PART 5 ART HISTORY  textures of the figures are achieved through

repetition of lines and dots

THE BEGINNINGS OF ART
 Portal guardians – most impressive works;
 Since art is based on ideas and the usually presented as animals (real or imaged)
expression of these ideas, its survival is or animals with human heads
dependent upon its ability to evolve hence,
Arts Period and Movement
to change with the times.  Egyptian (3100 BCE – 30 BCE)
 History, and particularly art history, is as much
a projection of the present as it is an Characteristics
 art with an afterlife focus: pyramids and
authentic documentation of the past.
tomb paintings; massive, monumental
A. Western and Asian Art structures
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
Arts Period and Movement  Imhotep’s Step Pyramid, Great Pyramids,
 Stone Age (30,000 BCE – 2500 BCE) Temple of Ramesses, the Great Sphinx
Characteristics Significant Historical Events
 Cave painting, fertility goddesses,  Narmer unites Upper/Lower Egypt (3100
megalithic structures BCE), Rameses II battles
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Lascaux cave Painting, Venus of
Pyramids at Giza
Willendorf, Stonehenge
Significant Historical Events  ancient engineering works at Giza were
 Ice Age ends (10,000 BCE – 8000 BCE) great and impressive that even today’s
 New Stone Age & first permanent scientists cannot be certain exactly how the
settlements (8,000 BCE – 2500 BCE) pyramids were built

Abu Simbel Temple of Rameses II

The Lascaux Caves
 these temples were cut from the side of a
 considered among the most exquisite and
mountain made of solid rock
well-preserved examples of prehistoric
 location is at the ancient Watwat in Nubia,
culture
near the borders of Sudan
 paint used were a mixture of grounded
 its reign may have lasted for 67 years
colored rocks and organic matter with tree
sap and sometimes animal blood as binder Great Sphinx of Giza

