Voyager 1 f'W

Encounter
With Saturn

NiASA
Ndlirial Acronaulcs and
DroAMKit
K Iti
Space Adrninistration
RELEASE NO: 80-159

CONTENTS

GENERAL RELEASE ......................... ........

THE PLANET SATURN. A .UR.N ..... 15

SATURN SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS..PR.. .. ...... . ... .

T . S.. 21

Magnetic Fields Investigatione.......................... 22

Cosmic Ray Investigation.............................. 22
Planetary Radio Astronomy.............................. 23
Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer.... 23
Radio Science........ ................................. 24
imaging ................................................ 24
Low-Energy Charged Particles........................... 26
Plasma................................................. 26
Plasma Wave........................................... 27
Ultraviolet Spectrometer .................. ........ . 29

VOYAGER JUPITER SCIENCE RESULTS........ ....'..... ... 32

Jupiter's Atmosphere................................. 32
Satellites and Ring................................... 33
Magnetosphere...................................... 34

VOYAGER SCIENCE TEAMS.o.................................. 36

Cosmic Ray............................................. 36
Infrared Radiometry and Spectrometry.................. 36
Imaging Science... ....................... 37
Low-Energy Charged Particles............o..... ........ 37
Magnetic Fields..................................... 38
Plasma Science..........................o..o........... 38
Photopolarimetry .39
Planetary Radio Astrr o n 39
om..............................
Plasma Wave 40
Radio Sciencei ence.................................... 40
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy ..... .0.
. . . ... 40

VOYAGER MISSION SUMMARY ............................... . 41

THE SATELLITES OF SATURN. ............... ............ . 43

VOYAGER TAL.................... 44

CONVERSION TABLE .................. ,.,,..99,,............. 45

 . . . .......... .. .. .. .

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration
Washington. D.C. 20546
AC 202 755-8370

For Release:
Nicholas Panagakos
Headquarters, Washington, D.C. 10 A.M. EST, TUESDAY
(Phone: 202/755-3680) October 28, 1980

Frank Bristow
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
(Phone: 213/354-5011)

RELEASE NO: 80-159

VOYAGER TO TAKE A CLOSE LOOK Air SATURN ON NOV. 12

America's Voyager 1 will arrive at Saturn early next month,

marking the third episode in a decade-long, multibillion-mile

space odyssey to the outer planets and beyond.

Voyager 1 will encounter the ringed planet on Nov. 12,

making its closest approach at approximately 6:45 p.m. EST at a

distance of 124,200 kilometers (77,174 miles) from the visible

cloud tops.

The flyby of Saturn comes more than 20 months after

Voyager's close approach to Jupiter in March 1979, and 16 months

after a sister craft, Voyager 2, made its Jovian encounter in

July 1979.

October 23, 1980

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 -2-

its
Voyager l's detailed scientific examination of Saturn,

rings and moons, is the NASA spacecraft's final planetary en-

Voyager 2
counter before it leaves the solar system about 1990.
encounter Saturn later next year, followed by possible
will
Uranus and Neptune encounters in 1986 and 1989 respectively.

The closeup looks at the outer planets are the most current
ex-
steps in the United States program of systematic planetary
labora-
ploration, in which the solar system is used as a natural
tory. By being able to compare the similarities and differences
about the
of the various planets, scientists hope to learn more
our own
history and future oi, the solar system and particularly
planet Earth. The outer planets, evolving at a different rate
-- Mercury,
and under different conditions than the inner planets
in this
Venus and Mars -- play a particularly important role
effort.

A prime target for study by Voyager 1 will be Saturn's

satellite Titan, the largest moon in the solar system and the
The
only moon known to have retained a substantial atmosphere.
(2,500
spacecraft will approach Titan at a distance of 4,000 km
in the
mi.) from the surface, the closest approach to any body
time).*
Voyager mission, on Nov. 12 at 12:41 a.m. EST (spacecraft

would
*If one were able to watch the event from Earth, the eye time it
see the close encounter one hour, 25 minutes later -- the
km (930 million mi.) back
takes light to travel the 1.5 billion radio to
to Earth. The same velocity is true using the Voyager
observe the event. Scientists call this the "Earth-received
time." Times listed in this press kit are spacecraft times

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 -3-

The same day, Voyager also will make its closest

approach to
Saturn and the satellites Tethys (415,320 km
or 258,067 Tni.) at
5:16 p.m. EST; Mimas (88,820 km or 55,190 mi.)
at 8:42 p.m.;
Enceladus (202,521 km or 125,840 mi.) at 8:50
p.m.; and Dione
(161,131 km or 100,122 mi.) at 10:39 p.m. Closest approach to
Rhea (72,000 km or 44,739 mi.) will be at 1:21
a.m. EST on
Nov. 13.

When the two Voyager spacecraft have completed

their tele-
vision experiments they will have sent more than
70,000 pictures
of Jupiter, Saturn and its rings, 13 satellites
and black space
near the two planets. Black-space imaging at Jupiter resulted in
discovery of one its three newly found moons.

At Saturn, as at Jupiter, Voyager's radio signals will be

used extensively to measure the atmospheres of the planet and
satellites and assess the size and density of
the ring particles.

The Voyager 1 trajectory includes occultations

of the Earth
and Sun by Titan, Saturn and the rings. During
these three occul-
tations, Earth will be eclipsed by Titan, Saturn
and the rings
from the spacecraft's point of view. As Voyager passes behind
each body, its radio signals will pass through
the atmospheres of
Saturn and Titan and through the rings toward
Earth; resultant
changes in the radio signals will provide information
on charac-
teristics of the planet's and satellite's
atmospheres, iono-
spheres and the size and density of ring particles.

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 -4-

Each Voyager uses 10 instruments and the spacecraft radio

system to study the planets, their principal satellites,
Saturn's
rings, the magnetic and radiation regions surrounding the
planets, and the interplanetary medium. (The photopolarimeter on
Voyager 1 has failed and will not be used at Saturn;
the one on
Voyager 2 is still operating.)

The Voyagers are carrying telescope-equipped television

cameras, cosmic ray detectors, infrared spectrometers and radio-
meters, low-energy charged-particle detectors, magnetometers,
photopolarimeters, planetary radio astronomy receivers, plasma
detectors, plasma wave instruments and ultraviolet
spectrometers.

The spacecraft began the observatory phase of

its encounter
on Aug. 22 and will conclude the 117-day surveillance
of the
Saturnian system on Dec. 15.

Voyager 2 will follow its sister spacecraft to Saturn in

August 1981. Its possible four-planet itinerary en-includes
counters with Uranus in January 1986 and Neptune
in August 1989.

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun, second

largest in
the solar system. Like Jupiter, it is a giant sphere of gas --
mostly hydrogen and helium with a small core of
rocky material.

The planet takes 29.46 years to complete one orbit around

the Sun, which is approximately 1.42 billion km
(886 million mi.)
away. A day on Saturn lasts 10 hours, 39 minutes,
24 seconds.

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 -5-

Until recently, Saturn was believed to be the only planet

encircled by rings. But both Jupiter and Uranus were discovered

to have thin, barely visible rings. (she Jovian ring was dis-

covered by Voyager.) Saturn's rings, however, are much richer in

material, probably chunks of ice and dirt, and are bright and

highly visible from Earth-based telescopes.

At least six rings surround Saturn. From the planet out-

ward, they are designated D, C, B, A, F and E. Divisions between

the rings are believed to be caused by the three innermost satel-

lites, Mimas, Enceladus and Tethys. The Cassini Division, a space
between the B and the A ring, is the only division clearly

visible with a small telescope from Earth.

