle with 3 vertices, is designed as shown. The MyTriangle class uses three
MyPoint instances created in the earlier exercise as its three vertices.

It contains:
Three private instance variables v1, v2, v3 instances of MyPoint, for the three vertices.
A constructor that constructs a MyTriangle with three set of coordinates, v1=(x1,y1), v2=(x2,y2), v3=(x3,y3).

An overloaded constructor that constructs a MyTriangle given three instances of MyPoint.

A toString() method that returns a string description of the instance in the format "MyTriangle[v1=(x1,y1),v2=
(x2,y2),v3=(x3,y3)]".

A getPerimeter() method that returns the length of the perimeter in double. You should use the distance()
method of MyPoint to compute the perimeter.
A method printType(), which prints "equilateral" if all the three sides are equal, "isosceles" if any two of the
three sides are equal, or "scalene" if the three sides are different.

Write the MyTriangle class. Also write a test driver called TestMyTriangle to test all the public methods defined in
the class.

2.6Ex: The MyRectangle and MyPoint Classes

Design a MyRectangle class which is composed of two MyPoint instances as its topleft and bottomright corners. Draw
the class diagrams, write the codes, and write the test drivers.

2.7Ex: The Customer and Invoice classes

The Customer class models a customer is design as shown in the class diagram. Write the codes for the Customer class
and a test driver to test all the public methods.

The Invoice class, design as shown in the class diagram, composes a Customer instance written earlier as its member.
Write the codes for the Invoice class and a test driver to test all the public methods.

2.8Ex: The Customer and Account classes

The Customer class models a customer is design as shown in the class diagram. Write the codes for the Customer class
and a test driver to test all the public methods.
The Account class models a bank account, design as shown in the class diagram, composes a Customer instance written
earlier as its member. Write the codes for the Account class and a test driver to test all the public methods.

3.More Exercises on Classes

3.1Ex: The MyComplex class

A class called MyComplex, which models complex numbers x+yi, is designed as shown in the class diagram. It contains:

Two instance variable named real double and imag double which stores the real and imaginary parts of the
complex number, respectively.
A constructor that creates a MyComplex instance with the given real and imaginary values.

A default constructor that create a MyComplex at 0.0+0.0i.

Getters and setters for instance variables real and imag.

A method setValue() to set the value of the complex number.

A toString() that returns "(x+yi)" where x and y are the real and imaginary parts, respectively.
Methods isReal() and isImaginary() that returns true if this complex number is real or imaginary, respectively.
Hints:

return(imag==0);

A method equals(doublereal,doubleimag) that returns true if this complex number is equal to the given
complex number real, imag.
Hints:

return(this.real==real&&this.imag==imag);

An overloaded equals(MyComplex another) that returns true if this complex number is equal to the given
MyComplex instance another.
Hints:

return(this.real==another.real&&this.imag==another.imag);

A method magnitude() that returns the magnitude of this complex number.

magnitude(x+yi)=Math.sqrt(x*x+y*y)

Methods argument() that returns the argument of this complex number in radians double.

arg(x+yi)=Math.atan2(y,x)(inradians)

Note: The Math library has two arctangent methods, Math.atan(double) and Math.atan2(double,double). We
commonly use the Math.atan2(y, x) instead of Math.atan(y/x) to avoid division by zero. Read the
documentation of Math class in package java.lang.

Methods add(MyComplexright) and subtract(MyComplexright) that adds and subtract the given MyComplex
instance called right, into/from this instance and returns this instance.

(a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i
(a+bi)(c+di)=(ac)+(bd)i

Hints:

returnthis;//return"this"instance

Methods addNew(MyComplexright) and subtractNew(MyComplexright) that adds and subtract this instance
with the given MyComplex instance called right, and returns a new MyComplex instance containing the result.
Hint:

//constructanewinstanceandreturntheconstructedinstance
returnnewMyComplex(...,...);

Methods multiply(MyComplexright) and divide(MyComplexright) that multiplies and divides this instance
with the given MyComplex instance right, and keeps the result in this instance, and returns this instance.

(a+bi)*(c+di)=(acbd)+(ad+bc)i
(a+bi)/(c+di)=[(a+bi)*(cdi)]/(c*c+d*d)

A method conjugate() that operates on this instance and returns this instance containing the complex conjugate.

conjugate(x+yi)=xyi
You are required to:
1. Write the MyComplex class.
2. Write a test driver to test all the public methods defined in the class.
3. Write an application called MyComplexApp that uses the MyComplex class. The application shall prompt the user for
two complex numbers, print their values, check for real, imaginary and equality, and carry out all the arithmetic
operations.