Venus of Willendorf  most recognizable statue associated with

ancient Egypt and among the most famous
 oldest surviving three-dimensional depiction
in the world
of human body
 sculpture of a recumbent lion with the head
 it might be fertility goddess or a goddess that
of an Egyptian king
rings forth prosperity and good future
 carved out of limestone on the Giza plateau
Stonehenge  during the reign of King Khafre in the period
of the Old Kingdom of Egypt
 one of the most famous surviving Neolithic-  guarding the pyramids
style structures located in in South England
 most likely constructed as a shrine, the outer Arts Period and Movement
of its two concentric rings has the distinction  Greek and Hellenistic (850 BCE – 31 BCE)
of being laid out in exact accordance with Characteristics
the directional path of the sun at the summer  Greek idealism; balance, perfect
solstice proportions; architectural orders (Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian)
Arts Period and Movement Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Mesopotamian (3500 BCE – 539 BCE)  Parthenon, Myron, Phidias, Polykleitos,
Characteristics Praxiteles
 warrior art and narration in stone relief Significant Historical Events
 Athens defeats Persia at Marathon (490
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
BCE)
 Standard of UR, Gate of Ishtar, Stele of
 Peloponnesian
Hammurabi’s Code
Significant Historical Events
 Sumerians invent writing (3400 BCE)  In Ancient Greek architecture, architectural
 Hammurabi writes his law code (1780 BCE) style is divided into three defined orders: the
 Abraham founds monotheism Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian order
 the architecture of Ancient Rome was
Mesopotamian art strongly influenced by Greece
 Greek sculpture includes three distinct styles:
 features a distinctive style in the sculptures o archaic style – stiff and rigid
 o classical style – realistic and includes  characterized by holy symbols, which
representation of movement includes:
o Hellenistic style – resulted from o om – invocation of the divine
centuries of Greek studies of the consciousness of God
human form o swastika – a symbol of auspiciousness
o lotus flower – symbol of purity, beauty,
Arts Period and Movement fertility, and transcendence
 Roman (500 BCE – 476 BCE)
Characteristics Chines Art
 Roman realism: practical and down to
 have evolved throughout its history
earth; the arch
 encompasses fine arts, folk arts, and
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
performance arts
 Augustus of Primaporta, Colosseum,
Trajan’s Column, Pantheon  Chinese artistic styles are classified
Significant Historical Events according to the dynasty under which they
 Julius Caesar assassinated (44 BCE) were produced
 Augustus proclaimed Emperor (27 BCE)
Japanese Art
 Diocletian splits Empire (CE 292)
 Rome falls (CE 476)  covers a wide range of art styles and media,
including ancient pottery, sculpture, ink
 The Romans invented the Roman Arch painting and calligraphy on silk and paper,
 Roman Arch helped them to make bigger ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints,
bridges and aqueducts kirigami, origami, dorodango, and more
 The aqueducts were responsible for making recently manga, a modern method of
water run into the towns and allowed them Japanese cartooning and comics
to create the famous Roman Baths Arts Period and Movement
 The Roman Baths was a large pool  Byzantine and Islamic (476 CE – 1453 CE)
surrounded by many shops, restaurants,
Characteristics
libraries, and gym where people gathered
 Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Islamic
(built using best building materials like architecture and amazing maze-like
marble) design
 Marble was a favorite material of the Romans Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 The Colosseum can accommodate  Hagia Sophia, Andrei Rublev, Mosque of
approximately 50,000 people where Cordoba, the Alhambra
gladiator fights, navel battles and Significant Historical Events
prosecutions were held  Justinian partly restores Western Roman
Empire (533 CE – 562 CE)
Arts Period and Movement  Iconoclasm Controversy (726 CE – 843 CE)
 Hindu, Chinese and Japanese (653 BCE –  Birth of Islam (610 CE)
1900 BCE)  Muslim Conquests (632 CE – 732 CE)
Characteristics
 serene, meditative art, and Arts of the
Floating World Byzantine Art
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Gu Kaizhi, Li Cheng, Guo Xi, Hokusai,  about religious expression and more
Hiroshige specifically about church theology
Significant Historical Events translated into aesthetic forms
 Birth of Buddha (563 BCE)
Arts Period and Movement
 Silk Road opens (1st century BCE)
 Middle Ages (500 – 1400)
 Buddhism spreads to China (1st-2nd
centuries CE) and Japan (5th century CE) Characteristics
 Celtic art, Carolingian renaissance,
Romanesque, Gothic
Hindu Art Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 St. Sernin, Durham Cathedral, Notre Dame,
 reflects a plurality of beliefs
Chartres, Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto
 Hindu temples – depicts their architecture
Significant Historical Events
and where sculptures are found; usually  Viking raids (793 – 1066)
devoted to different deities  Battle of Hastings (1066)
 Deities – usually portrayed with multiple limbs  Crusades I-IV (1095 – 1204)
and heads, which indicates the extent of the  Black Death (1347 – 1351)
god’s power and ability  Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)
o Shiva the Destroyer
o Vishnu in his incarnations as Rama
 European thinkers, writers and artists looked
and Krishna
back and celebrated the art and culture of
o Ganesha, the elephant god of
ancient Greece and Rome.
prosperity
  The considered the period after the fall of Popular Artists and Major Artworks
Rome as a “Middle’ or “Dark” age.  Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino,
 In this period, no scientific accomplishments Cellini
had been made, no great art produced, no Significant Historical Events
great leaders born.  Magellan circumnavigates the globe
 Beautiful Romanesque castles and majestic (1520 – 1522)
gothic cathedrals were created
Mannerism
Arts Period and Movement
 early and High Renaissance (1400 - 1550)  paintings and compositions can have no
Characteristics focal point and space can be ambiguous.
 Rebirth of classical culture  The compositions are marked by clashing
Popular Artists and Major Artworks colors, which lacks the balance, naturalism,
 Ghiberti’s Doors, Brunelleschi, Donatello, and dramatic colors of the High
Botticelli, Leonardo Michelangelo, Renaissance.
Raphael  Mannerist artwork seeks instability and
Significant Historical Events restlessness with a fondness for allegories that
 Gutenberg invests movable type (1447) have lascivious undertones.
 Turks conquer Constantinople (1453)
 Columbus lands in New World (1492) Arts Period and Movement
 Martin Luther starts Reformation (1517)  Baroque (1600 – 1750)
Characteristics
 Splendor and flourish for God; art as a
Renaissance
weapon in the religious wars
 literally means rebirth and describes the Popular Artists and Major Artworks
revival of interest in the artistic achievements  Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio,
of the Classical World (of Greece and Rome) Palace of Versailles
 it was a time when individual expression and Significant Historical Events
 Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and
worldly experience became two of the main
Protestants (1618 – 1648)
themes of Renaissance art
 education at this time took center stage with
libraries and academies  Baroque describes something that is
elaborate and highly detailed.
Arts Period and Movement
 The most important events of Baroque era
 Venetian and Northern Renaissance (1430
were the Reformation and Counter-
– 1550)
Characteristics Reformation.
 The Renaissance spreads northward to  Art should communicate religious themes
France, the Low Countries, Poland, and direct emotional involvement in
Germany, and England response to the Protestant Reformation.
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
Baroque style
 Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Durer, Bruegel,
Bosch, Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der  characterized by exaggerated motion and
Weyden clear detail
Significant Historical Events
 Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation Baroque iconography
(1545 – 1563)
 Copernicus proves the Earth revolves  direct, obvious, and dramatic, intending to
around the Sun (1543) appeal to the senses and the emotions