The Encke Division is a small gap in the rings. The Pioneer

spacecraft, which flew past Saturn in September 1979, detected a

gap between the A and F rings. Pioneer also reported a third

division between the C and B rings.

Saturn's face, in comparison to Jupiter's, is bland and

tranquil in appearance. This may be due to thick, high-altitude

haze that gives Saturn its opaque appearance, hiding weather

activity in the planet's atmosphere.

Saturn has at least 13 satellites, though many more not yet

discovered may orbit the planet. The existence of 10 has been

known for some time and these objects have been named; of the

three recently discovered satellites, two appear to share the

orbit of Dione and one of Enceladus.

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 -6-

From the planet outward, the 10 named satellites are Janus

(whose existence is now doubtful), Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys,

Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus and Phobe.

In its excursion though the Jovian system, Voyager 1 dis-

covered a wispy ring of particles around Jupiter and towering

volcanoes on Io. Superbolts of lightning and immense auroras

were found in the planet's violently cnurning atmosphere.

More than 18,000 pictures of Jupiter, the four Galilean

satellites -- Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto -- and tiny

Amalthea were obtained with Voyager l's two-camera imaging system

during the 98-day encounter.

Voyager 2's visit to the Jovian system yielded an additional

15,000 pictures of the giant planet and its satellites.

Using Jupiter's enormous gravity, the two spacecraft were

hurled onto trajectories toward Saturn.

When Pioneer 10 and 11 passed tnrough Jupiter's intense

radiation in their 1973 and 1974 encounters, the two Voyagers

were still being assembled. Based on data from the Pioneers,

some Voyager parts were exchanged for more radiation-resistant

components, electronic circuits were modified, and additional

radiation shielding was added to each spacecraft. As a result,

the Voyagers suffered little damage in their flybys of Jupiter.

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 -7-

Saturn's radiation is much gentler than Jupiter's. When

Pioneer 11 flew beneath Saturn's rings, radiation intensity

dropped dramatically, showing that charged particles are inter-

rupted and absorbed by particles in the rings.

Voyager 2 was launched Aug. 20, 1977, from Cape Canaveral,

Fla., aboard a Titan Centaur rocket. Two weeks later, on Sept. 5,

sped
Voyager 1 was launched on a faster, shorter trajectory and
1
past its twin before the end of the year. By the time Voyager
reaches Saturn, Voyager 2 will be nine months behind.

When Voyager 1 encounters Saturn it will have traveled more

than 2 billion km (1.24 billion mi.) since launch.

After completing their planetary missions, each spacecraft

will search for the outer limit of the solar wind -- that pre-
the
sumed boundary somewhere in our part of the Milky Way where
the
influence of the Sun gives way to that of other stars of
galaxy.

The Voyager Project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propul-

sion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., a government-owned facility,

for the space agency by the California Institute of

operated
Technology.

NASA program manager is Frank A. Carr, and Dr. Milton A.

is NASA program scientist. Voyager project manager is

Mitz
Raymond L. Heacock, JPL, and Dr. Edward C. Stone of Caltech is

project scientist.

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 -8-

Estimated cost of the Voyager Project,

exclusive of launch
vehicles, tracking and data acquisition
and flight-support acti-
vities is $338 million.

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.)

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 THE PLANET SATURN

The ancients believed Saturn to be the most distant planet

from the Sun. Not until Sir William Herschel discovered Uranus
in 1781 did anyone know of the existence of planets beyond
Saturn.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun. It is unique in
the solar system in that it is the only planet lighter than
water, with a density of 0.7 grams per cubic centimeter. (The
density of water is one gram per cubic centimeter.)

Saturn's rings are the planet's most distinctive feature.

It was thought to be the only planet encircled by rings until the
discoveries of Uranus' rings in 1977 and Jupiter's in 1979.
The first telescopic observations of the planet were made by
Galileo Galilei in 1610. His telescope, which gave a magnifica-
tion of only eight power, led the early astronomers to believe he
had seen not one but three planets because of the confusing image
of Saturn's encompassing rings. Using a better telescope, Dutch
astronomer Christian Huygens correctly identified the rings in
1655.
Saturn is the second largest planet in our solar system. It
has a volume 815 times that of Earth, but a mass only 95.2 times
greater. Like its giant neighbor, Jupiter, Saturn's extremely
rapid rotation has caused the planet to be flattened at its
poles. Saturn's equatorial radius is 60,330 km (37,490 mi.),
while the polar radius is considerably smaller -- 54,000 km
(33,554 mi.). Its surface gravity is 1.15 (Earth's gravity is
1.0).
Saturn takes 29.46 Earth years to complete one orbit around
the Sun. Though a Saturnian year is long, its days are short,
lasting only 10 hours, 39 minutes, 24 seconds (as determined by
Voyager).
In its slow orbit around the Sun, Saturn is perturbed by the
other planets -- especially Jupiter -- so its orbital path is not
strictly elliptical. The planet wavers in its distance from the
Sun in a region of between 9.0 AU and 10.1 AU. (An astronomical
unit, or AU, is the mean distance from the Sun to Earth --
149,597,870 km or 92,955,806.8 mi.). Saturn receives only about
one-one hundredth as much sunlight as that which reaches Earth.
Like the three other gas giants -- Jupiter, Neptune and
Uranus -- Saturn has no solid surface, but is a huge. multi-
layered globe of gas with a small core of iron and rocky
material.

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 -16

COMPARATIVE SIZES OF SATURN AND EARTH OII~ PAGE !.--

OFR POOR~QALITY,
 -17-

it is colder than
Because Saturn is farther from the Sun, at greater depths
Jupiter. Material in its atmosphere freezes
freezes and forms clouds
than on Jupiter. Ammonia, for example,Earth atmospheres (two to
on Saturn at a depth of two or three which is 1,000 milli-
three times the surface pressure of Earth, on Jupiter.
bars), compared to six tenths of an atmosphere
measurements
Gravity-field analysis and temperature-profile
core, extending out
made by Pioneer 11 suggest that Saturn's is twice the size of
about 13,800 km (8,575 mi.) from the center, and rocky core contains
Earth, but is so compressed that its iron
15 to 20 times the mass of Earth.
conductive
Surrounding the core is a layer of electrically
has not been observed
metallic hydrogen. This form of hydrogen
is required for its production.
on Earth, since immense pressure
envelope of hydrogen
The outermost layer of the planet is an two elements may ex-
and helium. The interaction between these
Jupiter and Saturn release
plain Saturn's emission of heat. Both receive from the Sun. But
about twice the amount of energy they produce their energy in
scientists believe the two planets
entirely different ways.
the gravitational con-
Jupiter emits energy left over from
was formed 4.6 billion
traction that occurred when the planet conclude
years ago. But because Saturn is smaller, scientists Any heat left
manner:
that it cannot emit energy in the same would have dissi-
over from Saturn's gravitational contraction be the
pated long ago. Instead, Saturn's heat production may' outer
and helium in the
result of the separation of hydrogen the planet's liquid
layer, with heavier helium sinking through
hydrogen interior.
at Saturn's cloud
From observations, the velocity of winds an hour -- twice that
tops appears to be about 1,400 km (900 mi.)
on observations from Earth
on Jupiter. The calculations are based with Voyager's radio mea-
of spots in Saturn's clouds, combined interior.
surements of the rotation of the planet's
the family may
Saturn has at least 13 satellites, though satellite in the
largest
finally number many more. Titan is the to 5,632 km (2,700 to
solar system: With a diameter of 4,345
Mercury. It is the only
3,500 mi.) its size approximates that of have retained a substan-
satellite in the solar system known to density is now calculated
tial atmosphere. Titan's atmospheric
to be between 20 millibars and 2,000 millibars at the surface.
1,000 millibars; Mars
(Earth's atmospheric density is about Its prevailing tem-
atmospheric density is about 10 millibars.)Celsius (-324 degrees
perature is low -- about -198 degrees
Fahrenheit).