Entercomplexnumber1(realandimaginarypart):1.12.2
Entercomplexnumber2(realandimaginarypart):3.34.4

Number1is:(1.1+2.2i)
(1.1+2.2i)isNOTapurerealnumber
(1.1+2.2i)isNOTapureimaginarynumber

Number2is:(3.3+4.4i)
(3.3+4.4i)isNOTapurerealnumber
(3.3+4.4i)isNOTapureimaginarynumber

(1.1+2.2i)isNOTequalto(3.3+4.4i)
(1.1+2.2i)+(3.3+4.4i)=(4.4+6.6000000000000005i)
(1.1+2.2i)(3.3+4.4i)=(2.1999999999999997+2.2i)

Take note that there are a few flaws in the design of this class, which was introduced solely for teaching purpose:
Comparing doubles in equal() using "==" may produce unexpected outcome. For example, (2.2+4.4)==6.6 returns
false. It is common to define a small threshold called EPSILON set to about 10^8 for comparing floating point
numbers.
The method addNew(), subtractNew() produce new instances, whereas add(), subtract(), multiply(), divide()
and conjugate() modify this instance. There is inconsistency in the design introduced for teaching purpose.

Also take note that methods such as add() returns an instance of MyComplex. Hence, you can place the result inside a
System.out.println() which implicitly invoke the toString(). You can also chain the operations, e.g.,
c1.add(c2).add(c3) same as (c1.add(c2)).add(c3)), or c1.add(c2).subtract(c3).

3.2Ex: The MyPolynomial Class

A class called MyPolynomial, which models polynomials of degreen see equation, is designed as shown in the class
diagram.

It contains:
An instance variable named coeffs, which stores the coefficients of the ndegree polynomial in a double array of size
n+1, where c0 is kept at index 0.

A constructor MyPolynomial(coeffs:double...) that takes a variable number of doubles to initialize the coeffs
array, where the first argument corresponds to c0.
The three dots is known as varargs variable number of arguments, which is a new feature introduced in JDK 1.5. It
accepts an array or a sequence of commaseparated arguments. The compiler automatically packs the comma
 separated arguments in an array. The three dots can only be used for the last argument of the method.
Hints:

publicclassMyPolynomial{
privatedouble[]coeffs;
publicMyPolynomial(double...coeffs){//varargs
this.coeffs=coeffs;//varargsistreatedasarray
}
......
}

//Testprogram
//Caninvokewithavariablenumberofarguments
MyPolynomialp1=newMyPolynomial(1.1,2.2,3.3);
MyPolynomialp1=newMyPolynomial(1.1,2.2,3.3,4.4,5.5);
//Canalsoinvokewithanarray
Doublecoeffs={1.2,3.4,5.6,7.8}
MyPolynomialp2=newMyPolynomial(coeffs);

A method getDegree() that returns the degree of this polynomial.

A method toString() that returns "cnx^n+cn1x^n1+...+c1x+c0".

A method evaluate(doublex) that evaluate the polynomial for the given x, by substituting the given x into the
polynomial expression.
Methods add() and multiply() that adds and multiplies this polynomial with the given MyPolynomial instance
another, and returns this instance that contains the result.

Write the MyPolynomial class. Also write a test driver called TestMyPolynomial to test all the public methods defined
in the class.

Question: Do you need to keep the degree of the polynomial as an instance variable in the MyPolynomial class in Java?
How about C/C++? Why?

3.3Ex: Using JDK's BigInteger Class

Recall that primitive integer type byte, short, int and long represent 8, 16, 32, and 64bit signed integers,
respectively. You cannot use them for integers bigger than 64 bits. Java API provides a class called BigInteger in a
package called java.math. Study the API of the BigInteger class Java API From "Packages", choose "java.math" "
From "classes", choose "BigInteger" " Study the constructors choose "CONSTR" on how to construct a BigInteger
instance, and the public methods available choose "METHOD". Look for methods for adding and multiplying two
BigIntegers.

Write a program called TestBigInteger that:

1. adds "11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111" to
"22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222" and prints the result.
2. multiplies the above two number and prints the result.

Hints:

importjava.math.BigInteger
publicclassTestBigInteger{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
BigIntegeri1=newBigInteger(...);
BigIntegeri2=newBigInteger(...);
System.out.println(i1.add(i2));
.......
}
}

3.4Ex: The MyTime Class

A class called MyTime, which models a time instance, is designed as shown in the class diagram.

It contains the following private instance variables:

hour: between 0 to 23.
minute: between 0 to 59.

Second: between 0 to 59.

You are required to perform input validation.

It contains the following public methods:

setTime(int hour, int minute, int second): It shall check if the given hour, minute and second are valid
before setting the instance variables.
Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid hour, minute, or
second!".
Setters setHour(inthour), setMinute(int minute), setSecond(int second): It shall check if the parameters
are valid, similar to the above.
Getters getHour(), getMinute(), getSecond().

toString(): returns "HH:MM:SS".

nextSecond(): Update this instance to the next second and return this instance. Take note that the nextSecond() of
23:59:59 is 00:00:00.

nextMinute(), nextHour(), previousSecond(), previousMinute(), previousHour(): similar to the above.

Write the code for the MyTime class. Also write a test driver called TestMyTime to test all the public methods defined in
the MyTime class.

3.5Ex: The MyDate Class

A class called MyDate, which models a date instance, is defined as shown in the class diagram.

The MyDate class contains the following private instance variables:

year int: Between 1 to 9999.

month int: Between 1 Jan to 12 Dec.

day int: Between 1 to 28|29|30|31, where the last day depends on the month and whether it is a leap year for Feb
28|29.

