Study of Constituents of Alloys
Study of Constituents of Alloys
Study of Constituents of Alloys
Submitted By:
Prkash Goswami
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I wish to express my deep
gratitude and sincere thanks to the Principal, Dr
M.Barsaley, Greenfields Public school for her
encouragement and for all the facilities that she
provided for this project work. I sincerely
appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into her
fold for which I shall remain indebted to her. I
extend my hearty thanks to Mrs.Alka Tyagi,
Chemistry teacher ,who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
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Guided By :-
Class
Year :-:- XII – C3
2011- 2012
Roll No :- ________________
School :-
EXAMINER
Date :-_________
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1-- Introduction
2-- Some Common Alloys
5-- Experiment 1
to analyze a sample of brass
qualitative
6-- Experiment 2
to analyze a sample of bronze
qualitatively
7-- Uses of Alloy
8-- Bibliography……
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1. Brass :-
It consists copper-50-90%.
Zinc. : 20-40%
and small amounts of tin, lead and iron.
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Amalgam
Brass
A decorative brass paperweight (left), along with zinc and copper
samples.
Brass is the term used for alloys of copper and zinc in a solid
solution. It has a yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It was
produced in prehistoric times, long before zinc was discovered, by
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Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are called bronzes.
Brass is relatively resistant to tarnishing and is often used for
decorative purposes. Its malleability and acoustic properties have
made it the metal of choice for musical instruments such as the
Bronze
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In early use, the natural impurity arsenic sometimes created a superior natural
alloy, called "arsenical bronze."
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Preparation of Alloys
Analysis of an alloy
1. Qualitative Analysis :
This involves identification of the components of the alloys.
2. Quantitative Analysis :
This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It involves the
separation of the components from the alloy quantitatively followed by
determination of percentage of each component volumetrically or gravimetrically.
In this project we will carry out qualitative analysis only.
Objectives of Project :
In this project, our aim is to know the various metals present in the given sample of
alloy.
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Requirements : China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and common laboratory reagents.
Theory :
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. with the following.
Composition :
Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-40%.
Thus Cu and Zn. form the main constituents of brass. Both these metals dissolved in 50% of nitric
acid due to formation of nitrates which are soluble.
3 Cu + 8HNO3 (Dil) 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
or
Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 – 3 Cu+2 + 2NO + 4H 2O
4Zn + 10HNO3 (Dil) 4 Zn (NO2)2 + N2O + 5H2O
4Zn + 2NO3 – + 10H+ 4 Zn+2 + N 2O + 5H2O
The solution is boiled to expel the oxides of nitrogen and the resulting solution is tested for Cu2+
and Zn+2 ions.
Procedure :
1. Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity
of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely.
2. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained.
3. Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate.
4. Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of copper sulphide is
obtained. Separate the black ppt. and keep the filtrate for the test of Zn+2 ions
Dissolve black ppt. by heating them with 50% HNO3. To this solution add
ammonium hydroxide solution. Appearance of deep blue coloration in the solution
shows the presence of copper ions in the solution.
5. To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then add solid NH4Cl to this
and heat to dissolve NH4Cl. Add excess of NH4OH so that a solution is ammoniacal.
Now pass H2S gas through this ammoniacal solution. Dirty white or grey
precipitation indicate zinc. Separate the precipitates and dissolve it in minimum
amount of dil. HCl. Boil to expel H2S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide solution,
white or bluish white ppt. confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution.
Result :
The given sample of brass contains copper and zinc. metals as the main
constituents.
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Requirements : China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and common laboratory
reagents.
Theory :
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin with the following.
Composition :
Cu = 88-96% and Sn. = 4-12%.
Thus copper and zinc. form the main constituents of bronze. Both these metals
dissolved in nitric acid.
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Procedure :
1. Take about 1g. of small pieces of bronze in a china dish and add to it 5-10 ml. of
dil. HNO3.
2. Heat the contents slowly to dissolve copper and tin completely and then boil the
contents to a paste to remove excess of HNO 3. All this is carried out in cup board.
3. Dissolve this dry mass in distilled water containing HCl (1:1) to get a clear
solution.
4. Transfer the solution in a test tube and pass H2S in excess i.e. till the precipitation
is complete. Filter and reject the filtrate.
5. Take the black ppt. in a test tube and add to it 2-3 ml. of yellow ammonium
sulphide and heat. Filter the contents. Black residue is tested for Cu+2 ions and
filtrate is tested for Sn+2ions.
6. Analysis of black residue :
Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube. Add to it 2-3 ml. of 50%. HNO3 and
boil the contents of the tube. A light blue or green sol. indicates the presence of
Cu+2. Divide this sol. into two parts.
(a) To one part add excess of NH4OH a deep blue coloration confirms the presence
of Cu+2 ions.
(b) Acidify the second part with acetic acid and add K4 [Fe (CN)6] i.e. potassium
ferrocyanide solution. A reddish brown ppt. confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.
7. Analysis of filtrate :
Boil the filtrate with 1 ml. of dil. HCl. A yellow ppt. is obtained. Dissolve in 1 ml.
conc. HCl. To this solution add 0.5 g. of zinc. dust and boil it for 2-3 minutes. Filter
and to filtrate add 1-2 ml. of mercuric chloride solution. A white ppt. turning grey on
standing confirms the presence of Sn+4 ions.
Result :
The given sample of bronze contains - Cu and Sn as the main constituents.
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THE END !
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