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 -19-

no others we have ever

Saturn's other satellites are like tiny satellites, Phobos
Mars'
seen. Most of them are larger than as the four Galilean satel-
and Deimos, but they are not as large
bodies, expected to consist
lites of Jupiter. They are midsized material averaging 30 to
of mixtures of rock and ice, with rocky ice. It now appears that
36 percent, or they could be allnew, small satellites outside
Voyager may discover a number of
the A ring,
in the order of dis-
The rings' designations were assigned
do with their relative posi-
covery; the letters have nothing to ring, the rings are:
tions. Beginning with the outermost
Saturn radii (480,000 km
* E ring; extending to about eight
or 298,260 mi. from the planet. It has been photographed from
Earth.
by Prioneer 11. It is
* F ring; identified in images taken ring, but distinct and
A
a very narrow ring just outside the
separate from the E ring.
@ A ring; outermost ring visible
with small telescopes.
inside the A ring, and is
* B ring; the brightest ring, lies (The division is not
separated from it by Cassini's Division.
Earth the B ring appears com-
completely clear of material.) From
pletely filled with material. However, a few Pioneer 11 images
to speculation there may be
show light leaking through, leading
holes in the ring.
visible in small tele-
* C ring (or "crepe ring"); barely km (11,000 mi.) from cloud
scopes; lies inside the B ring; 17,000
tops.
between the C ring
In addition, a D ring has been claimed
doubt its existence.
and the cloud tops. Some scientists
and A ring is the most
The Cassini Division between the B
easily visible with Earth-
prominent gap between the rings and of the
based telescopes. A thin space within the outermost edge3,600-km
identified a new,
A ring is the Encke Division. Pioneer
(2,200-mi.) division within the A ring.
The rings appear
The composition of the rings is unknown. about 1 to 30 centi-
to be ertirely ice or ice-covered material Scientists want to deter-
meters (0.3 to 12 inches) in diameter. and discover if other
mine the particle sizes and densities a
material is present. How and why the rings formed is also
major question.
dust particles 0.05 cm
Jupiter's thin ring is made up of by Voyager from forward
(0.0002 in.) in diameter, as perceived
scattering of sunlight.

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 -20-

But Saturn's rings contain much larger particles, so Voyager

will use radio signals aimed at the rings and toward Earth at
occultation to determine the presence of particles the size of 30
to 90 cm (1 to 3 ft.) in diameter.

The B ring contains the greatest amount of material and is

so dense that little light can penetrate.
Scientists want to determine why density apparently differs
from ring to ring, and if there are waves within the rings. Large
objects in the rings themselves may also cause local variations
in density.

Saturn's magnetic field is 1,000 times stronger than Earth's

and 20 times weaker than Jupiter's. Saturn's magnetosphere is
unique in that its north-south axis is within one degree or less
of the planet's rotation axis, unlike the 10-degree tilt to the
rotation axis of Earth, Jupiter and the Sun.
The magnetosphere, a magnetic bubble in the solar wind that
surrounds the planet, is larger than Earth's but smaller than
Jupiter's. It is a teardrop-shaped magnetic envelope about 8
million km (5 million mi.) wide, that extends about 2.5 million
km (1.5 million mi.) from the planet.

Saturn possesses radiation belts of high-energy electrons

and protons comparable in intensity to Earth's, though the region
they occupy is about 10 times larger. The intensity of Saturn's
radiation was unknown until Pioneer 11 flew past the planet and
determined that the radiation belts are several hundred times
weaker than Jupiter's. When the spacecraft passed below the
rings, the radiation intensity dropped dramatically, indicating
that ring material interrupts and absorbs the charged particles
that bounce back and forth between the planet's poles.

The absorption of charged particles makes the area around

the rings the most radiation-free sector of space yet found in
the solar system. The innermost satellites also absorb radiation
particles.

Pioneer's infrared instrumentation showed the equatorial

zone is cooler than adjoining higher-latitude regions. The dif-
ference in temperature indicates varying heights of belts and
zones.
Ultraviolet radiation detected at Saturn's poles is possibly
the result of auroral activity like that which Voyager discovered
at Jupiter.
Each of the Voyager experiments -- 10 instruments and the
spacecraft radio -- gather specific data individually, but it is
through the synergistic combination of data from several instru-
ments that the science teams will assemble a coherent picture of
the entire Saturn system.

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 -21-

SATURN SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS

at Saturn fall into four
Voyager l's science investigations
broad classifications:
by:
1. Saturn's atmosphere, studied
o Imaging
and Radiometer
* Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer
* Ultraviolet Spectrometer
* Radio Science.
-- Titan, Rhea, Dione,
2. Seven of the satellites of Saturn
A study will be conducted
Mimas, Iapetus, Hyperion and Enceladus. and a search for undis-
of recently discovered small satellites,
be conducted by:
covered bodies. The studies will
* Imaging
and Radiometer
* Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer
* Ultzaviolet Spectrometer
* Radio Science.
its interaction with the
3. Saturn's magnetic field and by:
studied
solar wind and the satellites,
* Plasma

* Low-energy charged particles

* Cosmic ray
* Magnetometers
* Planetary radio astronomy
* Plasma wave
* Radio science.

4. Saturn's rings, studied by:

* Imaging
and Radiometer
* Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer
* Ultraviolet Spectrometer

* Radio Science.

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 -22--

Magnetic Fields Investigation

The magnetic field of a planet

indication of conditions deep within is an externally measurable
meters aboard Voyager 1 gather data its interior. Four magne:o-
fields at Saturn, the satellites, solar on the planetary magnet.c
actions with the planetary field, and wind and satellite inter-
magnetic field. the interplanetary (solar)

The magnetometers effectively probe the interplanetary

medium -- the tenuous, ionized and
solar wind. magnetized gas called the

To form the solar wind, the Sun constantly emits electric-

ally charged particles -- protons and electrons --
zation of hydrogen. from the ioni-
Those particles
matter, called plasma (the other threeare in the fourth state of
states are solid, liquid
and neutral gas). The plasma is of extremely
fills all interplanetary space. low density and it
Because it is ionized the solar
wind is an electrically conducting medium.

The solar wind is deflected by planetary

(such as Earth's, Jupiter's and Saturn's) magnetic fields
and
past the obstacles, confining the planetary streams around and
regions called the magnetosphere. magnetic fields to

The shape of Saturn's magnetic field

stood. But because Voyager 1 and Voyager is not clearly under-
apart, scientists can link long-term 2 arrive nine months
wind to the magnetosphere as the latter measurements of the solar
in response to variations in the solar changes size and shape
wind.
The outer regions of Jupiter's, and
netic fields are shaped much differently probably Saturn's mag-
rotation of Jupiter and Saturn may from Earth's. The rapid
be one
magnetic fields corotate with the planets. explanation as their
the planets' magnetic-field lines appear At great distances,
ture, which could be explained by to form a spiral struc-
outward-flowing
striking difference between the magnetic plasma. A
planets is that Earth's and Jupiter's fields of the three
offset at least 10 degrees from their north magnetic poles are
Saturn's is offset 1 degree or less, geographic poles, while
according to data from
Pioneer 11, which studied Saturn in September
j979.
CosmicRay Investigation
Cosmic rays are the most energetic
are atomic nuclei, primarily protons particles in nature and
all known natural elements. and electrons. They comprise
Over certain energy ranges and at
certain periods of time, the content
proportion to that of all the matter of cosmic rays is similar in
in the solar system.