It also contains the following private static variables drawn with underlined in the class diagram:

strMonths String[], strDays String[], and dayInMonths int[]: static variables, initialized as shown, which
are used in the methods.

The MyDate class has the following public static methods drawn with underlined in the class diagram:

isLeapYear(intyear): returns true if the given year is a leap year. A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not
by 100, or it is divisible by 400.
isValidDate(intyear,intmonth,intday): returns true if the given year, month, and day constitute a valid
date. Assume that year is between 1 and 9999, month is between 1 Jan to 12 Dec and day shall be between 1 and
28|29|30|31 depending on the month and whether it is a leap year on Feb.

getDayOfWeek(intyear,intmonth,intday): returns the day of the week, where 0 for Sun, 1 for Mon, ..., 6 for
Sat, for the given date. Assume that the date is valid. Read the earlier exercise on how to determine the day of the
week or Wiki "Determination of the day of the week".

The MyDate class has one constructor, which takes 3 parameters: year, month and day. It shall invoke setDate() method
to be described later to set the instance variables.

The MyDate class has the following public methods:

setDate(intyear,intmonth,intday): It shall invoke the static method isValidDate() to verify that the
given year, month and day constitute a valid date.
 Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid year, month, or day!".

setYear(intyear): It shall verify that the given year is between 1 and 9999.
Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid year!".
setMonth(intmonth): It shall verify that the given month is between 1 and 12.
Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid month!".

setDay(intday): It shall verify that the given day is between 1 and dayMax, where dayMax depends on the month
and whether it is a leap year for Feb.
Advanced: Otherwise, it shall throw an IllegalArgumentException with the message "Invalid month!".
getYear(), getMonth(), getDay(): return the value for the year, month and day, respectively.
toString(): returns a date string in the format "xxxdaydmmmyyyy", e.g., "Tuesday 14 Feb 2012".

nextDay(): update this instance to the next day and return this instance. Take note that nextDay() for 31 Dec
2000 shall be 1Jan2001.
nextMonth(): update this instance to the next month and return this instance. Take note that nextMonth() for 31
Oct2012 shall be 30Nov2012.

nextYear(): update this instance to the next year and return this instance. Take note that nextYear() for 29Feb
2012 shall be 28Feb2013.
Advanced: throw an IllegalStateException with the message "Year out of range!" if year > 9999.
previousDay(), previousMonth(), previousYear(): similar to the above.

Write the code for the MyDate class.

Use the following test statements to test the MyDate class:

MyDated1=newMyDate(2012,2,28);
System.out.println(d1);//Tuesday28Feb2012
System.out.println(d1.nextDay());//Wednesday29Feb2012
System.out.println(d1.nextDay());//Thursday1Mar2012
System.out.println(d1.nextMonth());//Sunday1Apr2012
System.out.println(d1.nextYear());//Monday1Apr2013

MyDated2=newMyDate(2012,1,2);
System.out.println(d2);//Monday2Jan2012
System.out.println(d2.previousDay());//Sunday1Jan2012
System.out.println(d2.previousDay());//Saturday31Dec2011
System.out.println(d2.previousMonth());//Wednesday30Nov2011
System.out.println(d2.previousYear());//Tuesday30Nov2010

MyDated3=newMyDate(2012,2,29);
System.out.println(d3.previousYear());//Monday28Feb2011

//MyDated4=newMyDate(2099,11,31);//Invalidyear,month,orday!
//MyDated5=newMyDate(2011,2,29);//Invalidyear,month,orday!

Write a test program that tests the nextDay() in a loop, by printing the dates from 28Dec2011 to 2Mar2012.

3.6Ex: Bouncing Balls Ball and Container Classes

A class called Ball is designed as shown in the class diagram.

The Ball class contains the following private instance variables:

x, y and radius, which represent the ball's center (x,y) coordinates and the radius, respectively.

xDelta x and yDelta y, which represent the displacement movement per step, in the x and y direction
respectively.

The Ball class contains the following public methods:

A constructor which accepts x, y, radius, speed, and direction as arguments. For user friendliness, user specifies
speed in pixels per step and direction in degrees in the range of (180,180]. For the internal operations, the
speed and direction are to be converted to (x,y) in the internal representation. Note that the yaxis of the Java
graphics coordinate system is inverted, i.e., the origin (0,0) is located at the topleft corner.

x=dcos()
y=dsin()

Getter and setter for all the instance variables.

A method move() which move the ball by one step.

x+=x
y+=y

reflectHorizontal() which reflects the ball horizontally i.e., hitting a vertical wall

x=x
ynochanges
 reflectVertical() the ball hits a horizontal wall.

xnochanges
y=y

toString() which prints the message "Ballat(x,y)ofvelocity(x,y)".

Write the Ball class. Also write a test program to test all the methods defined in the class.

A class called Container, which represents the enclosing box for the ball, is designed as shown in the class diagram. It
contains:
Instance variables (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) which denote the topleft and bottomright corners of the rectangular
box.
A constructor which accepts (x,y) of the topleft corner, width and height as argument, and converts them into
the internal representation i.e., x2=x1+width1. Width and height is used in the argument for safer operation
there is no need to check the validity of x2>x1 etc..
A toString() method that returns "Containerat(x1,y1)to(x2,y2)".

