Isa Sunasara & Jigar Barot ("Identification of RCC Element There Mantanance and Repair")

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmadabad Affiliated
Government Engineering College, Palanpur

A
Report on
“IDENTIFICATION OF RCC ELEMENT THERE MANTANANCE AND REPAIR”
Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING-2A (2150001)
B.E. (Civil Engineering), Semester- V,
Submitted By
1 BAROT JIGAR .V 180613106001
2 PARMAR JINAL .C 180613106008
3 HADIYOL JAYMIN .M 170610106024
4 SOLANKI PRADIP .J 170610106024
Under the guidance of

Prof. N.R.KOTIYA
(Faculty Guide)
Prof. P.C.VASANI
(HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT)
Academic Year-2019
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“IDENTIFICATION OF RCC ELEMENT THEIR MAINTANANCE AND REPAIR”
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PALANPUR
Department of Civil Engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that the Design Engineering – 1B (2140002) Project Report entitled
“IDENTIFICATION OF RCC ELEMENT THERE MAINTANANCE AND REPAIR" has
been carried out by BAROT JIGAR. (180613106001), PARMAR JINAL (180613106008),
HADIYOL JAYMIN (170610106024), SOLANKI PRADIP(170610106024)under my
guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering (5th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the
academic year 2018-2019.
Prof .N.R. KOTIYA Prof. P.C. Vasani

Internal Guide Head of the Department
Dept.of Civil Engg. Dept.of Civil Engg.
GEC – PALANPUR GEC – PALANPUR
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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PALANPUR
Department of Civil Engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that the Design Engineering – 1B (2140002) Project Report entitled
“IDENTIFICATION OF RCC ELEMENT THERE MAINTANANCE AND REPAIR" has
been carried out by BAROT JIGAR. (180613106001), PARMAR JINAL (180613106008),
HADIYOL JAYMIN (170610106024), SOLANKI PRADIP(170610106024)under my
guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering (5th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the
academic year 2018-2019.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Date: _____________ Date: ___________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our respected guidance

Prof. NISHANT R KOTIYA , in Civil Engineering structure Department (whose
encouragement, continuous guidance, helpful nature and new suggestions and
ideas was valuable for accomplishment of this work. Also their advice and kind
support are greatly appreciated.
We express our sincere gratitude and thankful to all those persons who
inspirer of their busy schedule have given their valuable and precious time
assisting us in compilation of the information and giving us right direction to
complete this project in present condition.
We are very much thankful to Prof. P. C, VASANI, Head of Civil Engineering

Department, faculty members and staff members of Government engineering
collage Palanpur. All our dear friends for all possible help and blessing to
complete our work in time.
NAME ENROLLMENT NO.
BAROT JIGAR 180613106001
CHAUDHARI VIPUL 180613106008
HADIYOL JAYMIN 170610106024
SOLANKI PRADIP 170610106057
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ABSTRACT
In now day’s cracks in building are a common occurrence. Its affects the stability and
aesthetic view of buildings. So, it is important to understand the causes of cracks and the
effective measures should be taken for prevention of cracks. Though cracks in concrete building
cannot be prevented entirely but they can be prevented by using proper material and
techniques of construction and considering criteria.
There are many reason of occurrence of cracks like water penetration, thermal
movement, elastic deformation, chemical reaction, foundation movement, vegetation and
earthquake, etc. Cause severe damage to building. We all dream of a house structurally safe
with good appearance but it is not so easy. So, timely identification of such cracks and adopting
preventive measures is essential.
In this project, we will discuss about the methodology for prevention and repair of
cracks in building
This study investigates the behaviour of substandrad detailed rcc element. Rc

frames are commonly used system in RC building. the philosophy behind the proper
design for this type of frames is to provide them with sufficient ductility. the structural
ductility of a frame is mainly determined by the ductility of its components,i.e the
beams,columns,and joint forming frame. The detail research and focusing in palanpur
dist.
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CONTENTS
Title Page 1
ODSA Certificate 2
College Certificate 3
Acknowledgement 4
Abstract 5
Contents 6
List of Table 7
List of Figure 7
CH. NO. DESCRPTION PAGE NO
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 08-16

1.1 Introduction of Team Member 08
1.2 What is Design Thinking? 09
1.3 Introduction to Analysis of Residential Building 10
Chapter 2 EVALUATION OF IDEA 17-38
2.1 AEIOU Canvas 17

2.2 Empathy Canvas 24
2.3 Ideation Canvas 25
2.4 Product Development Canvas 28
2.5 PROBLEM AND ANALYSIS 34
2.6 ANALYSIS DATA OF SOLID SLAB BRIDGE 36
2.7 ATOCAD DARWING 37
Chapter 3 PRE- DESIGN 39-41
3.1 LNM Canvas 39

3.2 PRIOE ART SERCH 41
Chapter 4 CONCLUSION 42-51
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4.1 Feed-back analysis 42
Result table 32
Conclusion 33
Log Table 34-38
REFERENCES 39
Appendix 1: AEIOU Canvas 40

Appendix 2: Empathy Canvas 41
Appendix 3: Ideation Canvas 42
Appendix 4: Product Development Canvas 43
List of Tables
1 Analysis table 37
2 Result table 39
3 Log table 1 41
4 Log table 2 42
5 Log table 3 43
6 Log table 4 44
7 Log table 5 45
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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Cracks are the most common problem that occurs in any type of concrete structure
such as, beams, columns, etc. A building component develops cracks whenever stress in the
component exceeds its strength. Stress in a building component could be caused by externally
applied forces such as, dead, live, wind or seismic loads and internal forces such as, moisture
changes, thermal movements and chemical reaction.
There are many causes of cracking in concrete, but most cases are related more too
concrete specifications and construction practices.
Cracks are classified in two categories Structural Cracks and Non-Structural Cracks.
Structural cracks are occurs due to incorrect design, poor construction or overloading and it
may danger for the safety of a building. The cracks in beam, column, slab and footing are
considered as structural cracks. and Non-structural cracks are occur mostly due to internal
stresses in building material it may not danger for safety of building but it create impression
of poor work.
Cracks develop due to deterioration of concrete or corrosion or reinforcement bars

due to poor construction or inappropriate
Selection of construction material and by temperature and shrinkage effects. Due to

Internal stresses in building components lead to dimensional changes occurs.
CLASSIFICATION DEPEND UPON WIDTH
Classification Crack width