Chiaroscuro technique
 The Northern Renaissance was famous for its
 trait of Baroque art
advanced techniques in oil painting,
 refers to the interplay between light and
realistic, expressive altarpiece art, wooden
dark, often used in paintings with dimly lit
panel paintings, woodcuts and printmaking.
scenes to produce a very high-contrast,
 Dutch art was determined by empirical
dramatic atmosphere
perspective.
 The Dutch aimed to get the bottom of the Arts Period and Movement
mysteries of the world with a precise  Neoclassical
observation of all things. Characteristics
Arts Period and Movement  Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace
 Mannerism (1527 – 1580) and grandeur
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
Characteristics  David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova
 Art that breaks the rules; artifice over
nature Significant Historical Events
 Enlightenment (18th century)
 Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1850)
  Neoclassical painting and sculpture involved Significant Historical Events
an emphasis on austere linear design in the  Franco-Prussian War (1870 – 1871)
depiction of classical events, characters and  Unification of Germany (1871)
themes, using historically correct settings and
costumes.
Impressionism
Arts Period and Movement
 style of painting that emerged in the mid to
 Romanticism (1780 – 1850)
late 1800s.
Characteristics  it emphasizes an artist’s immediate
 the triumph of imagination and impression of a movement or scene
individuality  impressionist painters painted quickly and
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
freely and often used modern life as their
 Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix,
subject matter
Turner, Benjamin West
 featured short, visible strokes – dots, commas,
Significant Historical Events
 American Revolution (1775 – 1783) smears, and blobs
 French Revolution (1789 – 1779)  the term “impressionist” was originally
 Napoleon crowned emperor of France intended as a derogatory term, used by art
(1803) critics appalled at this style of painting

