Digital Assignment - 1

DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT -1
Name :- PATEL YASH JIGNESHKUMAR
Registrantion No. :- 18BCE1288
Course Title :- Network And Communication
Course Code :- CSE1004
Slot :- A2+TA2
Faculty Name :- Prof. PRABAKARAN R.

FLOW CONTROL MECHANISM
What does Flow Control mean?

Flow control is the mechanism that ensures the rate at which a sender is
transmitting is in proportion with the receiver’s receiving capabilities.
Flow control is utilized in data communications to manage the flow of
data/packets among two different nodes, especially in cases where the
sending device can send data much faster than the receiver can digest.
In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the rate of
data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from
overwhelming a slow receiver. It provides a mechanism for the receiver to
control the transmission speed, so that the receiving node is not
overwhelmed with data from transmitting node. Flow control should be
distinguished from congestion control, which is used for controlling the flow of
data when congestion has actually occurred.[1] Flow control mechanisms can
be classified by whether or not the receiving node sends feedback to the
sending node.
Flow control is important because it is possible for a sending computer to

transmit information at a faster rate than the destination computer can receive
and process it. This can happen if the receiving computers have a heavy
traffic load in comparison to the sending computer, or if the receiving
computer has less processing power than the sending computer.
Stop-and-wait
Stop-and-wait flow control is the simplest form of flow control. In this method
the message is broken into multiple frames, and the receiver indicates its
readiness to receive a frame of data. The sender waits for a receipt
acknowledgement (ACK) after every frame for a specified time (called a time
out). The receiver sends the ACK to let the sender know that the frame of
data was received correctly. The sender will then send the next frame only
after the ACK.
Operations
1. Sender: Transmits a single frame at a time.
2. Sender waits to receive ACK within time out.
3. Receiver: Transmits acknowledgement (ACK) as it receives a
frame.
4. Go to step 1 when ACK is received, or time out is hit.
If a frame or ACK is lost during transmission then the frame is re-transmitted.
This re-transmission process is known as ARQ (automatic repeat request).
The problem with Stop-and wait is that only one frame can be transmitted at a
time, and that often leads to inefficient transmission, because until the sender
receives the ACK it cannot transmit any new packet. During this time both the
sender and the channel are unutilised.
Pros and cons of stop and wait
Pros
The only advantage of this method of flow control is its simplicity.
Cons
The sender needs to wait for the ACK after every frame it transmits. This is a
source of inefficiency, and is particularly bad when the propagation delay is
much longer than the transmission delay.
Stop and wait can also create inefficiencies when sending longer
transmissions, when longer transmissions are sent there is more likely
chance for error in this protocol. If the messages are short the errors are
more likely to be detected early. More inefficiency is created when single
messages are broken into separate frames because it makes the
transmission longer.
Sliding Window
A method of flow control in which a receiver gives a transmitter permission to
transmit data until a window is full. When the window is full, the transmitter
must stop transmitting until the receiver advertises a larger window.
 Go Back N
 Selective Repeat
 Comparision
Transmit flow control
Transmit flow control may occur:

 between data terminal equipment (DTE) and a switching center,
via data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE), the opposite types
interconnected straightforwardly,
 or between two devices of the same type (two DTEs, or two DCEs),
interconnected by a crossover cable.
The transmission rate may be controlled because of network or DTE