A boolean method called collidesWith(Ball), which check if the given Ball is outside the bounds of the container
box. If so, it invokes the Ball's reflectHorizontal() and/or reflectVertical() to change the movement
direction of the ball, and returns true.

publicbooleancollidesWith(Ballball){
if(ball.getX()ball.getRadius()<=this.x1||
ball.getX()ball.getRadius()>=this.x2){
ball.reflectHorizontal();
returntrue;
}
......
}

Use the following statements to test your program:

Ballball=newBall(50,50,5,10,30);
Containerbox=newContainer(0,0,100,100);
for(intstep=0;step<100;++step){
ball.move();
box.collidesWith(ball);
System.out.println(ball);//manualcheckthepositionoftheball
}

3.7Ex: The Ball and Player Classes

The Ball class, which models the ball in a soccer game, is designed as shown in the class diagram. Write the codes for the
Ball class and a test driver to test all the public methods.

The Player class, which models the players in a soccer game, is designed as shown in the class diagram. The Player
interacts with the Ball written earlier. Write the codes for the Player class and a test driver to test all the public
methods. Make your assumption for the kick().

Can you write a very simple soccer game with 2 teams of players and a ball, inside a soccer field?

4.Exercises on Inheritance

4.1Ex: The Circle and Cylinder Classes

This exercise shall guide you through the important concepts in inheritance.
In this exercise, a subclass called Cylinder is derived from the superclass Circle as shown in the class diagram where an
an arrow pointing up from the subclass to its superclass. Study how the subclass Cylinder invokes the superclass'
constructors via super() and super(radius) and inherits the variables and methods from the superclass Circle.

You can reuse the Circle class that you have created in the previous exercise. Make sure that you keep "Circle.class"
in the same directory.

publicclassCylinderextendsCircle{//Saveas"Cylinder.java"
privatedoubleheight;//privatevariable

//Constructorwithdefaultcolor,radiusandheight
publicCylinder(){
super();//callsuperclassnoargconstructorCircle()
height=1.0;
}
//Constructorwithdefaultradius,colorbutgivenheight
publicCylinder(doubleheight){
super();//callsuperclassnoargconstructorCircle()
this.height=height;
}
//Constructorwithdefaultcolor,butgivenradius,height
publicCylinder(doubleradius,doubleheight){
super(radius);//callsuperclassconstructorCircle(r)
this.height=height;
}

//Apublicmethodforretrievingtheheight
publicdoublegetHeight(){
returnheight;
}

//Apublicmethodforcomputingthevolumeofcylinder
//usesuperclassmethodgetArea()togetthebasearea
publicdoublegetVolume(){
returngetArea()*height;
}
 }

Write a test program says TestCylinder to test the Cylinder class created, as follow:

publicclassTestCylinder{//saveas"TestCylinder.java"
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
//Declareandallocateanewinstanceofcylinder
//withdefaultcolor,radius,andheight
Cylinderc1=newCylinder();
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+"radius="+c1.getRadius()
+"height="+c1.getHeight()
+"basearea="+c1.getArea()
+"volume="+c1.getVolume());

//Declareandallocateanewinstanceofcylinder
//specifyingheight,withdefaultcolorandradius
Cylinderc2=newCylinder(10.0);
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+"radius="+c2.getRadius()
+"height="+c2.getHeight()
+"basearea="+c2.getArea()
+"volume="+c2.getVolume());

//Declareandallocateanewinstanceofcylinder
//specifyingradiusandheight,withdefaultcolor
Cylinderc3=newCylinder(2.0,10.0);
System.out.println("Cylinder:"
+"radius="+c3.getRadius()
+"height="+c3.getHeight()
+"basearea="+c3.getArea()
+"volume="+c3.getVolume());
}
}

Method Overriding and "Super": The subclass Cylinder inherits getArea() method from its superclass Circle.
Try overriding the getArea() method in the subclass Cylinder to compute the surface area =2radiusheight +
2basearea of the cylinder instead of base area. That is, if getArea() is called by a Circle instance, it returns the area. If
getArea() is called by a Cylinder instance, it returns the surface area of the cylinder.

If you override the getArea() in the subclass Cylinder, the getVolume() no longer works. This is because the
getVolume() uses the overridden getArea() method found in the same class. Java runtime will search the superclass
only if it cannot locate the method in this class. Fix the getVolume().

Hints: After overridding the getArea() in subclass Cylinder, you can choose to invoke the getArea() of the superclass
Circle by calling super.getArea().

TRY:

Provide a toString() method to the Cylinder class, which overrides the toString() inherited from the superclass
Circle, e.g.,

@Override
publicStringtoString(){//inCylinderclass
return"Cylinder:subclassof"+super.toString()//useCircle'stoString()
+"height="+height;
}

Try out the toString() method in TestCylinder.

Note: @Override is known as annotation introduced in JDK 1.5, which asks compiler to check whether there is such a
method in the superclass to be overridden. This helps greatly if you misspell the name of the toString(). If @Override is
not used and toString() is misspelled as ToString(), it will be treated as a new method in the subclass, instead of
overriding the superclass. If @Override is used, the compiler will signal an error. @Override annotation is optional, but
certainly nice to have.