Arts Period and Movement

 Romantic visual and literary artists glorified  Post – impressionism )1885 – 1910)
things. Characteristics
 Romanticism glorified abstract, complex  A soft revolt against impressionism
concepts like liberty, peace, survival, hope, Popular Artists and Major Artworks
heroism, despair, and other sensations that  Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne, Seurat
nature evokes in humans.
Significant Historical Events
 All of these ‘things’ are felt on a more
 Belle Epoque (late 19th century Golden
personal and highly subjective level.
Age)
 Romanticism may also be characterized by  Japan defeats Russia (1905)
what it stood against.
 The movement championed spiritualism over
science, instinct over deliberation, nature Post-Impressionism
over industry, democracy over subjugation,
 bridged the gap between the restrictive
and rusticity over aristocracy.
techniques found in the Impressionist period
Arts Period and Movement and the emphasis on geometry found in
 Realism (1848 – 1900) modern art
Characteristics  Post-Impressionists would focus alternatively
 Celebrating working class and peasants; on color, shape, light and even brush stroke
en plein air rustic painting technique to create their work.
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
Arts Period and Movement
 Carot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet
 Fauvism and Expressionism (1990 – 1935)
Significant Historical Events
Characteristics
 Eropean democratic revolutions of 1848
 Harsh colors and flat surfaces (Fauvism);
emotion distorting form
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Realists rejected Romanticism, which had
 Matisse, Kandinsky, Munch
dominated French literature and art since
the late 18th century. Significant Historical Events
 Realists wanted to portray ‘real’ people in  Boxer Rebellion in China (1900)
 World War (1914 – 1918)
real situations with truth and accuracy,
including all the unpleasant aspects of life.
 The Realist artists portrayed everyday Fauvism
subjects and situations in contemporary
settings, and aimed to depict individuals of  term used to denote the use of distortion and
all social classes in a similar manner. exaggeration for emotional effect
 Fauve artists used pure, brilliant color applied
Arts Period and Movement straight from the paint tubes to create bright
 Impressionism (1865 – 1885) effects on the canvas
Characteristics
Expressionism
 Capturing fleeting effects of natural light
Popular Artists and Major Artworks  an artistic style in which the artist attempts to
 Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, portray not objective reality but rather the
Morisot, Degas subjective emotions and responses that
objects and events arouse in him
  distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and Arts Period and Movement
fantasy  Abstract Expressionism (1940s – 1950s) and
 vivid, violent, or dynamic application of Pop Art (1960s)
formal elements Characteristics
 highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-  Post-World War II: pure abstraction and
expression expression without form; popular art
absorbs consumerism
Arts Period and Movement Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism,  Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko,
Constructivism, De Stijl Warhol, Lichtenstein
Characteristics Significant Historical Events
 Pre- and Post- World War I art experiments:  Cold War and Vietnam War (U.S. enters
new forms to express modern life 1965)
Popular Artists and Major Artworks  U.S.S.R. suppresses Hungarian revolt (1956)
 Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini,  Czechoslovakian revolt (1968)
Malevich
Significant Historical Events
 Russian Revolution (1917) Abstract Expressionism
 American women franchised (1920)  also known as Action Painting or Color Field
Painting
Cubism  characteristic of messiness and extremely
energetic applications of paint
 an artistic movement, created by Pablo  also referred to as gestural abstraction
Picasso and Georges Braque because its brush strokes revealed the artist’s
 employs geometric shapes in depictions of process
human and other forms
Pop Art
Futurism
 movement marked by a fascination with
 an Italian art movement that took speed, popular culture reflecting the affluence in
technology and modernity as its inspiration post-war society
 portrayed the dynamic character of 20th  a direct descendant of Dadaism in the way
century life, glorified war and the machine it mocks the established art world by
age, and favored the growth of Fascism appropriating images from the street,
 unique in that it was self-invented art supermarket, the mass media, and presents
movement it as art in itself
Arts Period and Movement Arts Period and Movement
 Dada and Surealism (1917 – 1950)  Postmodernism and Deconstructivism
Characteristics (1970)
 Ridiculous art; painting dreams and Characteristics
exploring the unconscious  Art without a center and reworking and
Popular Artists and Major Artworks mixing past styles
 Duchamp, Dali, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Popular Artists and Major Artworks
Kahlo  Gerhard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm
Significant Historical Events Kiefer, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid
 Disillusionment after World War I  Nuclear freeze movement
 The Great Depression (1929 – 1938)  Cold War fizzles
 World War II (1939 – 1945) and Nazi horror  Communism collapses in Eastern Europe
 atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945) and U.S.S.R. (1989 – 1991)