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 -23-

Generally, however, their composition varies significantly

with energy, indicating to scientists that a variety of astro-
physica] sources and processes contributes to their numbers.
Cosmic rays may, as we search for their origins, tell much
about the solar system's origins and processes. Cosmic rays are
material samples of the galaxy, and can tell us much about how
stars synthesize the various elements in their interiors.

Voyager's cosmic ray instrument will study the energy con-

tent, origin and acceleration process, and life history of cosmic
rays.

Planetary Radio Astronomy

The planetary radio astronomy will measure radio emissions

from Saturn in the low-frequency range from 20 kilohertz to 40.5
megahertz. (AM radio stations broadcast at frequencies between
550 kilohertz and 1.6 megahertz.) Scientists say emissions rang-
ing in wavelength from less than 10 m (33 ft.) to thousands of
meters can result from wave-particle-plasma interactions in the
magnetosphere and ionosphere of Saturn.
Saturn's weak, kilometer wavelength radio bursts have been
used by the scientists to determine the planet's rotation rate
with high precision. That rotation rate, determined with data
from this instrument, is 10 hours, 39 minutes, 24 seconds.
Another goal of the planetary radio astronomy experiment is
to search for lightning in Saturn's atmosphere, since lightning
was discovered in the atmosphere of Jupiter, and it has been pos-
tulated as a catalyst for the formation of life. Together with
the plasma wave experiment and several optical instruments,
planetary radio astronomy may be able to demonstrate the exis-
tence of lightning on Saturn.
One current theory says that lightning in an atmosphere of
hydrogen, methane, ammonia and water could set off reactions that
eventually form complex organic molecules.

Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer

Saturn presents a more subtle appearance to Earth-based

observers than Jupiter, with its well-defined and colorful light
zones, dark belts and large storm systems.
Voyager's infrared interferometer spectrometer and radio-
meter -- called, simply, IRIS -- will try to determine why the
differences are so marked between the two apparently similar
planets.

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 -24-

Each chemical compound has a unique spectrum. Measuring

infrared radiation emitted and reflected by an the
data on atmospheric gas composition, abundance, object provides
temperatures, circulation and heat balance. clouds, haze,

Hydrogen, deuterium (heavy hydrogen), methane,

ethane and phosphine have been identified in Saturn's aimnonia,
There is also evidence for the presence of helium atTitosphere.
amount is uncertain. 5 although the

Knowledge of the absorption properties of

major constituents can be used to measure the the atmosphere's
various depths as it changes with pressure. temperature at
The presence of a
considerable quantity of dust in the atmosphere
the sharp drop in overall reflectivity from 5,000is deduced from
3,000 Angstroms. Angstroms to

Satellite temperature maps will be constructed using the

distinctive spectral signatures of ices and minerals found on
the surfaces. Maps and pictures of the satellites can be used
to study the geology and evolution of the bodies, and how they
differ with distance from Saturn.

Radio Science
The radio that provides tracking and communication
Voyager also explores the planets and space. with

Measurements of Voyager's radio signals provide information

on gravity fields and atmospheres of Saturn and
the solar corona and general relativity. its satellites,

Changes in frequency, phase, delay, intensity

tion of radio signals between spacecraft and Earth and polariza-
mation about the space between the two, and about provide infor-
forces that affect the spacecraft and alter its path.gravitational

When the spacecraft moves behind a body as

(called occultation), radio waves coming from theviewed from Earth
through the ionosphere and atmosphere on their spacecraft pass
way Earthward.
Changes in signal characteristics durihg those events
mation about the vertical structure of the ionosphere, give infor-
phere, clouds and turbulence. atmos-

Imaging
Voyager l's two television cameras will take about
pictures during the Saturn encounter. 18,000
By themselves and coupled
w th data from other instruments, the cameras can
amounts of scientific data about the objects to provide vast
be studied --
Saturn and at least seven of its satellites.

-more-
 -25-

On a gross scale, one would expect Saturn to be very much

like Jupiter -- a vast accumulation of hydrogen and helium sur-
rounding a small, dense, rocky core.
But there are also a variety of differences between the
two: while both have a layer of high-altitude atmospheric haze,
Saturn's appears from Earth to be much thicker than Jupiter's.
That, plus Saturn's greater distance from Earth, makes motions
within the planet's atmosphere difficult to study from Earth. As
a result, imaging scientists expect to make the first extensive
study of global wind systems in the atmosphere of Saturn.
Though the gross cloud structure in Saturn's atmosphere is
dominated by the familiar belt-zone pattern as seen on Jupiter,
there is a marked absence of any long-lived features analogous to
Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The few spots or features that have
been seen from Earth indicate that tropical latitudes on Saturn
rotate more rapidly than do the temperate and polar regions (re-
call that this is analogous to Jupiter). One explanation for the
sparsity of spots in Saturn's atmosphere may be the presence of a
thick haze layer that diminishes atmospheric contrast. Scientists
hope that high-resolution, high-contrast Voyager images will re-
veal the elusive features.
Most scientists believe Saturn's atmosphere must be as
active as Jupiter's. The bland appearance of the cloud tops,
they feel, is most likely due to obscuration by the high-altitude
haze.
Atmospheric features will be affected by such phenomena as
high wind speeds on Saturn, atmospheric convection and a rotation
rate similar to Jupiter, radiation of internal heat that is more
than 2.5 times greater than the radiation received from the Sun,
the Coriolis force created by such rapid rotation, and the
effects of the ring shadow on portions of the cloud tops.
Determining the structure of the atmosphere of Saturn is
considered one of the classic problems to be solved by Voyager
photography. Constant monitoring of the planet and motion picture
sequences will help provide data to satisfy that requirement.
Since particles in Saturn's rings are thought to be ex-
tremely small (from a few centimeters to a few meters in size),
Voyager's cameras will not resolve the individual ring particles.
But waves or clumps of particles, as well as large, satellite-
sized objects orbiting within or near the rings should be identi-
fiable. (The radio science experiments are intended to resolve
many of the scientific questions about particle size.)
The satellites of Saturn (along with the rings) are expected
by imaging scientists to provide the most surprises. Little is
known about these satellites besides rough estimates of the sizes
and densities.