4.2Ex: Superclass Person and its subclasses

4.3Ex: Point2D and Point3D
4.4Ex: Point and MovablePoint
4.5Ex: Superclass Shape and its subclasses Circle, Rectangle and Square

Write a superclass called Shape as shown in the class diagram, which contains:

Two instance variables color String and filled boolean.

Two constructors: a noarg noargument constructor that initializes the color to "green" and filled to true, and a
constructor that initializes the color and filled to the given values.

Getter and setter for all the instance variables. By convention, the getter for a boolean variable xxx is called isXXX()
instead of getXxx() for all the other types.
A toString() method that returns "AShapewithcolorofxxxandfilled/Notfilled".
Write a test program to test all the methods defined in Shape.

Write two subclasses of Shape called Circle and Rectangle, as shown in the class diagram.

The Circle class contains:

An instance variable radius double.

Three constructors as shown. The noarg constructor initializes the radius to 1.0.

Getter and setter for the instance variable radius.

Methods getArea() and getPerimeter().

Override the toString() method inherited, to return "A Circle with radius=xxx, which is a subclass of
yyy", where yyy is the output of the toString() method from the superclass.

The Rectangle class contains:

Two instance variables width double and length double.

Three constructors as shown. The noarg constructor initializes the width and length to 1.0.
Getter and setter for all the instance variables.
Methods getArea() and getPerimeter().
Override the toString() method inherited, to return "A Rectangle with width=xxx and length=zzz, which
isasubclassofyyy", where yyy is the output of the toString() method from the superclass.

Write a class called Square, as a subclass of Rectangle. Convince yourself that Square can be modeled as a subclass of
Rectangle. Square has no instance variable, but inherits the instance variables width and length from its superclass
Rectangle.
Provide the appropriate constructors as shown in the class diagram. Hint:

publicSquare(doubleside){
super(side,side);//CallsuperclassRectangle(double,double)
}

Override the toString() method to return "ASquarewithside=xxx,whichisasubclassofyyy", where

yyy is the output of the toString() method from the superclass.

Do you need to override the getArea() and getPerimeter()? Try them out.
Override the setLength() and setWidth() to change both the width and length, so as to maintain the square
geometry.

5.Exercises on Composition vs Inheritance

They are two ways to reuse a class in your applications: composition and inheritance.

5.1Ex: The Point and Line Classes

Let us begin with composition with the statement "a line composes of two points".

Complete the definition of the following two classes: Point and Line. The class Line composes 2 instances of class
Point, representing the beginning and ending points of the line. Also write test classes for Point and Line says
TestPoint and TestLine.

publicclassPoint{
//Privatevariables
privateintx;//xcoordinate
privateinty;//ycoordinate

//Constructor
publicPoint(intx,inty){......}

//Publicmethods
publicStringtoString(){
return"Point:("+x+","+y+")";
}

publicintgetX(){......}
publicintgetY(){......}
publicvoidsetX(intx){......}
publicvoidsetY(inty){......}
publicvoidsetXY(intx,inty){......}
}

publicclassTestPoint{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
Pointp1=newPoint(10,20);//ConstructaPoint
System.out.println(p1);
//Trysettingp1to(100,10).
......
}
}

publicclassLine{
//Alinecomposesoftwopoints(asinstancevariables)
privatePointbegin;//beginningpoint
privatePointend;//endingpoint

//Constructors
publicLine(Pointbegin,Pointend){//callertoconstructthePoints
this.begin=begin;
......
}
publicLine(intbeginX,intbeginY,intendX,intendY){
begin=newPoint(beginX,beginY);//constructthePointshere
......
}

//Publicmethods
publicStringtoString(){......}

publicPointgetBegin(){......}
publicPointgetEnd(){......}
publicvoidsetBegin(......){......}
publicvoidsetEnd(......){......}

publicintgetBeginX(){......}
publicintgetBeginY(){......}
publicintgetEndX(){......}
publicintgetEndY(){......}

publicvoidsetBeginX(......){......}
publicvoidsetBeginY(......){......}
publicvoidsetBeginXY(......){......}
publicvoidsetEndX(......){......}
publicvoidsetEndY(......){......}
publicvoidsetEndXY(......){......}

publicintgetLength(){......}//Lengthoftheline
//Math.sqrt(xDiff*xDiff+yDiff*yDiff)
publicdoublegetGradient(){......}//Gradientinradians
//Math.atan2(yDiff,xDiff)
}

publicclassTestLine{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
Linel1=newLine(0,0,3,4);
System.out.println(l1);

Pointp1=newPoint(...);
Pointp2=newPoint(...);
Linel2=newLine(p1,p2);
System.out.println(l2);
...
}
 }

The class diagram for composition is as follows where a diamondhollowhead arrow pointing to its constituents:

Instead of composition, we can design a Line class using inheritance. Instead of "a line composes of two points", we can
say that "a line is a point extended by another point", as shown in the following class diagram:

