Aptitude

FUNCTIONS:-
A function is a concept of mathematics that studies the dependence between

variable quantities in the process of their change. For instance, with a change in
the side of a square, the area of the square also varies. The question of how the
change in the side of the square affects the area is answered by a mathematical
relationship between the area of the square and the side of the square.Let the
variable x take numerical values from the set D.
A function is a rule that attributes to every number x from D one definite number
y where y belongs to the set of Real numbers. Here, x is called the independent
variable and y is called the dependent variable.
The set D is referred to as the domain of the definition of the function and the set
of all values attained by the variable y is called the range of the function.
In other words, a variable y is said to be the value of the function of a variable x in
the domain of definition D if to each value of x belonging to this domain there
corresponds a definite value of the variable y.
This is symbolised as y = f(x) where f denotes the rule by which y varies with x.
Even functions
A function is said to be even if for any value of x f(x) = f(-x)
Properties
 The sum, difference, product and quotient of even functions is also an even
function.
 The graph of an even function is symmetrical about the y-axis.
Examples of even functions are y =x2, y = x4, y = |x|, cosΘ..... etc.
Odd functions
A function is said to be odd if for any value of x f(x) = -f(-x)
Properties
 The sum and difference of odd functions are also an odd function.
 The product and quotient of odd functions are also an even function.
 The graph of an even function is symmetrical about the origin.
Examples of odd functions are y =x, y =x3, y= x3 + x, y = sinΘ.... etc.

Not all functions need to be even or odd. However, every function can be
represented as the sum of an even function and an odd function.
Inverse of a function
Let there be a function y = f(x), which is defined for the domain D and has a range
R. If the function y = f(x) is such that for every value of y (from the range of the
function R) there corresponds one and only one value of x from the domain D,
then the inverse function of y = f(x) exists and is given by x = g(y). Here it can be
noticed that x becomes the dependent variable and y becomes the independent
variable. Hence, this function has a domain R and a range D.
The graphs of two inverse functions when this change is used are symmetrical
about the line y = x (which is the bisector of the first and the third quadrants).
Plotting a function
A function y = f(x) can be represented in the coordinate plane where x values are
plotted in the horizontal X axis and the corresponding result of f(x) are plotted on
the y-axis. Assume a function y = f(x) gives the results in the y-row for values in
the x-row in the given table.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y=f(x) 1 3 6 5 4 1 2 4 6 7
The image reflects the plot of the function.

Shifting of graphs
The ability to visualize how graphs shift when the basic analytical expression is
changed is a very important skill. The following points apply
1. The shape of the graph y = f(x) + c will the same as that of the y = f(x)
graph. The only difference would be that f(x) + c is shifted c units up(if c is
positive) or down(if c is negative) on the x-y plot.
2. The shape of the graph y = f(x ± c) will the same as that of the y = f(x)
graph. The only difference would be that f(x ± c) is shifted c units left(if c
is positive) or right (if c is negative) on the x-y plot.
Plotting a quadratic curve

A function y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is a quadratic function. To plot this, we must
convert the function into the form a(x+b)2 + c form. This can now be plotted using
the shifting of graphs methods as discussed (f(x + a) + b shifting). The given
diagram shows the graph of x2 + 4x +1 or (x+2)2 -3.
Absolute value or mod function
The absolute value (or modulus) |x| of a real number x is the non-negative value
of x without regard to its sign. Namely, |x| = x for a positive x, |x| = − x for a
negative x, and |0| = 0. For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the
absolute value of −3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of
as its distance from zero.
Graph of absolute value of x
Exponential function
In mathematics, the exponential function is the function ex, where e is the
number (approximately 2.718281828) such that the function ex, is its own
derivative. The exponential function is used to model a relationship in which a
constant change in the independent variable gives the same proportional change
(i.e. percentage increase or decrease) in the dependent variable. The function is
often written as exp(x).
Graph of the exponential function ex
Trigonometric functions
A right angled triangle
Sine function
Cosine function
Tangent function
Graphs of Sin(x), Cos(x) and Tan(x)
Relation between Trigonometric functions

INEQUALITYS:-
For any two real numbers a and b, one of three possibilities exists: either a is less
than b(a < b), a is equal to b (a = b), or a is greater than b (a>b). a > b or b >
a(quote needed or not) is an inequality. Inequalities can also involve equations,
and these equations can be solved to arrive at a solution i.e. a range of values that
satisfies the inequality.
Inequality Signs
> means greater than
< means less than
≥ means greater than or equal to
≤ means less than or equal to
Properties of inequalities
Trichotomy Property
For any real two numbers a and b, only one of the following can be true.
ab
Transitive properties of inequality