Thin <1mm
Medium 1mm to
2mm
Wide > 2mm
wide
This study gives causes of cracks and prevention of cracks. Various techniques for
treatment of cracks are discussed in this study. We cannot assurance against cracking yet
attempts can be made to minimize develop of crack in building.
In this project we are trying to repair a cracks using proper techniques and method.
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The probable causes of crack can be controlled if proper consideration is given to
construction material and technique to be used. In case of existing cracks, after detail study
&analysis of crack parameters, most appropriate method of correction should be adopt for
effective and efficient repair of crack.
In this project we are found that various techniques and methodology.
This analysis present in concrete illnesses, curing treatments, and problems leading to
unsatisfactory performance of repaired concrete structures. This paper describes the types of
surface preparations that are commonly adopted in Indian conditions and their limitations. An
attempt has been made in this paper to discuss the properties and types of grouts; the
application techniques. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the methods of repair to be
undertaken for structures. Repair methods currently used are reviewed on the basis of present
knowledge and the merit of a holistic system approach.
1.2TYPES OF CRACKS
1.2.1 Classification of Cracks Nature Wise
Cracks in buildings can be broadly classified as structural and non-structural cracks.
1.2.1.1Structural Cracks:-
Structural cracks are occurs due to incorrect design, poor construction or overloading and
it may danger for the safety of a building. The cracks in beam, column, slab and footing are
considered as structural cracks.
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The common characteristics of structural cracks include:
 Continuous horizontal cracks along walls

 Vertical cracks that are wider at the top or bottom
 Stair-step cracks
 Foundation wall cracks
 Cracks in beams, foundation slabs
 Cracks wider than 1/8"
 Cracks extending to the upper levels of the home
1.2.1.2 Non-Structural Cracks:-

Non-structural cracks are occur mostly due to internal stresses in building material it may
not danger for safety of building but it create impression of poor work.
1.2.2 Classification of Cracks Width Wise:-

Cracks may appear in the structure either at the initial stage or with the time. Some cracks
are unavoidable in structure and subjected to numerous questions.
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Crack depending upon its width can be classified as follows
1.2.2.1 Thin Crack:- Less than 1 mm in width
1.2.2.2Medium Crack:
1 to 2 mm in width
1.2.2.3Wide Crack:
More than 2 mm in width.
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1.2.2.4Crazing:
The occurrence of closely spaced fine cracks at the surface of a material is called crazing.
1.2.3Classification of Cracks Shape-wise:
Cracks may appreciably vary in width from very thin hair crack barely visible to the naked
eye to gaping crack. Vice versa cracks can be of uniform width throughout or may be narrow at one
end gradually widening at the other. Crack depending upon its shape can be classified as following:
1.2.3.1 Straight:
1.2.3.2Toothed:
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1.2.3.3Stepped:
1.2.3.4Map Pattern or of Random Type:
1.2.3.5Vertical, Horizontal or Diagonal:
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1.3 CAUSES OF CRACKS BUILDING:
 Shrinkage
 Permeability of concrete
 Thermal movement
 Creep movement
 Corrosion of reinforcement
 Moisture movement
 Poor construction practices
 Improper structural design and specifications
 Poor maintenance
 Movement due to chemical reactions
 Elastic deformation
 Creep
 Chemical reaction
 Foundation movement & settlement of soil
 Growth of vegetation
 Other factors
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CHAPTER - 2
ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
2.1 causes and measures of different types of cracks
METHODOLOGY
Grouting Process : - Grouting is the process of placing a material into cavities in concrete or
masonry structures for the purpose increasing the load bearing capacity of a structure, restoring
the monolithic nature of a structural member, filling voids around pre cast connections and steel
base plates, providing fire stops, stopping leakages, placing adhesives and soil stabilization.
Primary grouting materials and their common uses are:
CHEMICAL CEMENTITIOUS
Control Seepage Mass Placement
Shut-off Seepage Architectural (non staining)
Soil Structural (high-strength)
Stabilization Caustic Environments
High Temperatures
EPDXY POLYURETHANES
Seal Cracks Building Envelope Insulation
Bolt Anchoring Acoustical Sealant
Base Plate
Leveling
Acidic
Environments
POLYESTERS SILICONES
Bolt Anchoring Smoke Seals
Fire Stops
Methods of application:-
Methods of application normally used include: hand pumps, piston pumps, single and plural
component pumps, gravity and dry packing placement, micro capsules and single component
pressurized cartons.
Guniting Process:-
Guniting is an effective technique, which has been extensively used in the rehabilitation of
structurally distressed RC members. There have been cases of heavy rusting of the mesh in
the form of powder or in the form of a sheet coming out. De- stressing before restoration is
possible only in the case of overhead tanks which can be restored when the tanks are
empty. The guniting technique suffers from other drawbacks like dust and noise nuisance.
The following points need to be kept in mind for better results of guniting: Coating of
existing as well as new bars by zinc rich epoxy primer to guard against corrosion. Mesh
reinforcement is not advice.
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MATERIALS USED IN REPAIRS: -
1. Polymer modified concrete/cement mortar

Polymer cements concrete, which is prepared by adding polymer or monomer to ordinary
fresh cement concrete during mixing. This is based on first hand experiences of repair and
restoration works of high rise buildings, bridges, marine installations and bomb- blast
affected structures.
2. Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
These materials that are used for cracks are applied over it like a patch, using high strength
epoxy adhesive increasing their service life and fortify steel or concrete structures against
earthquakes or other natural hazards.
3. Epoxy resins
The epoxy resins are widely used in the repairing of cracks, patching and grouting of
concrete, industrial flooring, structural adhesives, anti-corrosive linings, etc. Various types
of resins, hardeners and modified epoxy systems are commonly used in structures.
4. Polymer-based materials
Polymer-based material are widely used in the building industry in various forms such as coating ,
membranes , adhesives, sealants, etc because of their high durability.
Result
This analysis present in concrete illnesses, curing treatments, and problems leading to
unsatisfactory performance of repaired concrete structures. This paper describes the types of
surface preparations that are commonly adopted in Indian conditions and their limitations. An
attempt has been made in this paper to discuss the properties and types of grouts; the
application techniques. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the methods of repair to be
undertaken for structures. Repair methods currently used are reviewed on the basis of present
knowledge and the merit of a holistic system approach.
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IDENTIFICATION OF RCC ELEMENT
UNIT-1
1. Define reinforced concrete.
Reinforced cement concrete is a composite material is made of concrete and steel reinforcement.
The concrete may be assumed to work purely in compression whereas the reinforcement is
predominately subjected to tension. For a large range of applications it is sufficient to consider the
uni-axial response of either material
2. What is the purpose of using reinforced cement concrete?

