Chemistry

Investigatory
Project

SUJAL
DEULKAR
XII-A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this

project with success. Then I would like to thank my Principal
REV.BRO.JOMAN JOY and Chemistry teacher MS. SHAILA,
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success. Their
suggestions and instructions has served as the major
contribution towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates

who have helped me a lot.

THANKYOU !

SUJAL DEULKAR
(XII-A)
 Study
Of Constituents Of
Alloys
 Certificate
 Guided By :- Ms. SHAILA
 Class :- XII
 Year :- 2021-22
 Roll No :-
 School :- MONTFORT SCHOOL,NAGPUR.

This is to certify that SUJAL DEULKAR, a

student of class XII has
Successfully completed the research on the
below mentioned project under
the guidance of Ms. SHAILA DEEPAK
( Subject Teacher )during the year 2021-22
in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical
examination conducted by
CBSE.

EXAMINER

Date :-
 -:INDEX:-
1-- Introduction

2-- Some Common Alloys

3-- Preparation of alloys

4-- Analysis of an alloy

5-- Experiment:-
To analyze a sample of brass
qualitative

6-- Uses of Alloy

7-- Bibliography....
 INTRODUCTION
An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a non-metal.
An alloy of mercury with another metal is called amalgam.
Alloys are usually harder than their components but very often less ductile and less
malleable. Thus the hardness of gold is increased by addition of copper to it. The
melting point of an alloy is always lower than the melting points of the constituent
metals. Other properties such as reactivity towards atmospheric oxygen and moisture,
mechanical strength, ductility, colour etc. also under goes a change when an alloy is
made from its constituents (metals). This change of properties is very useful and makes
an alloy beneficial.
Some of the alloys along with their composition is given below.
1.Brass :
It consists Copper 60-90%, Zinc 10-40% and small amounts of tin, lead and
iron.
3. Bronze :
It consists Copper 65-95%, Tin 5-35% and also contains small amounts of
lead, iron and zinc.
4. Duralumin :
It consists Al 95%, Cu 4%, Mn 0.5%, Mg 0.5%.
6. Gun Metal :
It consists Copper 85 - 90%, Zinc 1-3%, Tin 8-12%.

The composition of alloys may differ slightly depending upon the quality of the alloy
though the main components remain the same.
 SOME COMMON ALLOYS :-

Amalgam
Any alloy of mercury is called an amalgam. Most metals are
soluble in mercury, but some (such as iron)are not. Amalgams are
commonly used in dental fillings because they have been relatively
cheap, easy to use, and durable. In addition, until recently, they
have been regarded as safe. They are made by mixing mercury
with silver ,copper ,tin , and other metals. The mercury content of
dental fillings has recently stirred controversy, based on the
potentially harmful effects of mercury.

Mercury amalgams have also been used in the process of mining

gold and silver, because of the ease with which mercury
amalgamates with them. In addition , thallium amalgam is used as the liquid
material in thermometers, because it freezes at -58°C,whereas pure mercury
freezes at -38°C.

Brass
A decorative brass paperweight (left), along with zinc and copper
samples.
Brass is the term used for alloys of copper and zinc in a solid
solution. It has a yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It was
produced in prehistoric times, long before zinc was discovered, by
melting copper with calamine, a zinc ore.
The amount of zinc in brass varies from 5 to 45 percent, creating
a range of brasses, each with unique properties. By comparison,
bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.
Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are called bronzes.
Brass is relatively resistant to tarnishing and is often used for
decorative purposes. Its malleability and acoustic properties have
made it the metal of choice for musical instruments such as the

trombone, tuba, trumpet, and euphonium. Although saxophones

And harmonicas are made out of brass, the saxophone is a
woodwind instrument, and the harmonica, a free reed aero phone.
In organ pipes designed as "reed" pipes, brass strips are used as
the "reed."

Aluminum makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. It

forms a transparent, self-healing, protective layer of aluminum
oxide (Al2O3)on the surface. Tin has a similar effect and finds its
use especially in seawater applications (naval brasses).
Combinations of iron, aluminum, silicon, and manganese make brass
resistant to wear and tear.