Dadaism Postmodern Art

 first conceptual art movement where the  refers to a group of movements that began
focus of the artists was not to craft in the late 1950s and early 1960s, during
aesthetically pleasing objects but create which artists rejected established practices
works that upended bourgeois sensibilities and questioned the importance of their roles
 aimed to generate difficult questions about in the artistic process
society, the role of the artist, and the  their work has an irrelevant, almost mocking
purpose of art view of artistic importance
 Dada artists are known for their use of  postmodern artists include minorities and
readymade objects women who were not previously part of the
art establishment
Surrealism
B. History of Instrumental Music
 its aim is to channel the unconscious as a
means to unlock the power of the Instrumental Music
imagination
 a musical composition that is without lyrics, or were invented; important advances in all
singing, although it might include some musical groups
inarticulate vocals  Most popular composers were
 music is produced by musical instruments Monteverdi, Corelli, Schutz, Purcell, Lully,
 its beginnings paved the way for the Bach, Handel, Telemann, Couperin,
invention and development of musical Scarlatti and Vivaldi
instruments with particular tonal qualities
 marked the beginnings of the elements of
 vocal and instrumental music were both
harmony, rhythm, and melody
prominent
 can mimic the sound of nature so well that it
 ensembles such as chamber orchestras
can effectively stir the deepest human
became popular
emotions
 strings were the main section of the chamber
orchestra, and woodwind and brass were
Medieval Music (1150 – 1400) used for solo effects
 Secular music with notated manuscripts  energetic, driving rhythms were frequently
showing connections with the church; used during this period
organum indicated the beginnings of  short, melodic and rhythmic phrases were
harmony common
 Gregorian Chant and Plainsong which are  tempos were faster and slower than earlier
monadic or written as one musical line periods
 emotion was frequently expressed through
melodic devices
 music was primarily vocal  often polyphonic and forms included sonata,
 instruments were used to accompany vocal suite, concerto, concerto grosso, oratorio,
lines or to improvise instrumental dances cantata, opera, and fague
 rhythm was not notated
 melodic intervals and sacred melodies were
Classical Music (1750 – 1830)
often based in church modes
 harmony and tonality were not functional  Sonata form, development of modern
 music appears to have been constructed concerto, symphony, trio and quartet;
and heard as separate lines rather that obsession with structural clarity
vertical sonorities  Famous composers were Friedman,
 popular genres : sacred vertical music such Christian, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and
as plainchant, masses, and motets; and Schubert
secular vocal songs
Rococo
Renaissance Music (1400 - 1600)
 a transitional period between the Baroque
 Increased freedom in music showed and Classical periods which set the stage for
harmony and polyphony; composers still the emergence of the Classical style
devoted to choral writing  Rococo music was characterized by
 15th century composers include Dunstable, delicate, frivolous expression designed more
Ockegehm, Despres and Dufay 16th to please than to excite the listener
century composers include Dowland,
Byrid, Gibbons and Tallis Classical Music