 Plain cement concrete has very low tensile strength. The tensile strength of concrete is about one-
tenth of its compressive strength. As a result, a plain concrete beam fails suddenly as soon as the
tension cracks start to develop.
 To improve the tensile strength of concrete, some sort of reinforcement is needed which can take
up the tensile stress developed in the structure
 It's not only increases the strength but also in preventing the temperature and shrinkage Therefore
 reinforcing steel is added in the tension zone to carry all the developed tensile stresses
3. What are the advantages of RCC when compared with other building materials?
 Concrete is workable when fresh and strong when hardens.
 It can be molded into any required shape and size.
 The raw materials required are easily available.
 Skill is not required for casting concrete elements.
 Concrete is durable, fire resisting and rigid.
 Concrete requires less maintenance.
4. What are the disadvantages of RCC when compared with other building materials?
 The self-weight of the structural elements will be more while concrete is used
 Concrete has a very low tensile strength. Hence cracks will form in the tension zone if
reinforcement is not provided properly
 Cracks develop in concrete, also due to shrinkage, creep, temperature etc. which permit seepage of
water into the concrete. This causes corrosion of steel reinforcement and thereby peeling of
concrete.
 Concrete has poor insulating property
 Dismantling and reusing of concrete elements are mostly not possible.
 Concrete is brittle in nature and hence has low impact resisting capacity
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5. What are the uses of reinforced concrete? It is used for the construction of,
 Buildings
 Bunkers and silos
 Chimneys and towers
 Flyovers
 Retaining walls
 Roads and railway bridges
 Water tanks
6. What are the types of load on R.C.C structures?

 Dead load
 Live load or Imposed load
 Wind load
 Snow load
 Earthquake load
 Seismic load
7. What are the elements of structures?

 Beam
 Column
 Floor
 Foundation
 Slab
 Staircase
8. What are the methods of design?

 Modular Ratio Method (or) Working Stress Method(WSM) (or) Elastic Method of Design
 Load Factor Method (or) Ultimate Load Method(ULM) (or) Ultimate Strength Method
 Limit State Method(LSM)
9. Define elastic method of design.

 The elastic method of design of reinforced concrete member is also known as Working Stress
Method (or) Modular Ratio Method. Elastic behaviors of materials are used in Elastic Method of
Design. The method of elastic design of a structure is defined as a method which limits the structural
usefulness of the material of the structure upto a certain load at which the maximum stress in
extreme fibre reaches the characteristic strength of material in bending.
10. Define ultimate load design method.
 This method is otherwise known as Load Factor Method or Ultimate Strength Method. This method is
based on the ultimate strength, when the design member would fail. In this method factors are taken into
account only on loads are load factors. The method of ultimate design of a structure is defined as a
method which limits the structural usefulness of the material of the structure up to ultimate load.
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11. Define limit state method.
 The Limit State Method is defined as a method which limits the structural usefulness of the material of the
structure up to a certain load at which acceptable limit of safety and serviceability are applied so that the
failure of structure does not occur. It is the combination of Working Stress Method and Ultimate Load
Method. In this method partial factor of safety is considered on both loads and stresses. This method is
advance over other methods. Since, safety and serviceability are considered.
12. Define characteristic load.
 A characteristic load is defined as that value of load which has a 95% probability of not being exceeded
during the life of the structure.
 Fk = Fm + k Sd
 Where,
a. Fk = characteristic load
b. Fm = mean load
c. K = constant = 2.645 = 2.65
d. Sd = standard deviation for the load
13. Define permissible stress.

 It is defined as the ratio of yield stress to the factor of safety
Ultimate or Yield strength of materials

Permissible stress = Factor Of Safety
14. Define factor of safety.

 Factor of safety is a number used to determine the working stress. It is fixed based on the experimental
works on the material. It accounts all uncertainties such as, material defects, unforeseen loads,
manufacturing defects, unskilled workmanship, temperature effects etc. Factor of safety is a dimensionless
number. It is defined as the ratio of ultimate stress to working stress for brittle materials or yield stress to
working stress for ductile material.
Ultimate stress
FOS = Working stress (for brittle material)
15. Define modular ratio.
 It is defined as the ratio of elastic modulus of steel to that of concrete. t is used to
transform the composite section into an equivalent concrete section
280
 M = 3𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑑
16. What is the expression recommended by the IS 456-2000 for modulus of elasticity?
 Modulus of elasticity = Ec = 5000 √𝑓𝑐𝑘
17. State the assumption made for design of RC members in working stress method.
 (Refer IS 456:2000 Page no: 80)
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18. What are the advantages in limit state method?
 Ultimate load method only deals with on safety such as strength, overturning, and sliding, buckling,
fatigue
 Working stress method only deals with serviceability such as crack. vibration, deflection etc.
 But, Limit state method advances than other two methods. Hence by considering safety at ultimate
load and serviceability at working load.
 The process of stress redistribution and moment redistribution are considered in the analysis and more
realistic factor of safety values are used in the design. Hence, the design by limit state method is found
to be more economical
 The overall sizes of flexural members arrived by limit state method are less and hence they provide
better appearance to the structure.
19. What are the advantages of working stress method?
 The design usually results in relatively large sections of structural members, compared to ultimate load.
Due to this structures designed by working stress method gives better serviceability performance under
working loads
 This method is only the method available when one has to investigate the reinforced concrete section
for service stresses and for the serviceability state of deflection and cracking.
20. What are the disadvantages of working stress method?
 The WSM does not show the real strength nor gives the true factor of safety of the structure under
failure.
 The modular ratio design results in larger percentage of compression steel than that given by the limit
state design, thus leading to un- economic design.
 Because of creep and non-linear stress-strain relationship, concrete does not have definite modulus of
elasticity.
 The WSM fails to discriminate between different types of loads that act simultaneously but have
different uncertainties
21. What are the advantages of ultimate load method?
 While the WSM uses only the nearly linear part of stress-strain curve the ULM uses fully the actual
stress-strain curve.
 The load factor gives the exact margin of safety against collapse.
 The method allows using different load factors for different types of loads and the combination thereof.
 The failure load computed by ULM matches with the experimental results
 The method is based on the ultimate strain as the failure criteria.
 The method utilizes the reserve of strength in the plastic region
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22. What are the disadvantages of ultimate load method?
 The method does not take into consideration the serviceability criteria of deflection and cracking.
 The use of high strength reinforcing steel and concrete results in increase of deflection and crack
width.
 The method does not take into consideration the effects of creep and shrinkage.
 In the ULM, the distribution of stress resultants at ultimate load is taken as the distribution at service
loads magnified by the load factor This is erroneous since significant redistribution of stress resultants
takes place as the loading is increased from service loads to ultimate loads.
23. What are the factors considered limit state of collapse ?