Let's redesign the Line class called LineSub as a subclass of class Point. LineSub inherits the starting point from its
superclass Point, and adds an ending point. Complete the class definition. Write a testing class called TestLineSub to
test LineSub.

publicclassLineSubextendsPoint{
//Alineneedstwopoints:beginandend.
//ThebeginpointisinheritedfromitssuperclassPoint.
//Privatevariables
Pointend;//Endingpoint

//Constructors
publicLineSub(intbeginX,intbeginY,intendX,intendY){
super(beginX,beginY);//constructthebeginPoint
this.end=newPoint(endX,endY);//constructtheendPoint
}
publicLineSub(Pointbegin,Pointend){//callertoconstructthePoints
super(begin.getX(),begin.getY());//needtoreconstructthebeginPoint
this.end=end;
}

//Publicmethods
//InheritsmethodsgetX()andgetY()fromsuperclassPoint
publicStringtoString(){...}

publicPointgetBegin(){...}
publicPointgetEnd(){...}
publicvoidsetBegin(...){...}
publicvoidsetEnd(...){...}

publicintgetBeginX(){...}
publicintgetBeginY(){...}
publicintgetEndX(){...}
publicintgetEndY(){...}

publicvoidsetBeginX(...){...}
publicvoidsetBeginY(...){...}
publicvoidsetBeginXY(...){...}
publicvoidsetEndX(...){...}
publicvoidsetEndY(...){...}
publicvoidsetEndXY(...){...}

publicintgetLength(){...}//Lengthoftheline
publicdoublegetGradient(){...}//Gradientinradians
}
Summary: There are two approaches that you can design a line, composition or inheritance. "A line composes two
points" or "A line is a point extended with another point". Compare the Line and LineSub designs: Line uses
composition and LineSub uses inheritance. Which design is better?

5.2Ex: The Circle and Cylinder Classes Using Composition

Try rewriting the CircleCylinder of the previous exercise using composition as shown in the class diagram instead of
inheritance. That is, "a cylinder is composed of a base circle and a height".

publicclassCylinder{
privateCirclebase;//Basecircle,aninstanceofCircleclass
privatedoubleheight;

//Constructorwithdefaultcolor,radiusandheight
publicCylinder(){
base=newCircle();//CalltheconstructortoconstructtheCircle
height=1.0;
}
......
}

Which design inheritance or composition is better?

6.Exercises on Polymorphism, Abstract Classes and Interfaces

6.1Ex: Abstract Superclass Shape and Its Concrete Subclasses

Rewrite the superclass Shape and its subclasses Circle, Rectangle and Square, as shown in the class diagram.
In this exercise, Shape shall be defined as an abstract class, which contains:

Two protected instance variables colorString and filledboolean. The protected variables can be accessed by
its subclasses and classes in the same package. They are denoted with a '#' sign in the class diagram.
Getter and setter for all the instance variables, and toString().

Two abstract methods getArea() and getPerimeter() shown in italics in the class diagram.

The subclasses Circle and Rectangle shall override the abstract methods getArea() and getPerimeter() and
provide the proper implementation. They also override the toString().

Write a test class to test these statements involving polymorphism and explain the outputs. Some statements may trigger
compilation errors. Explain the errors, if any.

Shapes1=newCircle(5.5,"RED",false);//UpcastCircletoShape
System.out.println(s1);//whichversion?
System.out.println(s1.getArea());//whichversion?
System.out.println(s1.getPerimeter());//whichversion?
System.out.println(s1.getColor());
 System.out.println(s1.isFilled());
System.out.println(s1.getRadius());

Circlec1=(Circle)s1;//DowncastbacktoCircle
System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c1.getArea());
System.out.println(c1.getPerimeter());
System.out.println(c1.getColor());
System.out.println(c1.isFilled());
System.out.println(c1.getRadius());

Shapes2=newShape();

Shapes3=newRectangle(1.0,2.0,"RED",false);//Upcast
System.out.println(s3);
System.out.println(s3.getArea());
System.out.println(s3.getPerimeter());
System.out.println(s3.getColor());
System.out.println(s3.getLength());

Rectangler1=(Rectangle)s3;//downcast
System.out.println(r1);
System.out.println(r1.getArea());
System.out.println(r1.getColor());
System.out.println(r1.getLength());

Shapes4=newSquare(6.6);//Upcast
System.out.println(s4);
System.out.println(s4.getArea());
System.out.println(s4.getColor());
System.out.println(s4.getSide());

//TakenotethatwedowncastShapes4toRectangle,
//whichisasuperclassofSquare,insteadofSquare
Rectangler2=(Rectangle)s4;
System.out.println(r2);
System.out.println(r2.getArea());
System.out.println(r2.getColor());
System.out.println(r2.getSide());
System.out.println(r2.getLength());

//DowncastRectangler2toSquare
Squaresq1=(Square)r2;
System.out.println(sq1);
System.out.println(sq1.getArea());
System.out.println(sq1.getColor());
System.out.println(sq1.getSide());
System.out.println(sq1.getLength());

What is the usage of the abstract method and abstract class?