-more-
 or some
Their densities indicate they could be solid ice rock.
30 to 40 percent
combination of ice and rock up to about have also
Infrared reflection spectra from Earth telescopes
of the satellite surfaces.
identified water ice or frost on many
through
It is known that Titan's clouds are reddish-colored; the surface
a telescope Titan looks as rod as Mars. But even
is unknown -- current estimates
pressure of Titan's atmosphere pressure of
range from 2 bars, twice the surface atmospheric pressure at
Earth, to about 20 millibars, about twice the surface sizes, sur-
Mars, or 2 percent of Earth's surface pressure. But of the other
face characteristics, densities and composition
satellites are not known.
Low-Energy Charged Particles
strong coup-
The low-energy charged particle instrument is aparticles in-
ling factor in Voyager's complement of fields and
including
vestigations, contributing to many areas of interest, magnetic
the solar wind, solar flares, particle accelerations,
fields and cosmic rays.
interplane-
Two detectors allow measurements during the long combined
dynamic range,
tary cruise and the encounters. The wide characterization
with wide coverage in energy and species, allow
including the
of a wide range of energetic-particle environments, planets. The
intense trapped-radiation environment around the
particles traveling 2,400 to
low-energy charged particle measures mi.) a second.
more than 150,000 km (1,500 to more than 93,000
of light --
(High-energy particles travel at or near the speed
299,792 km or 186,282 mi. a second.)
data for
Observations of particle acceleration provide and
cosmic ray acceleration
understanding solar flare processes,
processes in Earth's magnetosphere.
Plasma
in-
Voyager's plasma instrument measures plasma properties
range of
a wide
cluding velocity, density and temperature for magnetospheres.
flow directions in the solar wind and planetary
250 mi.
Traveling at supersonic speed (averaging 400 km or from the
a second), plasma streams in all directions radially with Earth's
Sun, forming the solar wind. Solar wind interactionand geomagnetic
magnetic field results in the northern lights planets.
storms. Similar events have been observed at other
of the
At Saturn, the plasma team will study the interaction
and struc-
forms
solar wind with Saturn; the sources, properties, interaction of
ture of Saturn's magnetospheric plasma; and the
and rings.
the magnetospheric plasma with the satellites

-more-
 -27-

Although the plasma instrument cannot directly observe the

neutral atoms in the magnetosphere, neutral gas is eventually
ionized and becomes part of the Saturnian magnetosphere plasma.

It is possible that Titan, largest satellite in the solar

system and the only one known to have a substantial atmosphere,
has a torus, or donut-shaped cloud of ionized material associated
with it. If that is the case, the plasma instrument should detect
some of those ions when Voyager nears the orbit of Titan.
Saturn's magnetosphere probably extends into space about 40
times the radius of Saturn (2.4 million km or 1.49 million mi.).
That distance appears typical for a quiet magnetosphere and quiet
solar wind. (When Pioneer 11 arrived at Saturn late in August
1979, the Saturnian magnetosphere was strongly affected by vio-
lent solar wind activity.)
During Voyager l's encounter with Saturn, the pressure of
the solar wind at Saturn and the size of Saturn's magnetosphere
can be predicted using data from Voyager 2 -- farther from Saturn
and closer to the Sun. Comparing data from both spacecraft during
the Voyager 1 encounter will reveal the reaction of the Saturnian
magnetosphere to changes in the incoming solar wind. The leading
edge of the magnetosphere will pulse in and out depending on
changes in solar wind pressure.
Voyage.'s first encounter with Saturn's magnetosphere will
be detected when the spacecraft crosses the bow shock wave, a
region of demarcation between the solar wind and the Saturn
environment. Voyager 1 is expected to cross the bow shock about
Nov. 10, two days before closest approach.
Immediately behind the bow shock is a transition region
called the magnetosheath that separates the solar wind from the H
magnetosphere. The inner boundary of the magnetosheath, the mag-
netopause, separates the modified solar wind plasma in the mag-
netosheath from the plasma in the magnetosphere proper. Plasma
in the magnetosphere comes from several sources -- Saturn's iono-
sphere, ions from satellites and atmospheres, and the solar wind.
In the inner magnetosphere, plasma trapped by the magnetic
field is forced to rotate with the planet. This region of corota-
tion may extend as far as the magnetopause; the farther from the
planet, the more the centrifugal force causes stretching of the
magnetic field lines, more or less parallel to Saturn's equator.

Plasma Wave
Voyager 1 is surrounded by a low-density, ionized gas called
a plasma. That plasma, composed entirely of atoms that are broken
apart into electrons and positively charged ions, is a good elec-
trical conductor with properties that are strongly affected by
magnetic fields.

-more-
 -28-

Plasma sources include thde Sun,

their satellites. Low-density plasmas the planets and some of
lisions between ions are unimportant, are unusual; ordinary col-
electrons interact with the rest and individual ions and
sion and absorption of waves. of the plasma by means of emis-

Localized interactions between waves and particles strongly

control the dynamics of the entire plasma medium, and Voyager t
plasma-wave instruments are providing the first measurements s
those phenomena at the outer planets. of

Plasma waves are low-frequency

origins in instabilities within oscillations that have their
the plasma.
-- electrostatic oscillations (similar They are of two types
tromagnetic waves of very low frequency. to sound waves) or elec-

The plasma wave instrument measures

component between 10 and 56,000 the electric field
Voyager's magnetometers measure hertz. By way of comparison,
tromagnetic plasma waves below the magnetic components of elec-
10 hertz, while the planetary
radio astronomy instrument measures
20 kilohertz. waves with frequencies above

Plasma ions and electrons collectively

plasma waves. While the resulting particle-wave emit and absorb
affect the magnetospheric dynamics interactions
of
properties of the distant interplanetarythe outer planets and the
been directly observed in those medium, they have never
not be observed far from their regions, since plasma waves can-
no previous wave studies at the source and since there have been
outer planets.
Some effects to be studied include
particles at the outer planet heating of solar wind
bow shocks,
wind particles that produce high-energy acceleration of solar
the maintenance of boundaries between trapped radiation, and
spheres and the solar wind streaming the rotating inner magneto-
around the planets.
Another objective of the
the influence of wave-particjeplasma wave experiment is to study
inner satellites and the planet'seffects on interactions between
rapidly rotating magnetosphere,
Detection of lightning bolts in
discussed earlier, would also the atmosphere of Saturn, as
energy sources that contribute be significant in searches for
plasma wave instrument searches to the planet's structure. The
for whistler signals that escape
into the magnetosphere from lightning
discharges.
The descending-scale whistle
lightning is caused by different that is characteristic of
traveling along the magnetic field; velocities for plasma waves
higher
the receiver sooner than lower frequencies. frequencies arrive at

-more-

-gMH
77
M2X=
7
 -29-

Using the high-rate telemetry usually reserved for trans-

mission of imaging data, the plasma wave instrument will play to
Earth the entire audible signal of space -- plasma waves, space-
craft power, thruster firing and other instruments.

Ultraviolet Spectrometer
Voyager's ultraviolet spectrometer will study the composi-
tion and structure of Saturn's atmosphere and the material sur-
rounding the satellites. Two techniques, airglow measurements
and occultation, have been developed to probe a planet's atmos-
phere without entering that atmosphere:

* Airglow observations require coverage of a large area for

maximum sensitivity to the weak emissions high in the atmosphere
-- where collisions between atoms and molecules are rare.

* Occultation measurements require an instrument that reads

ultraviolet radiation from the Sun as it is absorbed and scat-
tered by a planet's atmosphere as the spacecraft moves into the
shadow with the planet between it and the Sun.

Airglow observations measure atomic hydrogen and helium in

the upper atmosphere by recording the resonance scattering of
sunlight. Resonance scattering occurs when atoms and molecules
absorb solar ultraviolet at specific wavelengths and reradiate at
the same wavelengths. That differs from fluorescence, in which
the activating wavelength is absorbed and energy is reemitted at
different wavelengths. It is also possible that auroral emissions
will be observed at Saturn, since they were observed at Jupiter.
As the spacecraft disappears behind Saturn, the planet's
atmosphere passes between the Sun and the ultraviolet spectro-
meter. Since the gases that make up an atmosphere have Inantifi-
able absorption characteristics at short wavelengths (the.y absorb
various wavelengths differently), the ultraviolet spectrometer
can measure how much of each gas is present at what temperature.
The important point is not how much sunlight enters the
atmosphere, but what happens to it as it enters -- how it is
absorbed and scattered.