 Flexure
 Compression
 Shear
 Torsion
24. What are the factors considered in limit state of serviceability ?

 Cracking
 Deflection
 Durability
 Fire resistance
 Vibration
25. What are the factors of safety in limit state?

 Partial factor of safety for concrete 𝛾c = 1.5
 Partial factor of safety for steel 𝛾 s = 1.15
 Partial factor of safety for load 𝛾f
26. Write down the value of partial safety factor for concrete and steel.
 Partial factor of safety for concrete 𝛾c = 1.5
 Partial factor of safety for steel 𝛾s = 1.15
27. What is under reinforced section?

 Steel reaches maximum permissible stress earlier than concrete due to external loads is called under
reinforced section
28. What is over reinforced section?

 Concrete reaches maximum permissible stress earlier than steel due to external load is called over
reinforced section.
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29. What is balanced section?
 Concrete and steel reaches maximum permissible stress simultaneously due to external load is called
balanced section.
30. Define singly reinforced section.

 Steel reinforcements are provided only on tension zone of RC flexural member is known as singly
reinforced section.
31. Define doubly reinforced section.

 Steel reinforcements are provided on both tension and compression zone of RC flexural member is
known as doubly reinforced section.
 In some situations it becomes essential for a beam to carry BM more that it can resist as a balanced
section. In this case additional reinforcement is provided in compression zone such beams reinforced
both compression and tension zones are known as doubly reinforced section.
32. Under what circumstances doubly reinforced beams resorted to?

 When,
Mu > Mu limit. Then, doubly reinforcement is used.
33. Write down the basic values of span to effective depth ratio for the different types of beam
 Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m
 Cantilever  07
 Simply supported  20
 Continuous  26
Define collapse state.
 The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be assessed from replace of
one or more critical sections and from bulking due to elastic or plastic instability or overturning.
34. Define the terms Gross section,

 Transformed section, cracked section (Refer IS 456:2000 Page no: 35)
35. Define brittle and ductile failure.

 Materials that fracture without any plastic defomation are called brittle materials. Example: Glass and
other ceramic materials.
 Materials undergo plastic deformation before fracture is called ductile material. Example: aluminum,
copper, steel and many metals, as well as polyethylene, nylon and many other polymers.
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36. Define clear cover.
 The distance between the bottom of the bars and bottom most edge of the beam is called clear cover.
37. Define effective cover.

 The distance between the centre of the reinforcement bar and the bottom edge of the beam is called
effective cover.
diameter of bar
 Effective cover = clear cover + 2
UNIT-2
1. What do you understand by development length of bar?
 The reinforced bar must extend in the anchorage zone of concrete sufficiently, to develop the
required stress. The extended length of bar inside the face of the support is known as development
length. It is denoted by the symbol, Ld
2. Define anchorage length.

 Anchorage length is defined as embedded portion of the bar in concrete, but not subjected to any
flexural bond
3. Define anchorage bond.

 All the types of reinforcement must be anchored within the concrete section, in order that the
anchorage bond should be sufficient to develop the stress in the bar. The anchorage depends on the
bond between the bar and concrete and the area of contact.
4. Define curtailment of bars.

 In flexural members, design of reinforcement is done based on bending moment along the span. As
the magnitude of bending moment on a beam decreases along its length, that case the area of
bending reinforcement may be reduced by curtailing bars as they are no longer required
5. What do you mean by equilibrium torsion?

 Torsion induced by eccentric loading and equilibrium condition alone sufficient to determine twisting
moments is known as equilibrium torsion
6. Define torsion.
 Equal and opposite moments applied at both ends of structural element or its part about its
longitudinal axis is called torsion. It is also called as torsional moment or twist or torque
7. What is compatibility torsion?

 Torsion induced by application of an angle of twist and the resulting moment
depends on the torsional stiffness of the member is known as compatibility
torsion
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8. How can torsional resistance of RC members be enhanced?
 Increasing strength of concrete and the amount of longitudinal as well as transverse reinforcements
over and above those required for bending and shear can enhance the torsional resistance of a
member
9. Name the locations in beam where the development lengths of torsion bars should be checked.
 At beams, development lengths should be checked at the sections
 where,
a. Maximum bending moment occurs
b. Point of curtailment
c. Point of inflation
10. Write down the effect of torsion in RC beams

 RC members may be subjected to torsion in combination with bending and shear. Longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement shall be provided for RC beams to resist torsion
 Torsional reinforcement is not calculated separately from that required for bending and shear. Instead,
the total longitudinal reinforcement is determined for a fictitious bending moment which is a function
of actual bending moment and torsion.
11. Write about local bond and anchorage length.

 All types of reinforcement must be anchored within the concrete section, in order that the anchorage
bond should be sufficient to develop the stress in the bar. Anchorage length is defined as embedded
portion of the bar in concrete, but not subjected to any flexural bond.
12. Distinguish between flexural bond and development bond.
 FLEXURAL BOND  DEVELOPMENT BOND

 It arises in flexural members  It arises over the length of
on account of shear or variations anchorage provide for a bar or near
in bending moment, which in turn the end of a reinforcing bar.
causes a variation in axial tension
along the length of a reinforcing.
13. Why is bond stress more in compression bars than in tension bars?
 Deformed bars subjected to tension, Td values shall be increased by 60%
 Deformed bars subjected to compression, Tbd Values shall be increased by 25%.
14. What are the types of reinforcement used to resist shear and write down the expressions for to shear
resistance offered by the type?
 Shear reinforcement is necessary if the nominal shear stress (T) exceeds the design
shear stress (r). In general, shear reinforcement is provided in any one of the
following three forms. (Refer IS 456:2000 Page no: 72)

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15. Write down the value of design bond stress for M30 grade of concrete.
 Design bond stress in limit state methods for plain bars (mild steel) in tension is Tbd = 1.5 N/mm2
16. What is RC slab?