6.2Ex: Polymorphism
Examine the following codes and draw the class diagram.

abstractpublicclassAnimal{
abstractpublicvoidgreeting();
}

publicclassCatextendsAnimal{
@Override
publicvoidgreeting(){
System.out.println("Meow!");
}
}

publicclassDogextendsAnimal{
@Override
publicvoidgreeting(){
 System.out.println("Woof!");
}

publicvoidgreeting(Doganother){
System.out.println("Woooooooooof!");
}
}

publicclassBigDogextendsDog{
@Override
publicvoidgreeting(){
System.out.println("Woow!");
}

@Override
publicvoidgreeting(Doganother){
System.out.println("Woooooowwwww!");
}
}

Explain the outputs or error for the following test program.

publicclassTestAnimal{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
//Usingthesubclasses
Catcat1=newCat();
cat1.greeting();
Dogdog1=newDog();
dog1.greeting();
BigDogbigDog1=newBigDog();
bigDog1.greeting();

//UsingPolymorphism
Animalanimal1=newCat();
animal1.greeting();
Animalanimal2=newDog();
animal2.greeting();
Animalanimal3=newBigDog();
animal3.greeting();
Animalanimal4=newAnimal();

//Downcast
Dogdog2=(Dog)animal2;
BigDogbigDog2=(BigDog)animal3;
Dogdog3=(Dog)animal3;
Catcat2=(Cat)animal2;
dog2.greeting(dog3);
dog3.greeting(dog2);
dog2.greeting(bigDog2);
bigDog2.greeting(dog2);
bigDog2.greeting(bigDog1);
}
}

6.3Ex: Interface Movable and its implementations MovablePoint and

MovableCircle
Suppose that we have a set of objects with some common behaviors: they could move up, down, left or right. The exact
behaviors such as how to move and how far to move depend on the objects themselves. One common way to model
these common behaviors is to define an interface called Movable, with abstract methods moveUp(), moveDown(),
moveLeft() and moveRight(). The classes that implement the Movable interface will provide actual implementation to
these abstract methods.

Let's write two concrete classes MovablePoint and MovableCircle that implement the Movable interface.
The code for the interface Movable is straight forward.

publicinterfaceMovable{//savedas"Movable.java"
publicvoidmoveUp();
......
}

For the MovablePoint class, declare the instance variable x, y, xSpeed and ySpeed with package access as shown with
'~' in the class diagram i.e., classes in the same package can access these variables directly. For the MovableCircle
class, use a MovablePoint to represent its center which contains four variable x, y, xSpeed and ySpeed. In other words,
the MovableCircle composes a MovablePoint, and its radius.

publicclassMovablePointimplementsMovable{//savedas"MovablePoint.java"
//instancevariables
intx,y,xSpeed,ySpeed;//packageaccess

//Constructor
publicMovablePoint(intx,inty,intxSpeed,intySpeed){
this.x=x;
......
}
......

//ImplementabstractmethodsdeclaredintheinterfaceMovable
@Override
publicvoidmoveUp(){
y=ySpeed;//yaxispointingdownfor2Dgraphics
}
......
}

publicclassMovableCircleimplementsMovable{//savedas"MovableCircle.java"
//instancevariables
privateMovablePointcenter;//canusecenter.x,center.ydirectly
//becausetheyarepackageaccessible
privateintradius;

//Constructor
publicMovableCircle(intx,inty,intxSpeed,intySpeed,intradius){
//CalltheMovablePoint'sconstructortoallocatethecenterinstance.
center=newMovablePoint(x,y,xSpeed,ySpeed);
 ......
}
......

//ImplementabstractmethodsdeclaredintheinterfaceMovable
@Override
publicvoidmoveUp(){
center.y=center.ySpeed;
}
......
}

Write a test program and try out these statements:

Movablem1=newMovablePoint(5,6,10);//upcast
System.out.println(m1);
m1.moveLeft();
System.out.println(m1);

Movablem2=newMovableCircle(2,1,2,20);//upcast
System.out.println(m2);
m2.moveRight();
System.out.println(m2);

Write a new class called MovableRectangle, which composes two MovablePoints representing the topleft and bottom
right corners and implementing the Movable Interface. Make sure that the two points has the same speed.

What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

6.4Ex: Interfaces GeometricObject and Resizable

1. Write the interface called GeometricObject, which declares two abstract methods: getParameter() and
getArea(), as specified in the class diagram.
Hints:

publicinterfaceGeometricObject{
publicdoublegetPerimeter();
......
}

2. Write the implementation class Circle, with a protected variable radius, which implements the interface
GeometricObject.
Hints:

publicclassCircleimplementsGeometricObject{
//Privatevariable
......

//Constructor
......