-more-
 -30-

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 -32-

VOYAGER JUPITER SCIENCE RESULTS

Voyager 1 began its encounter with Jupiter in January 1979,

completing it in early April. Voyager 2 began its encounter with
Jupiter a few weeks later, in April 1979, and continued into
August. The two spacecraft took moi'e than 33,000 pictures of
Jupiter and its five major satellites.
Although astronomers had studied Jupiter from Earth for more
than three centuries, scientists were astonished by the findings
from Voyager 1 and 2. They found new physical, geological and
atmospheric processes in the planet, its satellites and
magnetosphere.

Discovery of active volcanism on the satellite Io was prob-

ably che greatest surprise -- and may turn out to have the most
far-reaching effects. It is likely that activity on Io may be
affecting the entire Jovian system. Io appears to be the source
of matter that pervades the Jovian magnetosphere *-- the region of
space surrounding the planet that is primarily influenced by the
planet's strong magnetic field. Sulfur, oxygen and sodium,
apparently erupted by Io's many volcanoes, were detected as far
as the outer edge of the magnetosphere. Particles of the same
material were detected inside Io's orbit, where they are acceler-
ated to more than 10 percent of the speed of light.
The following is a summary of the more important science
results from the Voyager encounters with Jupiter:

Jupiter's Atmosphere
* Atmospheric features of broadly different sizes appear co
move with uniform velocities. That suggests that mass motion
(movement of material) and not wave motion (movement of energy
through a relatively stationary mass) is being observed.
* Rapid brightening of features in the atmosphere was ob-
served, followed by spreading of cloud material. That is probably
the result of disturbances that trigger convective (upwelling and
downwelling) activity.

* A belt-zone pattern of east-to-west winds was seen in the

polar regions, roughly similar to the pattern seen in the more
temperate areas. Previous investigations led scientists to
believe the polar regions are dominated by convective upwelling
and downwelling. Information from the two Voyagers shows that
this was not the case.
* Material associated with the Great Red Spot, the planet's
most prominent atmospheric feature, moves in a counterclockwise
(anticyclonic) direction. The material appears to have a rotation
period of about six days.

-more-
 WI-.-.

-33-

o Smaller spots appear to interact with the Great Red Spot

and with each other.

* Auroral emissions (similar to Earth's northern lights)

were observed in Jupiter's polar regions. They have been seen in
both ultraviolet and visible light. The ultraviolet auroral emis-
sions were not present during the Pioneer 10 encounter in 1973.
They appear to be associated with material from Io that spirals
along magnetic field lines to fall into Jupiter's atmosphere.
* Cloud-top lightning bolts, similar to superbolts in
Earth's high atmosphere, were detected.
* The atmospheric temperature at 5 to 10 millibars is about
160 degrees Kelvin ('-171 degrees Fahrenheit), part of an inver-
sion layer -- a warm region above a cold layer, similar to the
phenomenon that traps smog in the Los Angeles Basin. (Earth's
surface pressure is about 1,000 millibars.)
* The Voyagers observed an ionospheric temperature that
changed with altitude, reaching about 1,100 Kelvin (1,520 degrees
Fahrenheit). That was also not observed by Pioneer 10, and
Voyager scientists believe they are witnessing large temporal or
spatial changes in the ionosphere of Jupiter.
* Atmospheric helium was measured; its percentage compared
to hydrogen is important to understand the composition and his-
tory of the atmosphere -- and indirectly, the primordial cloud
out of which the Sun and planets formed. The relative abundance
of helium is about 11 percent that of hydrogen.
* The atmospheric temperature above the Great Red Spot is
somewhat colder (3 degrees Celsius or 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit)
than in surrounding regions.
Satellites and Ring 4

o Eight currently active (erupting) volcanoes, probably

driven by tidal heating, were positively identified on Io by
Voyager 1. Many more are suspected. Voyager 2 saw six more
still activq,, but the largest had shut down. An eighth was out
of range of Voyager 2's instruments. Plumes from the volcanoes
extend up to 250 km (155 mi.) above the surface. The material is
being ejected at rates up to 1 km per second (2,200 mph). By com-
parison, ejection velocities have been measured at Mount Etna,
one of Earth's most explosive volcanoes, at 50 m per second (112
mph). The volcanism on Io is apparently associated with heating
of the satellite by tidal pumping. Io's orbit is perturbed by
Europa and Ganymede, two other large satellites nearby, and Io is
drawn back again by Jupiter. That action causes tidal bulging as
great as 100 m (330 ft.).

-more-
 -34-

* Voyager 1 measured
Both are associated with the temperature of two hot spots on Io.
terrain has a temperature volcanic features. While the surrounding
perature is about 20 C (68 ofF).-138That
C (-216 F), the hot spot's
hot spot may, scientists tem-
lieve, be a lava lake, be-
the surface of the spot although the temperature
is not molten; it is, at indicates that
cent of lava lakes on Earth. least, reminis-
with Plume No. 1, called The other hot spot is
Pele. associated
registered temperatures That hot spot,
as high as 300 C (572 F). though smaller,
* Europa displayed
features in the distant, a large number of intersecting linear
Scientists at first believed low-resolution photos from
the features might be deep Voyager ;.
caused by crustal rifting cracks,
high-resolution photos or tectonic processes.
from Voyager The closer,
puzzled: the features were so lacking2, however, left scientists
they 'might have been painted in topographic
tist commented. There is on with a felt marker," relief that
one scien-
ally heated due to tidal a possibility that Europa may be intern-
than Io. forces, although at a much
lower level
* Ganymede showed two distinct
and grooved. That suggests types of terrain -- cratered
ice-rich crust has been to scientists that Ganymede's
under tension from global entire,
processes. tectonic
c Callisto has an
nant rings of enormous ancient, heavily cratered crust, with rem-
been erased by the flowimpact basins. The basins themselves have
that little topographic of the ice-laden crust -- to the degree
relief is apparent in the
pictures taken by the Voyagers. high-resolution
* Amalthea has an elliptical
by 140 km (87 mi.). Amalthea shape: It is 265 km (164 mi.)
larger satellite, Phobos. is about 10 times bigger than Mars'

* A ring of material
outer edge is 128,000 was discovered around
Jupiter.
planet, and is no more km (79,500 mi.) from the center of The
than 30 km (18.6 mi.) thick. the
to be more than one ring, There appears
fall inward to the planet and the material appears to gradually
light by the ring should itself. Studies of the scattering
yield a good indication of
the particles. of the size of

Magnetosphere
* An electric current
tected in the flux tube of about 2.5 million amperes
connecting was de-
Jupiter and Io. That was
and-a-half times strornger two-
Voyager l's arrival. The than the current predicted
before
tube, as has been planned, spacecraft did not fly through the flux
7,000 km (4,300 mi.) from since the flux tube had been displaced
the expected location.