 Reinforced concrete slabs are used in roofs of buildings. Slab is a flexural member transmits imposed
and dead load to the supports. Support may be a wall, beam or column
17. Reinforced concrete slabs are generally safe and do not require shear reinforcement. Why?
 Normally the thickness of slab is so chosen that the shear can be resisted by concrete itself and the
slab does not need extra shear reinforcements
18. What are the types of slab?

 One way slab
 Two way slab
19. How can be classified the slab?

 Ly/Lx > 2 (One way slab)
 Ly/Lx < 2 (Two way slab)
20. Define one way slab.

 When the slab is supported only on two opposite sides, the slab bends in one direction only. Hence, it
is called one way slab.
21. Define two way slabs.

 When the slab is supported on all four sides, the slab bends in both directions. Hence, it is called two
way slabs.
22. Name the two types of two-way slabs. Explain their difference in the design of slabs.
 Slabs simply supported on the four edges, with corners not held down and carrying UDL
 Slabs simply supported on the four edges, with comers held down and carrying UDL
 Slabs with edges fixed or continuous and carrying UDL
23. What are the codal provisions for a minimum reinforcement to be provided as main and secondary
reinforcement in slab and their maximum spacing?
Minimum reinforcement:
 Ast = ( 0.15 /100 ) x b x D (For mild steel)
 (Ast)min = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x b x D (For HYSD bars)
 Spacing = 3d or 300mm (horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement
bars). Use whichever is smaller.
 Spacing = 5d or 450mm (horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bar
provided against shrinkage and temperature). Use whichever is smaller.
Page | 25
24. Why is secondary reinforcement provided in one way RC slab?
 Secondary reinforcement is provided running perpendicular to the main reinforcement, in order to
take the temperature and shrinkage stresses. It is otherwise called as distribution or temperature
reinforcement.
25. Explain the purposes of lintel beams in buildings.

 Lintels are provided over the openings of doors, windows, etc. Generally, they support the load of the
wall over it, and sometimes also the live loads are transferred by the sub-roof of the room. Lintel takes
the masonry load over the openings and distributes to the masonry located sides of opening
26. What type of slab usually used in practice, under reinforced or over reinforced section?
 The depth of slab chosen from deflection requirements will be usually greater than the depth required
for balanced design. Hence the area of steel required will be less than the balanced amount. So, the
slab is designed as under reinforced section
27. What do you understand by flanged beam?

 The concrete in the slabs, which is on the compression side of the beam, can be made to resist the
compression forces, and the steel in the tension side of the beam can carry the tension. These
combined beam and slab units are called flanged beam.
28. Define shear strength.

 The resistance to sliding offered by the material of beam is called shear strength.
29. What are the important factors affecting the shear resistance of a reinforced concrete member
without shear reinforcement?
 Characteristic strength of concrete
 Percentage of longitudinal steel
 Shear span to depth ratio
 Axial compressive/tensile force
 Effect of cross section
 Effect of two way action
UNIT 3
1. Define column.
 A column, in general, may be defined as a member carrying direct axial load which causes compressive
stresses of such magnitude that these stresses largely control its design.
 It transmits load coming from beam or slab and distributes to the foundation usually columns are
square, rectangle, circular and T shaped in cross section.
 It is reinforced with longitudinal and lateral ties.
 Load carrying capacity of column is depending upon longitudinal steel and cross sectional size of the
column.
Page | 26
2. Differentiate between long and short column.
 Based on slenderness ratio (λ) columns can be classified into long and short
Effective length
 Slenderness ratio (λ) = Least lateral dimension
 Short column λ < 12

 Long column λ > 12
3. Differentiate between uni-axial and biaxial bending.

 Axial load and bending moment along one direction are applied simultaneously on the column is called
uni - axial bending.
 Axial load and bending moment along two direction are applied simultaneously on the column is called
biaxial bending.
4. According to IS code all columns should be designed for minimum eccentricity. Justify the statement.
 Lateral loads such as wind and seismic loads are not considered in design.
 Misalignment in construction
 Slenderness effects not considered in design
 Accidental lateral or eccentric loads
5. Write down the formula for calculating minimum eccentricity.

𝑙 𝐷
 emin = 500 + 30
, subject to a minimum of 20mm
 Where,
 l = unsupported length of the column
 D = lateral dimension of the column
6. What is spiral column?
 For a circular column, longitudinal tied with closely spaced helix are called as spiral column.
7. What is the minimum and maximum percentage of reinforcement can be provided for a column?
 The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8% not more than 6% of
the gross cross sectional area of the column
8. What are the specifications for pitch of lateral ties in columns?

 The pitch of the transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following distances:
 Least lateral dimension of the compression member
 Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied,
 300mm
Page | 27
9. Distinguish braced and un-braced column.
BRACED COLUMN UNBRACED COLUMN
 In most of the cases, columns are  Other columns, where the lateral
subjected to horizontal loads like loads have to be resisted by them,
wind, earthquake, etc. If lateral in addition to axial loads and end
supports are provided at the ends moments, are considered as un-
of the column, the lateral loads are braced columns.
bone entirely by the lateral
supports. Such columns are known
as braced columns.
 It is not subject to side sway  It is subject to side sway.
10. What is pedestal?

 Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not exceed three times the least
lateral dimension
11. What is slender column?

 If the slenderness ratio of the column about either axis is greater than 12, is classified as long column.
Long column should be designed as slender column.
12. Mention the functions of the traverse reinforcement in a RC column

 To prevent longitudinal buckling of longitudinal reinforcement
 To resist diagonal tension caused due to transverse shear due to moment / transverse load.
 To hold the longitudinal reinforcement in position at the time of concreting.
 To confine the concrete, thereby preventing its longitudinal splitting.
 To impart ductility to the column.
 To prevent sudden brittle failure of the column.
13. Classify the column according to the material

 Pre-stressed concrete
 Reinforced cement concrete
 Stone
 Timber
14. Classify the column according to transverse reinforcement.

 Spiral or helical
 Tied
Page | 28
UNIT-4
1. What are the types of foundations?

 Deep foundation
 Shallow foundation
2. What are the types of shallow foundations?

 Combined footing
 Isolated footing
 Mat or raft footing
 Spread or strip footing
 Strap or cantilever footing
3. What are the types of deep foundations?

 Pier foundation
 Pile foundation
 Well foundation
4. What are the factors governing to decide the depth of footing?

 The footing is generally to resist the bending moments and shear forces developed due to soil
reactions. The main purpose of the footing is to effectively support the super structures.
5. Define safe bearing capacity of soil.

