CD Works

Cross Drainage
Works
Cross drainage works
• A “cross drainage work” is a hydraulic
structure which needs to be constructed at
the crossing of a natural stream and an
irrigation canal flowing normally at right
angles underneath or over the natural
stream.
Necessity
1. The water shed canals do not cross natural drainages. But in actual
orientation of the canal network, this ideal condition may not be
available and the obstacles like natural drainages may be present
across the canal. So, the cross drainage works must be provided for
running the irrigation system.
2. At the crossing point, the water of the canal and the drainage get
intermixed. So, for the smooth running of the canal with its design
discharge the cross drainage works are required.
3. The site condition of the crossing point may be such that without
any suitable structure, the water of the canal and drainage cannot
be diverted to their natural directions. So, the cross drainage works
must be provided to maintain their natural direction of flow.
Necessity
Necessity
River
Types of Cross Drainage Works:
•Depending upon
•The Relative Bed Levels,
•Maximum Water Levels
•Relative Discharges of Canals & Drainages
Type III c/d works

Type I c/d works Type II c/d works
1. Type1-Irrigation Canal passes over the drainage:
In this type of C.D work, an irrigation canal is taken over the drainage
Two types
•Aqueduct
•Siphon Aqueduct
Aqueduct
Irrigation canal is passing over the drainage
•Suitable when
•Bed of canal is above the highest flood level of drainage and the
drainage water passes clearly below the canal
Siphon Aqueduct:
•Irrigation canal is passing over the drainage
•But the drainage water cannot pass clearly below the canal
•Flows under siphoned action.
•Suitable when the bed level of canal is below the highest flood level of
the drainage.
Model of a siphon Aqueduct
Siphon Aqueduct
Advantages of Type1
1.The canal running perennially is above ground and is
open to inspection.
2.Damage done by floods is rare.
Disadvantages of Type1:
1.During high floods,
•The foundation can be scoured
•The water way of the drain may be chocked
with trees.
2. Type2-Drainage passes over the irrigation canal:
In this type of cross drainage work, drainage is taken over the
canal
This condition involves the construction of the

following,
a) Super Passage:
The hydraulic structure in which the drainage is passing over
the irrigation canal is known as super passage. This structure
is suitable when the bed level of drainage is above the flood
surface level of the canal. The water of the canal passes
clearly below the drainage.
b) Siphon Super passage :
The hydraulic structure in which the drainage is taken over the irrigation
canal, but the canal water passes below the drainage under siphonic
action is known as siphon super passage. This structure is suitable when
the bed level of drainage is below the full supply level of the canal
Advantages of Type2:
1. C.D works are less liable to
damage then the earthwork of
canal.
1. Perennial canal is not open to
inspection.
2. It is difficult to clear the silt
deposited in the barrels of the C.D.
work.
3. Type3-Drainage and Canal intersection at the same level:
In this type of work, the canal water and drainage water are
permitted to intermingle.
a) Level Crossing:
When the beds of the drainage and canal are practically at the
same level, then a hydraulic structure is constructed which is
known as level crossing. This is suitable for the crossing of
large drainage with main canal.
The level crossing consists of the following
components.
1. Crest Wall: It is provided across the drainage just at
the upstream side of the crossing point. The top level
of the crest wall is kept at the full supply level of the
canal.
2. Drainage Regulator: it is provided across the
drainage just at downstream side of the crossing
point. The regulator consists of adjustable shutters at
different tiers.
3. Canal Regulator: it is provided across the canal just
at downstream side of the crossing point. The
regulator consists of adjustable shutters at different
tiers.
b) Inlet and Outlet:
In the crossing of small drainage with small channel no
hydraulic structure is constructed. Simple openings are
provided for the flow of water in their respective directions. It
is not necessary for the number of inlets and outlets to be
same. There may be one outlet for two or three inlets. A canal
inlet is constructed when the cross drainage flow is small and
its water may be absorbed into the canal without causing
appreciable rise.
Advantages of Type3:
1. Low initial cost
1. Regulation of such work is difficult & requires
additional staff
2.The canal has to be designed to carry the
increased flood discharge of drain.
3. The faulty regulation of the gates may
damage the canal.
4. There is additional expenditure of silt
clearance.
Suitability of Cross-Drainage
Works:
The factors which affect the selection of
the suitable type of cross drainage works
are:
1. Relative bed levels and water levels of
the canal and drainage
2. Size of the canal and the drainage
The following considerations are important,
1. When the bed level of the canal is much above the highest
flood level (H.F.L) of the drainage, so that sufficient headway
is available for floating rubbish etc and also for the structural
elements of the work. An ‘aqueduct’ is the obvious choice.
Similarly, if the bed level of the drain is well above the Flood
surface level (F.S.L) of the canal, ‘Super-passage’ is provided.
2. The necessary headway between the canal bed level and

the drain H.F.L can be increased by shifting the crossing to the
downstream of the drainage. If, however, it is not possible to
change the canal alignment or if such a shifting does not give
sufficient headway between the two levels, a ‘siphon
aqueduct’ may be provided. Thus in case of siphon aqueduct,
the H.F.L of the drain is above channel (canal) bed.
3. When the canal bed level is much
lower but the F.S.L of the canal is higher
than the bed level of drainage, a ‘canal
siphon’ is preferred.
4. When the drainage and the canal cross

each other practically at the same level a
‘level crossing’ may be preferred. This
type of work is avoided as far as possible.
The considerations governing the choice between
aqueduct and siphon aqueduct (or a super passage
and siphon-super passage) are,
(i)Suitable canal alignment
(ii)Suitable soil available for bank connections and
(iii) Nature of available foundation
As discussed earlier, the relative difference between
the bed level of the canal and the H.F.L of the
drainage can be suitable altered by changing the canal
alignment so that the point of crossing is shifted
upstream or Downstream of the drainage.
For example, if the canal alignment is such that
headway is not available between the H.F.L of
the drain and the bed of the canal, a siphon
aqueduct is to be constructed at the crossing.
But if the other conditions are not favorable for
the construction of the siphon aqueduct, the
canal alignment may be changed so that the
crossing is shifted to the downstream and
sufficient headway required for the construction
of an aqueduct is available.
PROPER SITE FOR DRAINGE CROSSING:
The site selected for the cross drainage works should have the
following main characteristics,
1. It should be such that it requires minimum disturbance
regarding the approach and tail reaches of the drainage
channel.
2. Suitable foundation soil should be available at reasonable

depth.
3. Sufficient headway is available for the super structure of

the aqueduct over the H.F.L of the natural stream.
4. Suitable existing topography, geological and hydraulic

conditions for the cross drainage works at reasonable costs

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Cross Drainage

Type III c/d works

2.Damage done by floods is rare.

This condition involves the construction of the

2. The necessary headway between the canal bed level and

4. When the drainage and the canal cross

2. Suitable foundation soil should be available at reasonable

3. Sufficient headway is available for the super structure of

4. Suitable existing topography, geological and hydraulic

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