-more-
 -35-

ultraviolet emissions from doubly

* The Voyagers detected Since
sulfur and from doubly ionized oxygen.
and triply ionized emissions, thattheindicates
Pioneer 10 and 11 did present not detect those and 1974 when pioneer
in 1973
a hot plasma was not originates in Io's
took place. The sulfur apparently
encounters
volcanoes.
of the 1o torus
in some regions Io's
* Plasma electron densities orbit) ex-
ring of matter in the region of
(a tubeShaped centimeter.
ceeded 4,500 per cubic
with Jupiter, was discovered
* A cold plasma, rotating from the
six Jupiter radii (428,000 km or 266,000 mi.)
inside oxygen were detected.
planet. Ions of sulfur and
the
trapped particles were also detected in
* High-energy They had significantly enhanced
same region near Jupiter. sodium and sulfur.
abundances of oxygen,
magnetopause
measured near the Joviar
* A hot plasma wasmagnetosphere), composed mostly of pro-
(the outer edge of the
sulfur.
tons, oxygen and from
radio emissions were detected coming 10 kilo-
* Kilometric frequency range from
The emissions, in the Jovian aurora'
Jupiter.
1 megahertz, might be associated with the
hertz to
* processes.
magneto-
flows were detected in the dayside middle
p Plasma
planet at a 10-hour period.
sphere; they rotate with the
of a transition from closed mag- .
* Voyager 1 saw evidence of
to a magnetotail on the antisolar side ques-
netic field lines a magnetotail was never
in serious
Jupiter. Although such
detected before.
tion, its existence had not been
(from about 1
also measured radio spectral arcs that correlate
* Voyager megahertz) in patterns
more than 30
megahertz to
with Jovian longitude.

-more-
 -36-

VOYAGER SCIEnC TEAMS

Cosmic Ray
Rochus E. Vogt, California
Principal Investigator Irnstitute of Technology,

J. Randy Jokipii, University

of Arizona
Frank B. McDonald, Goddard
Space Flight Center
A. W. Schardt, Goddard Space
Flight Center
Edward C. Stone, California
Institute of Technology
James H. Trainor, Goddard
Space Flight Center
William R. Webber, University
of New Hampshixe

Infrared Radiometry and Spectromet

Rudolf A. Hanel, Goddard
Principal Investigator Space Fl.ight Center,
Barney Conrath, Goddard
Space Flight Cneter
Dale Cruikshank, University
of Hawaii
F. Michael Flasar, Goddard
Space Flight Center
Daniel Gautier, Observatoire
de Paris, France
Peter Gierasch, Cornell
University
Shailendra Kumar, University
of Southern California
Virgil Kunde, Goddard Space
Flight Center
William Maguire, Goddard
Space Flight Center
John Pearl, Goddard Space
Flight Center
Joseph Pirraglia, Goddard
Space Flight Center
Cyril Ponnamperuma, University
of Maryland
Robert Samuelson, Goddard
Space Flight Center

-more-
 -37 -

Imaging Science
of Arizona, Team Leader
Bradford A. Smith, University
Headquarters
Geoffrey Briggs, NASA
for Astrophysics
Allan F. Cook II, Center
of Technology
California Institute
G. Edward Danielson,
Corp.
Merton E. Davies, Rand
College London
Garry E. Hunt, University
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Torrence V. Johnson,
Geological Survey
Harold Masursky, U.S.
of New York
Tobias Owen, State University
University
Carl Sagan, Cornell
U.S. Geological Survey
Laurence Soderblom,
of Wisconsin
Verner E. Suomi, University

Low-Energy Charqed Particles

Johns Hopkins University,
S.M. (Tom) Krimigis,
Principal Investigator
University of Kansas
Thomas P. Armstrong,
Institut fur Aeronomie
W. Ian Axford, Max Planck
Hopkins University
Carl 0. Bostrom, Johns
of Arizona
Chiang-Yun Fan, University
of Maryland
George Gloeckler, University
University
Ed Keath, Johns Hopkins
Bell Laboratories
Louis J. Lanzerotti,

-more-
 -38-

Magnetic Fields

Norman F. Ness,
Goddard
Principal Investigator Space Flight Center,

Mario F. Acuna,
Goddard Space Plight
Center
Ken W. Behannon,
Goddard Space Flight
Center
Len F. Burlaga,
Goddard Space Flight
Cent--:
Ron P. Lepping,
Goddard Space Flight
Center
Fritz M. Neubauer,
Der Technischen
Universat Braunschweig

Plasma Science

Herbert S. Bridge,
Massachusetts Institute
Principal Investigator of Technology,
John W. Belcher,
M:ssachusetts Institute
of Technology
Len i. Burlaga,
Goddard Space Flight
Center
Ckzristoph K. Goertz,
Max Planck Institut
fur Aeronomie
Richard E. Hartle,
Goddard Space Flight
Center
Art J.iHundausen,
High Altitude Observatory
Alan J. Lazarus,
Massachusetts Institute
Keith Ogilvie, of Technology
Goddard Space
Flight Center
Stanislaw Olbert,
Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Jzck D. Scudder,
Goddard Space Flight
Center
George L. Siscoe,
University of Californiar
Los Angeles
James D. Sullivan,
Massachusetts Institute
of Technoloy
Vytenis M. Vasyliunas,
Max Planck Institut
fur Aeronomie

-more-
 -39-

Photopolarimetry

(This instrument, on Voyager 1, is not operating correctly

and has been turned off. The photopolarimeter on Voyager 2 is
operating and will be used at Saturn.)

Arthur L. Lane, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

Principal Investigator

David Coffeen, Goddard Institute for Space Studies

Larry Esposito, University of Colorado

James E. Hansen, Goddard Institute for Space Studies

Charles W. Hord, University of Colorado

Kevin Pang, Science Applications, Inc.

Makiko Sato, Goddard Institute for Space Studies

Robert West, University of Colorado

Planetary Radio Astronomy

James W. Warwick, Radiophysics, Inc., Principal Investigator

Joseph K. Alexander, Goddard Space Flight Center

Andre Boischot, Observatoire de Paris, France

Walter E. Brown, Jr., Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Thomas D. Carr, University of Florida |

Samuel Gulkis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory ti

Fred T. Haddock, University of Michigan

Christopher C. Harvey, Observatoire de Paris, France

Michael L. Kaiser, Goddard Space Flight Center

Yclande LeBlanc, Observatoire de Paris

Jeffrey B. Pearce, Radiophysics, Inc.

Robert G. Peltzer, Martin Marietta Corp.

Roger Phillips, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Anthony C. Riddle, University of Colorado

David H. Staelin, Massachusetts. Institute of Technology

-more-
 -40-*

Plasma Wave

Frederick L. Scarf, TRW Defense and Space Systems,

Principal Investigator

Donald A. Gurnett, State University of Iowa

Radio Science

G. Len Tyler, Stanford University, Team Leader

John D. Anderson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Thomas L. Croft, SRI International

Von R. Eshelman, Stanford University

Gerald S. Levy, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Gunnar F. Lindal, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

G. E. Wood, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

A. Lyle Broadfoot, University of Southern California,

Principal Investigator

Sushil K. Atreya, University of Michigan

Michael J. S. Belton, Kitt Peak National Observatory

Jean L. Bertaux, Service d'Aeronomie du CNRS

Jacques E. Blamont, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Alexander Dalgarno, Harvard College Observatory