 It is the maximum intensity of load or pressure developed under the foundation without causing failure
of soil. Unit for safe bearing capacity of soil Safe bearing capacity of soil is determined by the plate load
test at the site
6. What is punching or two way shear in RCC footing?
 Punching shear is a type of shear failure occurs in reinforced concrete footings due to axial load from
the column and upward soil thrust from the ground.
7. What are the advantages of providing pedestals to columns?

 Where pedestals are providing, and full force is transferred to the footing without additional
reinforcement.
 Pedestal provides a plane surface for the convenience of column construction
8. What is the situation in which trapezoidal shape is preferred to a rectangular shape for a two column
combined footing?
 If the one column is carrying load is much larger than the other one, trapezoidal combined footing is
preferred.
Page | 29
9. When combined footings are adopted?
 When two or more columns/walls are located close to each other and/or if they are relatively heavily
loaded and/or rest on soil with low safe bearing capacity.
 An exterior column located along the periphery of the building is so close to the property line that an
isolated footing cannot symmetrically placed without extending beyond the property line.
10. Under what circumstances rectangular shape preferred for a two column combined footing.
 When loads are equal and no restriction on sides, the footing will be rectangular with equal overhang on
both sides.
11. Under what circumstances combined footing is preferred.

 When isolated footings for individual columns are touching or overlapping each other.
 When the columns are located near the boundary lines or expansion joints
12. What is meant by eccentric loading on a footing and under what situation does this occur?
 The load P acting on a footing may act eccentrically with respect to the centroid of the footing base. This
eccentricity may result from one or more of the following effects.
 The column transmitting a moment M in addition to the vertical load.
 The column carrying a vertical load offset with respect to the centroid of the footing
 The column or pedestal transmitting a lateral force located above the foundation level, in addition to
the vertical load.
13. Write down the formula for calculating maximum and minimum soil pressures for a rectangular footing
carries eccentric point load.
 The structural design of the footing. which includes the design of the depth and reinforcement, is done
for factored loads using the relevant safety factors applications for the limit state of collapse.
14. Define staircase.

 Staircase flights are generally designed as slabs spanning between wall supports or landing beams or as
cantilever from a longitudinal inclined beam. The staircase fulfills the function of access between the
various floors in the building, Generally the flight steps consist of one or more landings between the
floor levels
15. What are the components of stairs?

The components of stairs are,
 Baluster
 Flight
 Going
 Landing
Page | 30
 Rise
 Riser
 Soffit
 Step
 Tread
 Winders
16. What are the normal range of tread and rise values of steps of a staircase in residential building?
 As per IS 456:2000 the normal range of tread and rise values of steps of a staircase in residential
building are,
 Rise: 150mm to 180mm
 Tread: 200mm to 250mm
17. List the various types of stair cases

 Bifurcated stairs
 Dog-legged stairs
 Geometrical stairs such as circular, spiral stair, etc
 Multi-flight stairs
 Open newel stair with quarter space landing
 Quarter-turn stairs
 Straight stairs
 Three quarter-turn stairs
18. Define flat slab.

 A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly over columns without beams generally used
when headroom is limited such as in cellars and warehouses.
19. Define Box Culvert.

 These are provided for conveying water to serve the following requirements:
 To serve as means for a cross drainage
 To provide a supporting slab for road way under which the cross drainage flows
20. What are cases available in Box Culvert?

 Case (1) when the top slab carries the dead and live load and culvert is empty
 Case (II) when the top slab carries the dead and live load and culvert is full of water
 Case (II) when the sides of culvert do not carry live load and culvert is full of water
21. How the effectively span of a stair is decided when the landing slab spans in the same direction as the
stair.
Page | 31
 When the landing slab spans in the same direction as the stairs, they should be considered as acting
together to form a single slab and the span determined at the distance centre to centre of the
supporting beams or walls. the going being measured horizontally.
22. Give the guidelines of the size of rise and tread as per IS code norms
 The following guidelines may be followed while deciding the size of rise and tread of a stair.
 400mm < (rise + tread) < 450mm
 580mm < (rise + tread) <630mm
23. How the load is distributed in the case of an open well stairs?
 In the case of stairs with open wells, where spans partly crossings at right angles occur, the load on
areas common to any two such spans may be taken as one-half in each direction.
24. How the load is distributed when flights or landings are embedded into walls?
 Where flights or landings are embedded into walls for a length not less than 110 mm and designed to
span in the direction of the flight, a 150 mm strip may be deducted from the loaded area and effective
breadth of the section increased to 75 mm for the purpose of design.
25. Define depth of section.

 The depth of section shall be taken as the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the
staircase.
26. What are the loads acting on staircases? Explain

a. DEAD LOADS
 Self-weight of stair slab which includes the waist slab, tread-rise, etc Self-weight of finishes ( 0.5 to 1
kN/m2 )
b. LIVE LOADS
 IS 875 parts II specifies the load to be considered as UDL of intensity 5 kN/m2 for public buildings and
3kN/m for residential building where the specified floor do not exceed 2kN/m and the staircases are
should not liable for overcrowding.
Page | 32
Chapter 2
EVOLUTION IDEA
2.1: AEIOU Canvas
2 AEIOU Summery
● AEIOU Summary is the summary of Activities, Interactions, Environment
Objects and Users. From summary we can easily conclude the whole situation
Of Amirgadh
Page | 33
2.2.1 Activity
● A – Activities → Through the “Activity Canvas” we were able to find out the activities
carried out in the ITI BUILDING by the labour and the other person’s Which are working at site.
Page | 34
 Calling  Bars binding
 Compaction  Curing
 Binding  Compaction
 Placing  Cleaning
 Cutting bars  Mixing
 Curing  measuring
Page | 35
2.2.2 Environment
●E – Environment → Through the “Environment Canvas” we were able to sort out the normal
Atmosphere of the Amirgadh site and also some specific environment of The near area which are
usually not seen.
 Normally air  Normally air

 Greenery environment
 summer
Page | 36
2.2.3 Interaction
● I – Interactions → Through the “Interaction Canvas” we have tried to find out the interaction
taking place during the working and non-working hours of Amirgadh site.
 Talking with mobile  Correction

 Discussion  Frankly communication
 Explanation  Arbitrary
 Dispute
Page | 37
2 . 2 . 4 Objects
● O – Objects → Through the “Object Canvas” we have almost tried to find out which all
Objects, components are used in the ITI BUILDING
 Mixer machine  Form work

