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Rayleigh Ritz Method: APL705 Finite Element Method

The document discusses the Rayleigh-Ritz method for obtaining the stiffness matrix [K] in finite element analysis. [1] The Rayleigh-Ritz method involves constructing an assumed displacement field as a linear combination of basis functions and minimizing the total potential energy with respect to the unknown coefficients. [2] An example problem of a linear elastic bar is used to illustrate the Rayleigh-Ritz method, where the displacement is assumed to be a polynomial function of position. [3] The potential energy expression is derived and differentiated with respect to the unknown coefficient to obtain the minimum potential energy condition, from which the displacement and stress fields are determined.

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Ashitosh Kadam
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
101 views

Rayleigh Ritz Method: APL705 Finite Element Method

The document discusses the Rayleigh-Ritz method for obtaining the stiffness matrix [K] in finite element analysis. [1] The Rayleigh-Ritz method involves constructing an assumed displacement field as a linear combination of basis functions and minimizing the total potential energy with respect to the unknown coefficients. [2] An example problem of a linear elastic bar is used to illustrate the Rayleigh-Ritz method, where the displacement is assumed to be a polynomial function of position. [3] The potential energy expression is derived and differentiated with respect to the unknown coefficient to obtain the minimum potential energy condition, from which the displacement and stress fields are determined.

Uploaded by

Ashitosh Kadam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/17/2017

Lecture 4: Potential Energy based Methods : 
Rayleigh‐Ritz Method
APL705 Finite Element Method

Strong and Weak Forms of Equations
• Strong Form– differential equations are said to state a 
problem in a strong form
problem in a strong form.
• Weak form – an integral expression such as a functional 
which implicitly contains a differential equations is called 
a weak form.
• The strong form states conditions that must be met at 
every material point, whereas weak form states 
conditions that must be met only in an average sense.
• A functional such as that of potential energy π, contains 
integrals that span line, area or volume of interest. 

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1/17/2017

Rayleigh‐Ritz Methods
• There is a need for systematic and general way of 
obtaining [K]
obtaining [K]
One of the best ways is Rayleigh‐Ritz method.
It uses an approximation field to the entire domain of interest. In 
FEM, this approximating function is defined in piecewise form.
For using the Rayleigh‐Ritz method we need to have a functional. 
g p p y
A functional is a an integral expression that implicitly contains 
the differential equations that describe the system. These 
functionals will be used to formulate finite element problems 
here.

Rayleigh‐Ritz Method
• This method based on minimization of total potential energy 
involves construction of an assumed displacement field:
involves construction of an assumed displacement field:
u = ∑ aiφi (x, y, z) i = 1tol
v = ∑ a jφ j (x, y, z) j = l +1 to m
w = ∑ akφk (x, y, z) k = m +1 ton
n>m>l
The functions φi are polynomials and displacements u,v,w must be 
kinematically admissible.  This means that u,v,w must satisfy the boundary 
conditions. Invoking stress‐strain, strain‐displacement relations and 
substituting in total potential energy expression obtained earlier

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1/17/2017

Rayleigh‐Ritz Method
Invoking stress‐strain, strain‐displacement relations and 
substituting in total potential energy expression obtained earlier
substituting in total potential energy expression obtained earlier
π = π ( a1, a2 ,........, ar )
• Where r is the number of independent unknowns. Now 
obtaining the miniumum by differentiation with respect to ais
(i=1 to r) gives r equations:
∂π
=0 i = 1, 2,,........, r
∂ai

An example will illustrate this method better now.

Rayleigh‐Ritz Method: Illustrative example
Consider the following linear elastic one‐dimensional problem 
with body forces neglected.

⎛ du ⎞
L 2

∫ EA ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠ dx − 2u1
1
π=
2 0
• Where u1=ux=1

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1/17/2017

Rayleigh‐Ritz Method: Illustrative example

Assuming a polynomial function u = a + a x + a x 2
1 2 3
This function should be satisfied at the two boundaries: u=0 at
This function should be satisfied at the two boundaries: u=0 at 
x=0 and x=2. Therefore  0 = a1 and 0 = +2a2 + 4a3
∴ a2 = −2a3
u = a3 (−2x + x 2 ) ⇒ u1 = −a3
Next we will find he potential energy
du
= a3 (−1+
( 1+ x))
dx
2
π = ∫ 4a32 (−1+ x)2 dx − 2(−a3 )
0
2
= 2a32 ∫ (1− 2x + x 2 )dx + 2a3 = 2a32 ( 23 ) + 2a3
0

Rayleigh‐Ritz Method: Illustrative example
∂π
Now to find minimum potential energy we se = 2a3 ( 23 ) + 2 = 0
∂a3
a3 = −0.75
0 u1 = −a3 = 0.75
0
Next let us find the stress in the bar σ = E du = 1.5(1− x)
dx

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