If a b and b > c, then a > c.
Properties of addition and subtraction

An equal quantity may be added to or subtracted from both sides of an inequality
without changing the inequality.
If a < b, then a + c b, then a + c > b + c
If a < b, then a – c b, then a – c 0, then ac < bc and (a/c) < (b/c)
If a > b and c > 0, then ac > bc and (a/c) > (b/c)
ii. If both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided by a negative quantity,
then the inequality is reversed.
If a bc and (a/c) > (b/c)
If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc and (a/c) < (b/c)
Important inequalities
1. a2 + b2 ≥2ab (Equality for a = b)

2. Arithmetic mean ≥Geometric mean≥ Harmonic meanArithmetic
mean ≥ Geometric mean≥ Harmonic mean
3. a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ ab + bc + ca
4. a3 + b3 ≥ ab(a+b) if a > 0 and b > 0, the equality being obtained only when
a = b.
5. If a + b =2, then a4 + b4 ≥ 2.
6. 2n > n2 for n ≥ 5
Modulus or absolute value

The absolute value of a real number is its numerical value without regard to its
sign. In other words, the absolute value of a real number, from an analytical
geometry perspective, is that number’s distance from zero along the number
line. For any real number ‘a’ the absolute value or modulus of ‘a’ is denoted by
|a| and is defined as
Properties of modulus
LOGARITHMS:-
The logarithm of any number to a given base is the index or the power to which
the base must be raised in order to equal the given number.
If ax=N then x=logaN
This is read as “log N to the base a”.
In the equation, ‘N’ is a positive number and ‘a’ is a positive number other than 1.
Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms while logarithms to
the base e are known as natural logarithms. If a logarithm is given without
mentioning the base, it is considered as a common logarithm. For Example,
64=43 can be expressed as log464 = 3.
Characteristic and mantissa

Logarithms have an integral part and a decimal part. The integral part of the
logarithm is called the characteristic and the decimal part of the logarithm is
called mantissa. E.g., log 5123 = 3.709 where 3 is the characteristic and 709 is the
mantissa.
When the number is greater than 1 the characteristic is one less than the number
of digits to the left of the decimal point in the given number. When the number is
less than 1, the characteristic is 1 more than the number of zeroes between the
decimal point and the first significant of the number and it is negative. Instead of -
1 we write as
For example, the characteristic of log3456.25 will be 3 and characteristic
of log0.0045 will be -3 or .
Properties of logarithms
1. logaa=1 (log of any number to the same base is 1)

2. loga1=0
3. loga(m⋅n)= logam + logan
4. loga(m/n)=logam - logan
5. loga(1/m)= - loga m
6. loga mp = p x loga m
7. loga m = logb m/logab
8. alogb = bloga
9. logab = 1/logba
10.logamb = logab/m
Note: The base of logarithm can never be equal to 1, i.e log1x is undefined.
Problem Solving
Use in finding the number of digits of a number
To find the number of digits in very long large numbers, e.g. 319 or 4812, the
properties of logarithms are useful.
Values of log1, log 2, log3 ........to log9 vary from 0 to 1. Similarly, values of log10
to log100 vary from 1 to 2. It can be observed that values of logarithms of all 2
digit numbers are of the form 1.xxxxxxx, values of logarithms of all 3 digit
numbers are of the form 2.xxxxxx and so on. Therefore, a number with a
logarithm value of n.xxxxx will have n+1 digits.
For example, 4812can be written as 248 x 312
The logarithm of this number is 48log2 + 12log3 = 48 x 0.301 + 12 x 0.4771 = 20.17
Therefore, the number 4812 has 21 digits.

Aptitude

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FUNCTIONS:-

A function is a concept of mathematics that studies the dependence between

Examples of even functions are y =x2, y = x4, y = |x|, cosΘ..... etc.

Examples of odd functions are y =x, y =x3, y= x3 + x, y = sinΘ.... etc.

The image reflects the plot of the function.

Plotting a quadratic curve

Graph of absolute value of x

Graph of the exponential function ex

A right angled triangle

Graphs of Sin(x), Cos(x) and Tan(x)

Relation between Trigonometric functions

Transitive properties of inequality

Properties of addition and subtraction

Properties of multiplication and division

1. a2 + b2 ≥2ab (Equality for a = b)

Modulus or absolute value

Characteristic and mantissa

1. logaa=1 (log of any number to the same base is 1)

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