 highly refined, simple in melodic line and

 music was usually performed by vocal groups harmonic texture and unified by symmetrical
 instrumental music included ensembles and form
solos  composers were writing mainly for the public
 tempos were still determined by the musician  symphony orchestra was organized which
as well as the sacred character of the piece has four sections – strings, woodwind, brass
or text and percussion
 rhythm began to increase in complexity  found its way into the very fabric of society
 regular meters began to appear
 composers sought to blend the sounds of Barly Romantic Music (1830 - 1860)
voices and instruments and pleasing
harmonies were sought  Golden age of virtuoso; attempts to
 polyphonic texture was predominantly used balance the expressive and the formal in
music
 Leading composers were Berloiz, Chopin,
Baroque Music (1600 - 1750)
Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, and Verdi
 Choral music no longer dominated the
era; the idea of the modern orchestra was
born; violin, viola, cello and harpsichord
 of its lips, or the presence of ears,
Late Romantic Music (1860 – 1920) spouts and legs attached to its body
 Composition in terms of emotional content  Method of decoration is the manner
and dramatic continuity by which designs are applied on the
body’s surface; decorative designs
 Highlighted by the operatic supremacy of
are either impressed or incised:
Verdi and Wagner
 Impressed designs involve
pressing on the vessel certain
 characterized by chamber music ensembles, objects like a rope, string, or
large symphony orchestras, opera small piece of mat while the
companies, and piano as performing surface clay is still wet
mediums  Incised designs make use of
 melodies became subjective, emotional and sharp objects to draw
often were virtuosic patterns on the
 new and complex harmonies were earthenware’s still wet body
introduced - designs are either abstract or
 genres used : concertos, sonatas, representational:
symphonies, and operas
 new forms emerged such as nocturne, waltz,  Abstract designs consist of
and etude dots, straight lines and curved
lines, which are inspired by
C. Philippine Art History nature (seeds, stars, waves,
 refers to Filipino works of art that have clouds, flowers, feathers)
developed in country from the beginning of  Representational designs are
its civilization up to the present era usually of objects in nature
 also considers how other country’s culture (trees, animals, drawings of
influenced local arts that resulted in Filipino human figures)
artworks as it is known today o Sculpture
 the Manunggul Burial Jar (890 – 710
Pre-Colonial Philippine Art (before 1521) BCE) is regarded as the symbol of
Philippine Pre-historic artifacts; it was
 early evidences of ancient tools and other
found in Palawan and is named after
artifacts abound in the different islands of the
the cave where it was found
Philippines (Batangas, Cagayan, Central
 the Tagalogs called their religious
Luzon, Davao, Palawan)
images likha, tao-tao, and larawan,
which represented the anitos or the
o Receptacles
spirits whom the early Filipinos
 containers fashioned by early Filipinos
believed in and prayed to
to enclose and protect the bodies of
o Architecture
their dead relatives
 houses during 16th century were single
 can be made of leaves, wood and
room constructions with walls of
bamboo
bamboo and roof of palm trees
o Textile Weaving
 ground floor was usually for storage
 flat stone tools believed to have
 cooking and washing were done in a
been used to pound and flatten tree
part of the house called batalan
barks into primitive types of textile
 types of style and structure of native
have been excavated
dwellings in the Philippines are:
o Jewelry
 Bahay-kubo – built from
 shells were used for accessories:
bamboo and nipa which are
bracelets and pendants
the most common
 a piece of cone shell, presumably an
construction materials in the
earring is an example of ancient
rural areas
jewelry, discovered in Duyog Cave,
 Ifugao house – structured
Palawan
because of the cold climate
 shells, animal bones and small stones
of the Mountain Province
were the earliest adornments
 Maranao house – traditional
 accessories made of jade (nephrite)
house with a boat-like
were found in Palawan and
appearance; panolong is the
Calatagan
prow-like end of the beams
 gold beads were found in Guri Cave
that support the flooring of
o Pottery
the house
 clay pots were discovered in
o Muslim Art
Masbate (710 BCE)
 Sarimanok – a representation of an
 Shape is the description of vessel’s
open-winged legendary bird which
body, the form of its mouth, thickness
 stands on a fish with another fish  The Sociedad Economica de Amigos
hanging from its beak dela Pais, a civic conscious
 Naga – stylized dragon or serpent organization, aimed to encourage
carved in grave markers or the development of the visual arts
elaborately in plows which led to the establishment of the
 the most important element in Muslim art Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura in 1821.
is color  The first teacher was Damian
 greens, yellows, red, violets and blues Domingo
 Okir are elaborate curvilinear motifs  the earliest portraits were done in
made by the Maranao and Tausug tribes miniature
of Mindanao  the painters are called miniaturists