 Needle vibrators  Lifting machine
 Power shovel  Wooden
 Reinforcement  sstair
Expansion joint
 Transit mixer  Level tube
Page | 38
2 . 2 . 5 Users
  Public
  Visitor
  Transporter


Page | 39
2.1.1: Mind mapping
● Mind mapping canvas is a graphical representation of Amirgadh site. There

are many parts such as Components, Environment, Interaction, Object and
Transportation.
Page | 40
2.2:Empthy mapping canvas
● Empathy canvas consists user, stakeholders, activities, happy story, sad story.
2.4 Stories
Sad Story
(1) Contractor team don’t understand about analysis so the intersection is difficult
(2) Some contractor and some supervisor don’t understand this analysis because
lack of in proper knowledge.
Happy Story
(1) To know about the age of bridge and capacity of the bridge.
(2) To understand maintenance and repair of bridge.
Page | 41
2.3:Ideation Canvas
By the help of the Ideation Canvas, we were able to sort out the targeted person, activities
performed at the Amirgadh site, several situations which might be seen at the Amirgadh site
and the props at the Amirgadh.
People
Public
Transporters
Visitors
Page | 42
Activities mentioned in Ideation Canvas
 Calling
 Curing
 Cleaning
 Compaction
 Soil investigation
Page | 43
Situation/Context /Location
Props/possible solutions
Page | 44
TOWARD STANDERIZATION OF BRIDGES- MINOR BRIDGE(BOX CUIVERT)
2.4:Product Development Canvas
Final Problem
After ideation canvas we find our problem about higher construction cost. We
want to design a better way to reduce cost of construction, Because of this we
helpful to government and people to make any at economical cost.
Purpose
Economically design.
Partially safety design.
Page | 45
TOWARD STANDERIZATION OF BRIDGES- MINOR BRIDGE (SOLID SLAB)
 People
 This are the customers or else this are the daily user of Amirgadh site.
Public
Transporter
Visitor
Page | 46
Component
● in this section, the list of
the components is listed which
would be mainly used to develop
the product.
Foundation
Sub-structure
Super-structure
 Product functions
● In this section, how will the product will work is stated.
Walkways
Diverting water-course
River Transportation.
Page | 47
Product experience
In this section, by the help of our product what will be the key benefits to the
customers are stated.
Safety Good service
Costumer revalidation
Economically design
Provide better servicer
Page | 48
Redesign
Page | 49
Product Development Canvas
Page | 50
2.5:Problems and Analysis
 Bad Organizational Structure

the construction project management practice’s decision making and procurement
processes do not have the capacity for the current speed and scale demand.
 Deficient Communication
The lack of a central data system results to delayed and inconsistent sharing of
information and reports. This leads to subcontractors, contractors, and owners not
having a common understanding of the project’s state at any given time.
 Weak Performance Management

Midstream changes, inadequate communication and lack of accountability lead to
unresolved issues piling up.
 Non-Universality of Information
when a different team carries over work to a different team for the next process and
when a problem comes up arising from the precious process, the construction project
manager may have a hard time understanding how to proceed. For example, the
procurement team deals with complicated contracts and when a problem with the
contracts arises while in the middle of construction, it may confuse the CPM
(construction project management) lead.
Connection Gaps
planning spans a lot of aspects; it includes high-end preparation and daily tasks. If daily
work does not align with the day’s goal, schedulers should be notified but often are not.
This system ends in delays due the absence of real-time updating of task priorities.
 Poor Short Term Calculations

another construction issue is that companies are good at planning and forecasting
outcomes in the next 3 months but fail to identify and calculate work in the new week
or two. This often results to delays that may be caused by unavailability of equipment
or materials.
 Inadequate Risk Management

Construction managers and contractors are usually looking into long-term risks of
planning, design, construction, operations, and maintenance. Risks that just pop up on
the job are usually overlooked. These tiny construction issues may just have a
snowball delay in decision making and compound to major schedule overruns.
Page | 51
 Limited Skill Capabilities
another cultural problem in construction is that companies tend to work with previous
people and teams and fail to connect with more capable firms and manpower suited for
the job.
 Safety Issues
Another aspect to look at is safety management practices. Work injuries can set project
schedule back by one week or even more and may cause budget overspending to
compensate for its outcomes. Investing in strong safety management programs
ultimately reduce injury rates thereby decreasing schedule and budget overruns and
ultimately improving project ROI and company reputation.
 Final Problem
After ideation canvas we find our problem about higher construction cost. We want
to design a better way to reduce cost of construction, Because of this we helpful to
government and people to make any at economical cost.
Page | 52
2.6: Analysis data of solid slab bridge
Foundation footing
Pcc =0.15m
Step-1=0.60M
Step-2=0.60M
Step-3=0.60M
Pier height=1.6M
Foundation length=13M, width=6.50M
Abutment to pier=10.25M
Pier to pier= 10M
Total length if bridge=80.60M

Total width of bridge=8.25M
Slab thickness=0.85M
=0.85M
Page | 53
ATOCAD DRAWING
Page | 54
Page | 55
Chapter 3
PRE-DESIGN
3.1:Learning needs matrix
 Purpose
 Better service
 Healthy environment
 Tools/Methods/Theories/Application Process
involved
 Maintenance process
 Analysis method
 Site observation
 Selection of material based on strength durability, cost.
 Applicable standards and design

specifications/principles and experiments
 Analysis according NBC
 IRC-SP-13 guideline
 According site
 Standard drawing