Bronze
Bronze refers to a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin
as the main additive, but sometimes with other element s such as
phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon.Typically, bronze is
about 60 percent copper and 40 percent tin. The use of bronze was particularly
significant for early civilizations, leading to the name "Bronze Age." Tools, weapons,
armor, and building materials such as decorative tiles were made
of bronze, as they were found to be harder and more durable
than their stone and copper predecessors.
In early use, the natural impurity arsenic sometimes created a superior natural
alloy, called "arsenical bronze."

Though not as strong as steel, bronze is superior to iron in nearly

every application. Bronze develops a patina (a green coating on
the exposed surface), but it does not oxidize beyond the surface.
It is considerably less brittle than iron and has a lower casting
temperature. Several bronze alloys resist corrosion (especially by
seawater) and metal fatigue better than steel; they also conduct

Heat and electricity better than most steels.

Bronze has myriad uses in industry. It is widely used today for
springs, bearings, bushings, and similar fittings, and is particularly
common in the bearings of small electric motors. It is also widely
used for cast metal sculpture and is the most popular metal for
top-quality bells and cymbals.

Commercial bronze, otherwise known as brass, is 90 percent

copper and 10 percent zinc. It contains no tin
 PREPARATION OF ALLOYS
Alloys are prepared from the techniques of fusion, compression or simultaneous
electro - deposition. Generally the components are mixed together in proper
properties in a fuse clay crucible, melted and stirred with a piece of charcoal to
avoid oxidation. The molten mixture is now allowed to cool. When an alloy is
obtained e.g. brass is prepared by above melted.

ANALYSIS OF AN ALLOY

The complete analysis of an alloy involves two steps.

1. Qualitative Analysis :
This involves identification of the components of the alloys.

2. Quantitative Analysis :
This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It involves the
separation of the components from the alloy quantitatively followed by
determination of percentage of each component volumetrically or gravimetrically.
In this project we will carry out qualitative analysis only.

Objectives of Project :
In this project, our aim is to know the various metals present in the given sample of
alloy.
 Experiment
To analyze a sample of brass.
Aim : To analyze a sample of brass qualitatively.

Requirements :
China dish,test-tube funnel,filter paper and some common laboratory Reagents.
Theory :
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with the following.
Composition :
Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-40%.
Thus copper and zinc form the main constituents of brass. Both these metals
dissolved in nitric acid due to formation of nitrates which are soluble.
3 Cu + 8HNO3+ 3 Cu(NO3) 2+N2O+5H2O

4Zn + 10HNO3 + 4Zn(NO3)+ N2O+ 5H2O

The solution is boiled to expel the oxides of nitrogen and the resulting solution is tested
for Cu2+ and Zn+2 ions.

Procedure :
1) Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity of
50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely
2) Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained.
3) Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate.
4) Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained.
Separate the black ppt. and keep the filtrate for the test of Zn+2 ions Dissolve black
ppt. by heating them with 50% HNO3 . To this solution add ammonium hydroxide
solution. Appearance of deep blue colour in the solution shows the presence of
copper ions in the solution.
5)To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then add solid NH4Cl to this and
heat to dissolve NH4Cl. Add excess of NH4OH so that a solution is ammoniacal. Now
pass H2S gas through this ammoniacal solution. Dirty white or grey precipitation
indicate zinc. Separate the precipitates and dissolve it in minimum amount of dil. HCl.
Boil to expel H2S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide solution, white or bluish white
ppt. confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution.
Result :
The given sample of brass contains - Cu and Zn as the main constituents.
USES OF ALLOYS :-
i) To modify chemical reactivity :-
When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be used but its alloy with
mercury, called sodium amalgam can be safely used as reducing agent.

ii) To increase hardness :-

Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also zinc is added to copper to
make copper hard in form of brass.

iii) To increase tensile strength :-

Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and aluminium (95%) has high tensile
strength.

iv) To lower the melting point :-

Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and Pb(70%) has very less meting point as
compared to melting points of Sn and Pb.

v) To modify the colour :-

Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has beautiful golden colour.

vi) To resist corrosion:-

Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with time but stainless steel,
an alloy of iron and carbon get not rusted the composition of stainless steel is :
Iron - 98%
Carbon - 2%
 BIBLIOGRAPHY :-
1. XII class Chemistry NCERT Books.
2. iCBSE.com
3. XII class Chemistry Practical Book.
4. Photos from Google images.
5. More Information from Wikipedia.