 Okir-a-datu are ornamental designs for  genre also became the subject of
men and okir-a-bay for women sculptures
 Ukkil is a design technique usually seen in  bulk of sculptures in the 19th century
Sulu Peninsula consisted of religious statues
 Kabul and gadur are jar-like containers  Juan Luna – La Muerte de Cleopatra;
with covers that resemble the domes of Spolarium
their mosques  Felix Hidalgo – Christian Virgins
 kampilan is a long sword with its handle Exposed to the Populace
resembling the open mouth of a naga o Printing
 kris is a wavy flame-like blade  Nicolas Bagay and Francisco Suarez
representing the body of a serpent – Tagalo
 barong is a leaf-like blade having the  the introduction of lithograph prints
same geometric designs on its hilt replaced engraving on copper
o Art of Mountain Province
American Colonial Art Period (1898 – 1946)
 wood is the medium of choice in the
art of Mountain Province o Architecture
 woodcarving is considered an  American influence in construction
important skill in all tribes activities (concrete, glass and steel)
 iron melting and bronze-casting are  Juan Arellano, Tomas Mapua,
the other skills o Ifugaos and Itneg Antonio Toledo
 Mountain art is divided into two kinds: o Sculpture
 Ritualistic – bulol (a figure of a  Guillermo Tolentino – Bonifacio
benevolent spirit who guards Monument
granaries and rice fields) and o Painting
the bihang (a figure meant to  Fernando Amorsolo – Planting Rice
scare and create fear of  Fabian de la Rosa – Rice Planters
punishment in anybody who
goes against the norms of the Art of the Post-war Period (after 1946)
village)
o Architecture
 Decorative – abstract designs
 Leandro Locsin – Cultural Center of
seen in textiles, bamboo
the Philippines
containers, brass and gold
 Philippine International Convention
ornaments
Center
The Spanish-Colonial Art (1521 – 1898) o Sculpture
 Napoleon Abueva – considered the
 Religious paintings, sculptures, literature, first modern Filipino sculptor; Double
music, dance and theatre have all crucifix suspended from the dome
contributed to instilling the doctrines of the above the altar of U.P. and
Catholic faith into the hearts and minds of Allegorical Harpoon at CCP
the early Filipinos o Painting
 establishment of the Art Association
o Architecture of the Philippines and the Philippine
 Fr. Antonio Sedeno, a Jesuit, Art Gallery helped introduce modern
introduced lime in the construction of art locally, to support its struggle
buildings; he was responsible for the against conservative art and to
construction of the first fortress, the create patronage among art-buyers
Nuestra Senora de Guia Fort in Manila  Neo-Realists – early post-war
o Sculpture modernists
 Carving which began in the pre-  Vicente Manansala – Madonna of
Hispanic times in making the likha (a the Slums
local deity), was redirected by the  Carlos Francisco – Sungka Players
friars into the creation of santos o Printmaking
(sculptures of saints)
o Painting
  Manuel Rodriguez, Sr. – pioneer and o Pottery
mentor in the Philippine graphic art  objects that are made of clay
who opened his Contemporary  pottery pots, bowls, sculptures, baked
Graphic Art Workshop bricks and tiles
 Barangay Putsan in Tiwi, Albay is the
Philippine Contemporary Art
leading terra cotta Ceramic Industry
 it is the art of the present period, roughly from in Bicol region
1970s up to the present o Shell Craft
 massive progress in technology impacted  involves using seashells as decoration
the arts in terms of medium and techniques of objects or surfaces and making
 the impact of globalization, internet and fancy accessories
social media increased the level of  puka shells, paua, sigay, troca,
awareness and understanding of other nautilus, capiz
country’s society and culture  locally based in Mactan, Cebu
o Coconut Craft
National Artists  involves the use of coconut shell after
the meat is removed
 The National Artist recognition is the highest
 coconut shells are carved into
individual award given to an artist who
different deigns, painted and
contributed works of significance to the
varnished
Philippine arts in their area of artistry
 it is handled by the National Commission for GAMABA Awardees
Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural
Center of the Philippines (CCP) and  Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Awards or
bestowed by the President of the Philippines GAMABA is an award that acknowledges
folk and indigenous artists who, despite
Philippine Indigenous Arts modern technology, remain true to their
traditions
 it is the art of the native Filipinos
 administered by the National Commission for
 also known as folk art
Culture and the Arts (NCCA) through Gawad
 beautiful, natural and made with skills that
sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee
are passes down from generation to
 the artists are recognized as the Philippine’s
generation
National Living Treasures
o Textile Art
 indigenous local craft in which plant
fibers are used to make functional
and/or decorative works of art
PART 6 ART IN TODAY’S SOCIETY
 weaving is the technique of making
beautiful fabrics Soul-Making
 Ikat is a local style of weaving that
 the soul here refers to the individual’s psyche
uses a resist dyeing process before