requirements. Transmit flow control can occur independently in the two
directions of data transfer, thus permitting the transfer rates in one direction to
be different from the transfer rates in the other direction. Transmit flow control
can be
 either stop-and-wait,
 or use a sliding window.
Flow control can be performed
 either by control signal lines in a data communication interface
(see serial port and RS-232),
 or by reserving in-band control characters to signal flow start and stop
(such as the ASCII codes for XON/XOFF).
Hardware flow control
In common RS-232 there are pairs of control lines which are usually referred
to as hardware flow control:
 RTS (Request To Send) and CTS (Clear To Send), used in RTS flow
control
 DTR (Data Terminal Ready) and DSR (Data Set Ready), DTR flow
control
Hardware flow control is typically handled by the DTE or "master end", as it is
first raising or asserting its line to command the other side:
 In the case of RTS control flow, DTE sets its RTS, which signals the
opposite end (the slave end such as a DCE) to begin monitoring its data
input line. When ready for data, the slave end will raise its complementary
line, CTS in this example, which signals the master to start sending data,
and for the master to begin monitoring the slave's data output line. If either
end needs to stop the data, it lowers its respective "data readiness" line.
 For PC-to-modem and similar links, in the case of DTR flow control,
DTR/DSR are raised for the entire modem session (say a dialup internet
call where DTR is raised to signal the modem to dial, and DSR is raised by
the modem when the connection is complete), and RTS/CTS are raised for
each block of data.
An example of hardware flow control is a Half-duplex radio modem to
computer interface. In this case, the controlling software in the modem and
computer may be written to give priority to incoming radio signals such that
outgoing data from the computer is paused by lowering CTS if the modem
detects a reception.
 Polarity:
o RS-232 level signals are inverted by the driver ICs, so line polarity
is TxD-, RxD-, CTS+, RTS+ (Clear to send when HI, Data 1 is a LO)
o for microprocessor pins the signals are TxD+, RxD+, CTS-, RTS-
(Clear to send when LO, Data 1 is a HI)
Software flow control
Conversely, XON/XOFF is usually referred to as software flow control.

Open-loop flow control
The open-loop flow control mechanism is characterized by having no
feedback between the receiver and the transmitter. This simple means of
control is widely used. The allocation of resources must be a "prior
reservation" or "hop-to-hop" type.
Closed-loop flow control

The closed-loop flow control mechanism is characterized by the ability of the
network to report pending network congestion back to the transmitter. This
information is then used by the transmitter in various ways to adapt its activity
to existing network conditions. Closed-loop flow control is used
by ABR (see traffic contract and congestion control).[1] Transmit flow control
described above is a form of closed-loop flow control.
VIRTUAL CLASS -1
Name :- PATEL YASH JIGNESHKUMAR
Registrantion No. :- 18BCE1288
Course Title :- Network And Communication
Course Code :- CSE1004
Slot :- A2+TA2
Faculty Name :- Prof. PRABAKARAN R.

1. Suppose there is a 10Mbps microwave link between a geostationary satellite and its base station
on Earth. Every minute the satellite takes a digital photo and sends it to the base station. Assume
propagation speed of 2.4x108 meters/sec, and the space between the satellite and its base station is
36000 Km. (4 Marks)
a. What is the propagation delay of the link?
b. What is the bandwidth-delay product?
Answer1)
a.Propagation delay = 36 * 10^3/2.4 * 10^3 = 138.8 secs.
Answer1)
b. Bandwidth delay product = 10 * 10^6 * 138.8 = 1.388 * 10 ^ 5 bps^2.
2. Determine the possible Bit-rate and the number of Levels over a channel for these cases?
(6 Marks)
a. BW = 2.4 kHz, noiseless channel with L=16.
b. BW = 2.4 kHz, SNR = 20 dB. c. BW = 3.0 kHz, SNR = 40 dB.
Answer2)
a.Bit-rate = 2 * bandwidth * logL = 2 * 2.4 * 10^3 = 19.2 * 10^3 bps.
Answer2)
b. Capacity = Bandwidth * log(1+SNR) = 2.4 * 10^3 * log(21) = 10.536 * 10^3 bps.
Answer2)
c. Capacity = Bandwidth * log(1+SNR) = 3 * 10^3 * log(41) = 16.05 * 10^3 bps.

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DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT -1

Name :- PATEL YASH JIGNESHKUMAR

Registrantion No. :- 18BCE1288

Course Title :- Network And Communication

Course Code :- CSE1004

Faculty Name :- Prof. PRABAKARAN R.

What does Flow Control mean?

Flow control is important because it is possible for a sending computer to

The only advantage of this method of flow control is its simplicity.

Transmit flow control

Transmit flow control may occur:

The transmission rate may be controlled because of network or DTE

Software flow control

Conversely, XON/XOFF is usually referred to as software flow control.

Closed-loop flow control

Name :- PATEL YASH JIGNESHKUMAR

Registrantion No. :- 18BCE1288

Course Title :- Network And Communication

Course Code :- CSE1004

Faculty Name :- Prof. PRABAKARAN R.

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