 Components materials strength criteria
 Soil investigation
 Soil test
 Concrete
 Steel
 Aluminum
 Software/Simulations/Skill/Mathematical
requirement
Page | 56
 Mathematical equation
 Auto-cad basic
 Staad pro basic
LNM CANVAS
Page | 57
3.2:Prior art search
Research paper 1
Prof. YOGESH.J.CHAUHAN1: Assistant professor in civil engineering

structure department (GES CLASS-II) 1.Barot jigar2,chaudari vipul3,
kharadi mukesh4,panchal sanjay5, Patel arth6. 2,3,4,5,6 student
department of civil engineer of government engineering collage of
Palanpur, banaskatha of Gujarat
ABSTRACT: The design process of analysis is not required only

imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of
science of structural engineering besides the knowledge of practical
aspects, such as recent design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample
experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of standards is to
ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between
economy and safety. In the present study of solid slab bridge in
Amirgadh of Gujarat, India is designed (pier, abutment, deck slab and
footings) using Auto CAD software. In order to analysis them, it is
important to first obtain the drawing of the particular components
that is, positioning of the particular side (pier, abutment, deck slab)
such that they serve their respective purpose and also suiting to the
requirement and comfort of the inhabitants. Thereby depending on
the suitability; plan layout of deck and the position of pier and
abutment are fixed
Keywords: pier, abutment, footing, slabs, structural analysis
Page | 58
Chapter 4
4.1 Feedback analysis
Table no:1 (Analysis table)
Person’
Questio s
ns
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 Do You Yes Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
have
knowledge
about rain
Solid slab
bridge
2 Do you have Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No
idea about
Solid slab
bridge
3 Is happened Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes NO Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes
near about
your
Village!
4 Do you have Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
experience
about
This type of
work!
5 Economical Ye Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
ly design s
properly?
6 Is there any Y Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO Yes Yes No Yes Ye Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
effect on
es s
environment
during
construction
?
7 Is N No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
government o
department
work
properly?
43|P a g e
 Result table
Table no: 2 (Result table)
Sr. Question Yes No
no.
1 Do you have knowledge about solid slab bridge? 22 03

2 Do you have idea about solid slab bridge? 17 08
3 Is happened near about your house? 17 08
4 Do you have experience about this type of work? 18 07
5 Economically design properly? 20 05
6 Is there any effect on environment during construction? 21 04
7 Is government department work properly? 17 08
44|P a g e
 Conclusion
In this project analysis of solid slab bridge, the site location is khari in
Amirgadh. We include in this analysis the all detail of the bridge like
foundation detail, pier detail, abutment detail and other details.
TOWARD STANDERIZATION OF BRIDGES- MINOR BRIDGE (solid slab) Page | 62

LOG TABLE: 01
• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - BAROT JIGAR VINESHBHAI
• COLLEGE NAME & CODE :- GEC PALANPUR (61)
• ENROLMENT NO.:- 180613106001 SEMESTER:- 3rd
• BRANCH :- CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR : - 2018-19
SR. PROJECT DATE TIME NAME REMARK SIGN

NO. WORK SPARED OF OF
TOPIC FACULTY FACULTY
1 Design 5 hours Prof.
Thinking over Y.J.CHAUHAN
view & topic
2 Domain 3 hours Prof.

Identification Y.J.CHAUHAN
& observation
3 AEIOU 5 hours Prof.

Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
5 Mind 4 hours Prof.
Mapping Y.J.CHAUHAN
6 Empathy 3 hours Prof.
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
8 Ideation 5 hours Prof.
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
9 Product 6 hours Prof.
Development Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas

LOG TABLE: 02
• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - CHAUDARI VIPUL VIRJIBHAI
• COLLEGE NAME &CODE :- GEC PALANPUR (61)
• ENROLMENT NO.:- 180613106003 SEMESTER :- 3rd

view & topic

& observation

Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
5 Mind Mapping 4 hours Prof.
Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas

LOG TABLE: 03
• NAME OF THE STUDENT: -KHARADI MUKESHBHAI DETABHAI
• COLLEGE NAME & CODE :- GEC PALANPUR (61)

view & topic

& observation

Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas

LOG TABLE: 04
• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - PANCHAL SANJAY RAMESHBHAI
• COLLEGE NAME & CODE:- GEC PALANPUR (61)
• BRANCH:- CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR : - 2018-19

view & topic

& observation

Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
5 Mind 4 hours Prof.
Mapping Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas

LOG TABLE: 05
• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - PATEL ARTH CHANDRESHBHAI
• COLLEGE NAME & CODE:- GEC PALANPUR (61)
• BRANCH:- CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR : - 2018-19

view & topic

& observation

Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas Y.J.CHAUHAN
Canvas

Reference:
 Google
 Professor gidenance
 Research paper
 Faculties
 Civil engineers
 Books

Appendix
Appendix 1: AEIOU canvas

Appendix 1.1: mind mapping

Appendix 2: Empathy mapping canvas

Appendix 3: Ideation canvas

Appendix 4: product development canvas

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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmadabad Affiliated

Government Engineering College, Palanpur

Under the guidance of

Department of Civil Engineering

Prof .N.R. KOTIYA Prof. P.C. Vasani

Department of Civil Engineering

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: _____________ Date: ___________

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our respected guidance

We are very much thankful to Prof. P. C, VASANI, Head of Civil Engineering

NAME ENROLLMENT NO.

BAROT JIGAR 180613106001

CHAUDHARI VIPUL 180613106008

HADIYOL JAYMIN 170610106024

SOLANKI PRADIP 170610106057

This study investigates the behaviour of substandrad detailed rcc element. Rc

CH. NO. DESCRPTION PAGE NO

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 08-16

Chapter 2 EVALUATION OF IDEA 17-38

2.1 AEIOU Canvas 17

Chapter 3 PRE- DESIGN 39-41

3.1 LNM Canvas 39

Chapter 4 CONCLUSION 42-51

Log Table 34-38

Appendix 1: AEIOU Canvas 40

Cracks develop due to deterioration of concrete or corrosion or reinforcement bars

Selection of construction material and by temperature and shrinkage effects. Due to

CLASSIFICATION DEPEND UPON WIDTH

Classification Crack width

In this project we are found that various techniques and methodology.

 Continuous horizontal cracks along walls

1.2.1.2 Non-Structural Cracks:-

1.2.2 Classification of Cracks Width Wise:-

1.2.2.1 Thin Crack:- Less than 1 mm in width

1.2.3Classification of Cracks Shape-wise:

1.2.3.4Map Pattern or of Random Type:

1.2.3.5Vertical, Horizontal or Diagonal:

1. Polymer modified concrete/cement mortar

2. What is the purpose of using reinforced cement concrete?

6. What are the types of load on R.C.C structures?

7. What are the elements of structures?

8. What are the methods of design?

9. Define elastic method of design.

13. Define permissible stress.

Ultimate or Yield strength of materials

14. Define factor of safety.

19. What are the advantages of working stress method?

20. What are the disadvantages of working stress method?

21. What are the advantages of ultimate load method?

23. What are the factors considered limit state of collapse ?

24. What are the factors considered in limit state of serviceability ?

25. What are the factors of safety in limit state?

27. What is under reinforced section?

28. What is over reinforced section?

30. Define singly reinforced section.

31. Define doubly reinforced section.

32. Under what circumstances doubly reinforced beams resorted to?

Define collapse state.

Date: ___ Date: _