 it is believed that all individuals have to work
the threads are woven to create
through disintegration that appears to be at
pattern or design
the core of all creative/therapeutic
 f ibers for weaving textile come from
processes (considered to be at the center of
plants - pineapple for their leaves
human existence)
(pina fiber), abaca and banana
 it is essential for human beings to disintegrate
(jusi), buri palm (buri fibers)
and fall apart and in the process experience
o Woodcarving
a sense of loss of purpose and meaning of
 popular art that may have resulted
their existence
from the abundance of trees in the
 death and re-birth of the soul (James
region (acacia, ipil, molave, langka)
Hillman)
 Paete, Laguna is the woodcarving
 “the soul finds its form in art”
center of the Philippines
 Soul-making is art creation, art making is the
o Basket Weaving
expression of the artist psyche, a
 also known as basketry
manifestation of his soul
 makes use of a combination of
animal and plat fibers Art Fusion
 Pangasinan in Central Luzon is known
as the “Province of Basket Weavers”  a product of industry and commercialism
 abaca, pandan, nito  occurs when an artist of any art form
o Mat Weaving collaborates with a brand/company to
 mat is called banig in the Philippines create a product that would benefit the
 most durable mats are from Leyte artist, the company, and the society as a
and Romblon whole
 tiklog, pandan, abaca
  the artist provides the vision and creativity,  improvisation is creating or performing
while the company provide the production, something spontaneously, or making
promotion and marketing of these fusions something functional from whatever is
 can be used to re-invent a brand and market available
it to a new generation of  it is a spontaneous performance without
audience/consumers specific or scripted preparation
 seen as successful at producing something of
Photorealism
value to society
 able to communicate the experience of art  refer to artists whose work depended largely
broadly, reaching a larger, mainstream in photographs
audience and imbuing everyday life with the  expressed a strong interest in realism in art,
experience of art over that of idealism and abstraction
 complicates realism by combining that
Transcreation
which is real with that which is not
 a term used in advertising and marketing  it emphasizes the value of the traditional
and refers to the process of adopting a techniques of academic art again after
message from one language to another, years of spontaneous, accidental, and
while maintaining its intent, style, tone and improvisational art technique
context
Installation Art
 in arts, Transcreation may take the form of
recreating an art form into another art form  a modern movement that is characterized
with the intent of changing the medium and by massive, immersive and interactive works
nothing else of art
 it often occupies an entire rook or gallery
Hybrid Art Forms
space
 a hybrid is defined as having mixed origin or  its focus is on its effect on the viewer or to
composition that adds variety or complexity provide intense experience for them
to a system  major characteristics of art installations are:
 in art forms, hybrid could mean the blurring o Immersive – its ability to physically
of traditional distinct boundaries between interact with viewers
artistic media such as painting, sculpture, o Large-Scale – it allows the viewers to
film, performance, architecture, and dance sit, stand, or walk through it
 it may involve cross-breeding the art-making o Site-Specific – before artists create
process with other disciplines their massive installations, they usually
 hybrid art forms in the contemporary arts plan it with certain sites already in
explore the various media and techniques mind
for innovation and experimentation in art
Applied Arts
creation
 the process of blurring the boundaries  refers to the application of artistic designs
between styles, media and technique, and decorations to everyday utilitarian
breaking rules, and creating hybrids is the objects to make them aesthetically pleasing
trend of artistic work today.  industrial design, fashion design, furniture
 however, instilling in art the meaning of the design, commercial art
artist’s expression, no matter what tools, o Fashion – a popular way of dressing
materials, or techniques are used remains at a particular time and place, and
central to the practice of art among particular group of people
- how clothes are designed are
Appropriation
affected by factors like trends,
 it is borrowing; it is the practice of creating a availability of materials and
new work by taking a preexisting affordability
image/material from another source like - Fashion design is the art of applying
books, advertisements, internet and design or natural beauty to clothing
combines it with new ones, thus completely and accessories; influences by
transforming the original culture and social attitudes
 a found object is an existing object given a o Furniture design – a specialized field
new identity as an artwork or part of an where function and aesthetics are
artwork brought together

Improvisation in Various Art Forms

 the word improvise means to compose,

perform or deliver without previous
preparation; or to extemporize, play, recite,
and sing in the spur of the moment