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FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION SYSTEM
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NOT Gate

Example:
0

1
Symbols:
1 0 1

1
Universal gate using
2 of the basic gates 1 0

(a) Distinctive shape symbols (b) Rectangular outline symbols

with negation indicators with polarity indicators
Continue…

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•  Truth table

•  Logic expression
A X
0 1
A X=A
1 0

X is the complement of A
A X is the inverse of A
X is NOT A
"A bar"
"not A"
Continue…

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•  Operator •  Timing Diagram

•  Logic operation

A A
& •  Truth table
X X (Output)
B B

(a) Distinctive shape (b) Rectangular outline with

the AND (&) qualifying symbol

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Ex
tr
a OR Gate
Exercise 3.1:
(a)  Develop the truth table for a 3-input AND gate.
(b)  Determine the total number of possible input combinations for a •  Performs ‘logical addition’
4-input AND gate.
–  If any of the input are HIGH, then the output is HIGH.
Solution: INPUTS OUTPUT –  If all of the input are LOW, then the output is LOW
(a) Possible input combinations = 23 = 8 A B C X

•  Symbols used:
1
A A
X X
B B

(a) Distinctive shape (b) Rectangular outline with

the OR ( 1) qualifying symbol
(b)

(Output 1 when all inputs 1)

Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 9 10

(Output)

Exercise 3.2:
Draw the output waveform.
Continue…

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Ex
tr
a NAND Gate

Self-Test: •  NAND è NOT-AND ðcombines the AND gate and

an inverter
a)  Input of a NOT gate is A. If A is LOW, the output is _____ •  Used as a universal gate
–  Combinations of NAND gates can be used to perform
b)  If all inputs of an AND gate are LOW, then the output is _____ AND, OR and inverter operations
–  If all or any of the input are LOW, then the output is
c)  If any input of an OR gate is LOW, then the output is _____ HIGH.
–  If all of the input are HIGH, then the output is LOW
d)  If A = HIGH, B = LOW, is the logical operation X = A•B = A + B
true? _____ •  Symbol used:
e)  From d), what we can do to get X = HIGH ? _____ A A &
X X A
X
B B
f)  Rewrite the new logical operation from e): _____________________ B
(a) Distinctive shape: 2 input NAND (b) Rectangular outline: 2 input
gate and its NOT/AND equivalent NAND gate with polarity indicator

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(Output)

Continue…

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Ex
tr
a NOR Gate

Exercise 3.3: •  NOR è NOT-OR ðcombines the OR gate and an

Show the output waveform for the 3-input NAND gate below with its inverter
proper time relationship to the inputs.
•  Used as a universal gate
–  Combinations of NOR gates can be used to perform
AND, OR and inverter operations
–  If all or any of the input are HIGH, then the output is
LOW.
–  If all of the input are LOW, then the output is HIGH
•  Symbol used:
A A 1
X A
X X
B B B

(Output) (a) Distinctive shape: 2 input NOR (b) Rectangular outline with
gate and its NOT/OR equivalent the OR ( 1) qualifying symbol
Continue…
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 17 18

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Continue…

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Ex
tr
a XOR Gate

Exercise 3.4:
Show the output waveform for the 3-input NOR gate below with its
proper time relationship to the inputs.

A =1
X A
X
B B
(Output)
(a) Distinctive shape (b) Rectangular outline
Continue…
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 21 22

XOR is a combination of 2 AND gates, 1 OR gate, and 2 NOT gates (inverter)

Continue… Continue…

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XNOR Gate

1 0

•  Has only 2 inputs, but output of XNOR is the

1 opposite of XOR
1 1
0 –  If both of the input are at the same logic level,
then the output is HIGH.
1 –  If both of the input are at opposite logic levels,
then the output is LOW.
1 •  Symbol used:
0
1
A =1
A
X X
0 0 B B
0
(a) Distinctive shape (b) Rectangular outline
Continue…
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XOR

AB+AB

X = AB + AB X = AB + AB

Continue… Continue…

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2 X = AB + AB

Continue…

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Ex
tr
a

Exercise 3.5:

Determine the output waveforms for the XOR gate and XNOR gate,
Example: given the input waveforms, A and B.
1

1
0
1
1
0 (Output)
1
0
(Output)
1 0
31 Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 32

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