//ImplementmethodsdefinedintheinterfaceGeometricObject
@Override
publicdoublegetPerimeter(){......}

......
}

3. Write a test program called TestCircle to test the methods defined in Circle.

4. The class ResizableCircle is defined as a subclass of the class Circle, which also implements an interface called
Resizable, as shown in class diagram. The interface Resizable declares an abstract method resize(), which
modifies the dimension such as radius by the given percentage. Write the interface Resizable and the class
ResizableCircle.
Hints:

publicinterfaceResizable{
publicdoubleresize(...);
}

publicclassResizableCircleextendsCircleimplementsResizeable{

//Constructor
publicResizableCircle(doubleradius){
super(...);
 }

//ImplementmethodsdefinedintheinterfaceResizable
@Override
publicdoubleresize(intpercent){......}
}

5. Write a test program called TestResizableCircle to test the methods defined in ResizableCircle.

7.More Exercises on OOP

7.1Ex: The Discount System

You are asked to write a discount system for a beauty saloon, which provides services and sells beauty products. It offers 3
types of memberships: Premium, Gold and Silver. Premium, gold and silver members receive a discount of 20%, 15%, and
10%, respectively, for all services provided. Customers without membership receive no discount. All members receives a
flat 10% discount on products purchased this might change in future. Your system shall consist of three classes:
Customer, Discount and Visit, as shown in the class diagram. It shall compute the total bill if a customer purchases $x
of products and $y of services, for a visit. Also write a test program to exercise all the classes.

The class DiscountRate contains only static variables and methods underlined in the class diagram.

7.2Ex: Polyline of Points with ArrayList

A polyline is a line with segments formed by points. Let's use the ArrayList dynamically allocated array to keep the
points, but upcast to List in the instance variable. Take note that array is of fixedlength, and you need to set the initial
length.

publicclassPoint{
privateintx;
privateinty;
publicPoint(intx,inty){......}
publicintgetX(){......}
publicintgetY(){......}
publicvoidsetX(intx){......}
publicvoidsetY(inty){......}
publicint[]getXY(){......}
publicvoidsetXY(intx,inty){......}
publicStringtoString(){......}
publicdoubledistance(Pointanother){......}
}

importjava.util.*;
publicclassPolyLine{
privateList<Point>points;//ListofPointinstances

//Constructors
publicPolyLine(){//defaultconstructor
points=newArrayList<Point>();//implementwithArrayList
}
publicPolyLine(List<Point>points){
this.points=points;
}

//Appendapoint(x,y)totheendofthispolyline
publicvoidappendPoint(intx,inty){
PointnewPoint=newPoint(x,y);
points.add(newPoint);
}

//Appendapointinstancetotheendofthispolyline
publicvoidappendPoint(Pointpoint){
points.add(point);
}

//Return{(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)....}
publicStringtoString(){
//UseaStringBuildertoefficientlybuildthereturnString
StringBuildersb=newStringBuilder("{");
for(PointaPoint:points){
sb.append(aPoint.toString());
}
sb.append("}");
returnsb.toString();
}

//Returnthetotallengthofthispolyline
publicdoublegetLength(){......}
}
 /*
*ATestDriverforthePolyLineclass.
*/
importjava.util.*;
publicclassTestPolyLine{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
//TestdefaultconstructorandtoString()
PolyLinel1=newPolyLine();
System.out.println(l1);//{}

//TestappendPoint()
l1.appendPoint(newPoint(1,2));
l1.appendPoint(3,4);
l1.appendPoint(5,6);
System.out.println(l1);//{(1,2)(3,4)(5,6)}

//Testconstructor2
List<Point>points=newArrayList<Point>();
points.add(newPoint(11,12));
points.add(newPoint(13,14));
PolyLinel2=newPolyLine(points);
System.out.println(l2);//{(11,12)(13,14)}
}
}

8.Exercises on Data Structures

8.1Ex: MyIntStack
A stack is a firstinlastout queue. Write a program called MyIntStack, which uses an array to store the contents,
restricted to int.

OOP_MyIntStack.java

Write a test program.

1 publicclassMyIntStack{
2 privateint[]contents;
3 privateinttos;//Topofthestack
4
5 //constructors
6 publicMyIntStack(intcapacity){
7 contents=newint[capacity];
8 tos=1;
9 }
10
11 publicvoidpush(intelement){
12 contents[++tos]=element;
13 }
14
15 publicintpop(){
16 returncontents[tos];
17 }
18
19 publicintpeek(){
20 returncontents[tos];
21 }
22
23 publicbooleanisEmpty(){
24 returntos<0;
25 }
26
27 publicbooleanisFull(){
28 returntos==contents.length1;
29 }
 30 }

Try:
1. Modify the push() method to throw an IllegalStateException if the stack is full.
2. Modify the push() to return true if the operation is successful, or false otherwise.

3. Modify the push() to increase the capacity by reallocating another array, if the stack is full.

Exercise Nodes, Link Lists, Trees, Graphs:

[TODO]
Study the existing open source codes, including JDK.
Specialized algorithms, such as shortest path.

Exercise Maps:
[TODO]
Representation of map data.
Specialized algorithms, such as shortest path.

Exercise Matrix Operations for 3D Graphics:

[TODO]
Study the existing open source codes, including JDK's 2D Graphics and JOGL's 3D Graphics.
Efficient and specialized codes for 3D Graphics 4D matrices. Handle various primitive types such as int, float and
double efficiently.

Latest version tested: JDK 1.8.0

Last modified: April, 2016

Feedback, comments, corrections, and errata can be sent to Chua HockChuan (ehchua@ntu.edu.sg) | HOME