Thomas M. Donahue, University of Michigan

Richard Goody, Harvard University

John C. McConnell, York University

Michael B. McElroy, Harvard University

H. Warren Moos, Johns Hopkins University

William R. Sandel, University of Southern California

Donald E. Shemansky, University of Southern California

Darrell F. Strobel, Naval Research Laboratory

-more-
 -41-

VOYAGER MISSION SUMMARY

August 1977 to September 1980

Voyager 2, first of the two spacecraft to begin the journey

to the outer planets, was launched from Cape Canaveral, rla.,
aboard a Titan-Centaur launch vehicle at 10:29 a.m. EDT, Aug. 20,
1977.
Voyager 1 was launched 16 days later, at 8:46 a.m. EDT,
Sept. 5.
On Dec. 10, 1977, both spacecraft entered the asteroid belt,
a band of rock and dust 360 million km (223 million mi.) wide
that circles the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Voyager 1 clew out of the asteroid belt Sept. 8, 1978. Voyager 2
left the belt behind on Oct. 21.
Earlier -- on Dec. 15, 1977 -- Voyager 1, flying a shorter
and faster course to Jupiter, had overtaken Voyager 2. At the
time, they were 170 million km (105 million mi.) from Earth.
In tne early months of 1978, two major problems occurred,
one on each spacecraft.
During a calibration of Voyager l's scan platform, the
movable housing for the cameras and some other instruments became
jammed. Engineers determined that a tiny piece of soft debris had
found its way into the gears. By maneuvering the platform, engi-
neers were able to free the platform.
Voyager 2's primary radio receiver failed cn April 5, 1978,
and the spacecraft's compute,-command subsystem automatically
switched to the backup receiver. The backup receiver, however,
developed a faulty tracking loop capacitor. But engineers have
?rovided a work-around solution to the tracking loop capacitor.
The spacecraft now cannot lock on a signal from Earth and track
it as the frequency varies because of the spacocraft's velocity
and the Earth's rotation (Doppler shift). But ground-based com-
puters have been programmed to precisely control the frequency
transmitted so they can arrive at the spacecraft at the frequency
at which Voyager 2 can receive them.
And an automated sequence for Saturn has been stored aboard
Voyager 2's computer. !n the event that the second receiver
should fail, and the spacecraft can no longer be commanded,
s :>yager 2 will perform its Saturn encounter experiments and
*eturn useful data to Earth.
Both Voyagers conducted fields and particles experiments
during the long cruise to Jupiter, and the period between Jupiter
and Saturn and Saturn encounters.

-more-
 -42-

en-
phase of its Jupiter mi.)
the observatory million
Voyager 1 began while it was 61 million km (38scientists on
counter Jan. 4,
1979,
Immediately obvious to the cloud features
from the planet. in Jupiter's
imaging team was the change (in
Voyager's 11 had flown past Jupiter
in the four years since Pioneer
December 1974). 4:05 a.m.
approach to Jupiter at of 278,000
its closest
Voyager 1 made on March 5, 1979, at an altitudesection of press
timer results
PST, spacecraft (See Jupiter science passing Jupiter,
(173,00 mi.).
Skm the Galilean satellites after
It passed way by
kit.)
its 20-month journey to Saturn, boosted on its
then began gravity.
orbital motion and immense
Jupiter's 1 by parp
radiation dose dealt Voyagerexperienced
Despite the intense magnetopshere,
the spacecraft
tiDes in Jupiter's failed about
in the photopolarimeter
circuitry
only one failure: closest approach. It has not recovered and will
six hours before
the Saturn encounter.
not be used during just 19
with Jupiter began April 25, sequence
voyager 2's encounter The same general
Voyager l's encounter ended.
days after 2 encounter, with some important
was followed with the voyager uptrtavoge
differences:Om
farther from Jupiter than voyager 1 --
* voyager 2 passed cloud tops.
km (404,00 0 mi.) above the
650,000 knowledge
sequences were designed from
* Voyager 2's science
1.
gained by Voygqer range
the Galilean satellites at close always
* voyager 2 observed
of the trajectory.
Thosethesatellites
two
on the inbound leg Jupiter, so between
face to
present the same faces of the satellites were
obtained.
photos of both to provie
approach point at Jupiter was chosen would yield a
The closest 2) that n turn path and
to Saturn At (for Voyagerand Saturn, the flight
Jupiter attrac-
trajectory to Uranus.spacecraft are changed by
gravitational
velocity of the
of the planets and their orbital motion.
tion It
22, 1980.
l's encounter with Saturn began Aug.
Voyager
to 12. Voyager 2's
aaturn
on Nov.
will make its closest approach
May 1981, approach occurs Aug.
rloset
in toward Uranus.
encounter will begin 2 begins the cruiAe
26. Then voyager

-more-
 43-

THE SATELLITES OF SATURN

Orbital
Distance Time
Name Radius
(km) (mi.) (Earth
(km) (mi.) Days)

168,700 104,825 0.815

JanuC* 150 93

1.85,500 115,264 0.942

Mimas 17: 109
238,000 147,886 1.370
Enceladus 260 162
294,700 183,118 1.388
Tethys 510 317

377,400 234,506 2.737

Dione 550 342

527,000 327,463 4.51a

Rhea 750 466

1,222,000 '759,316 15.945

Titan 2,915 1,811

1,484,000 922,115 21.27,5

Hyperion 150 93

3,562,000 2,213,324 7,9.33

Iapetus 800 497

12,960,000 8,052,971 550.45

Phoebe 40 25

* Janus' existence is in doubt.

been discovered during

(A number of other satellites have
Pioneer spacecraft and from
the pas- 14 months, both by the
several sequences to verify those
Earths Voyager i wi'l conduct and to search for others as yet
new satellites and their orbits
undiscovered,)

-more-
 Adrv.;.F
z '-5P-. I..rwv1,c--.'}A''..............
-4<

-44-

VOYAGER TEAM

NASA Office of Space Science

Dr. Thomas A. Mutch

Associate Administrator
for Space Science
Andrew J. Stofan
Deputy Associate Administrator
Dr. Adrienne F. Timothy
Assistant Associate Adminis-
trator for Science
Angelo Guastaferro
Director, Planetary Division
Dr. Geoffrey A. Briggs
Deputy Director, Planetary
Division
Dr. C. Howard Robins
Manager, Operations
Frank A. Carr
Program Manager, Acting
Dr. Milton A. Mitz
Program Scientist

NASA Office of Tracking and

Data Systems
Robert E. Smylie
Associate Administrator for
Tracking and Data Systems
Charles A. Taylor
Director, Network Systems
Division
Dr. Richard Green
Manager, Deep Space Network
Operations
Harold G. Kimball
Director, Communications and
Data Systems Division

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Dr. Bruce C. Murray

Director
Gen. Charles H. Terhune, Jr.
Deputy Director
Robert J. Parks
Assistant Director for Flight
Projects
Raymond L. Heacock
rroject Manager

-more-
 -45-

CONVERSION TABLE

Multiply By To Get

Inches 2.54 Centimeters

Centimeters 0.3937 Inches

Feet 30.48 Centimeters

Centimeters 4.7244 Feet

Feet 0.3048 Meters

Meters 3.2808 Feet

Yards 0.9144 Meters

Meters 1.0936 Yards

Statute Miles 1.609 Kilometers

Kilometers 0.6214 Miles

Feet Per Second 0.3048 Meters Per Second

Meters/Second 3.281 Feet/Second

Meters/Second 2.237 Statute Miles/Hour

Feet/Second 0.6818 Miles/Hour

Miles/Hour 1.6093 Kilometers/Hour

Kilometers/Hour 0.6214 Miles/Hour

Pounds 0.4563 Kilograms

Kilograms 2.2046 Pounds

To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius (Centigrade), subtract 32 and

multiply by 5/9.

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9/5 and add 32.

To convert Celsius to Kelvin, add 273.

To convert Kelvin to Celsius, subtract 273.

-end-

(Index: 23, 36, 44)