NAME: VANSH CHAUDHARY

CLASS: XII – B
UNIQUE ID: 7533502
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
SCHOOL: ST. JAMES’ SCHOOL

ISC MATHEMATICS PROJECT

2023-24
 TOPIC: INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 CONTENT

SL. PAGE
NO. TOPIC NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. INVERSE FUNCTION AND THEIR 2-3
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
3. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 4
4. INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5
5. INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC FORMULAS 6-8
6. AIM OF THE PROJECT 9-11
7. GRAPHS OF ALL TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION 12
8. GRAPHS OF ALL INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC 13-15
FUNCTION
9. SOME IMPORTANT VALUES 16
10. EXAMPLE OF GRAPHICAL APPLICATION 17-20
11. CONCLUSION 21
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 21
13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 23
 INTRODUCTION
An inverse function or an anti function is defined as a function, which can
reverse into another function. In simple words, if any function “f” takes x
to y then, the inverse of “f” will take y to x. If the function is denoted by
‘f’ or ‘F’, then the inverse function is denoted by or . One should
not confuse (-1) with exponent or reciprocal here.
If f and g are inverse functions, then f(x) = y if and only if g(y) = x
Inverse trigonometric functions are mathematical functions that provide
the angle corresponding to a given value of a trigonometric ratio. They are
the inverse operations of the basic trigonometric functions such as sine,
cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent.
The inverse trigonometric functions are typically denoted with the prefix
"arc" or by using the exponent of -1. They are useful for solving problems
involving angles in various fields such as physics, engineering, and
mathematics. The values returned by these functions are usually expressed
in radians, but they can also be converted to degrees if needed. It's
important to note that the range of these functions is restricted to specific
intervals to ensure uniqueness.
 INVERSE FUNCTION & THEIR GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
In mathematics, an inverse is a function that serves to “undo” another
function. That is, if f(x) produces y, then putting y into the inverse
of f produces the output x. A function f that has an inverse is called
invertible and the inverse is denoted by . It is best to illustrate inverses
using an arrow diagram:

The inverse of a function f is denoted by f-1 and it exists only when f is

both one-one and onto function. Note that f-1 is NOT the reciprocal of f.
The composition of the function f and the reciprocal function f -1 gives the
domain value of x.
(f o f-1) (x) = (f-1 o f) (x) = x

Let a function f: X Y be one-one onto and y be any arbitrary element of Y. As f is

onto, there exists atleast one element x∈ X such that f(x)=y. Also, as f is one-one,
this element x of X is unique. Thus, corresponding to every element y∈ Y, there
exists a unique element x∈ X, therefore, we can define a function, say g, from Y to
X i.e. g: Y X such that g(y)=x for all y∈ Y.

This function g associated with the function f is usually denoted by . Thus, we

find that if f: X Y is bijective i.e. one-one onto, we can define in a very natural
way a new function called inverse of f. This leads to:
Definition. Let f: X Y be one-one onto function and if f(x)y where x∈ X, y∈ Y,
then f: Y X defined by (y)=x is called an inverse function of f.
 We reiterate that only one-one onto functions have inverse functions. A function
whose inverse exists is called an inversible or invertible function. Further, it is
clear that
(i) domain of range of f.
(ii) range of domain of f
(iii) (y)=x iff f(x)=y where x∈ X , y∈ Y

PROPERTIES OF INVERSIBLE FUNCTION

 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The six trigonometric functions are:
 Sine (sin): The sine of an angle is defined as the ratio of the
length of the side opposite the angle to the length of the
hypotenuse in a right triangle. Example: sin(90°) = 1
 Cosine (cos): The cosine of an angle is defined as the ratio of the
length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse in a
right triangle. Example: cos(90°) = 0
 Tangent (tan): The tangent of an angle is defined as the ratio of
the sine of the angle to the cosine of the angle.
Example: tan(45°) = 1
 Cosecant (cosec): The cosecant of an angle is defined as the
reciprocal of the sine of the angle. Example: cosec(90°) = 1
 Secant (sec): The secant of an angle is defined as the reciprocal
of the cosine of the angle. Example: sec(0°) = 1
 Cotangent (cot): The cotangent of an angle is defined as the
reciprocal of the tangent of the angle. Example: cot(45°) = 1
These trigonometric functions are periodic, meaning their values
repeat after certain intervals. The period of sine, cosine, secant, and
cosecant functions is 2π radians, while the period of tangent and
cotangent functions is π radians.
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
The six inverse trigonometric functions are:
 : This function calculates the angle whose sine equals a
√
given value. For example, gives the angle whose
√
sine is ).
 : This function calculates the angle whose cosine equals a
√
given value. For example, gives the angle whose
√
cosine is .
 : This function calculates the angle whose tangent equals a
given value. For example, gives the angle whose
tangent is .
 : This function calculates the angle whose cosecant
equals a given value. For example, (2) gives the angle
whose cosecant is (2).
 : This function calculates the angle whose secant equals a
given value. For example, (-2) gives the angle whose
secant is (-2)
 : This function calculates the angle whose cotangent
equals a given value. For example, (-1) gives the angle
whose cotangent is (-1).
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS
1 sin-1(-x) = -sin-1(x), x [-1, 1]

2 cos-1(-x) = π -cos-1(x), x [-1, 1]

3 tan-1(-x) = -tan-1(x), x R

4 cosec-1(-x) = -cosec-1(x), |x| ≥ 1

5 sec-1(-x) = π -sec-1(x), |x| ≥ 1

6 cot-1(-x) = π – cot-1(x), x R

7 sin(sin-1(x)) = x, -1≤ x ≤1

8 cos(cos-1(x)) = x, -1≤ x ≤1

9 tan(tan-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x < ∞.

10 cosec(cosec-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x ≤ 1 or -1 ≤ x < ∞

11 sec(sec-1(x)) = x,- ∞ < x ≤ 1 or 1 ≤ x < ∞

12 cot(cot-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x < ∞.

13 sin-1(sin θ) = θ, -π/2 ≤ θ ≤π/2

14 cos-1(cos θ) = θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

15 tan-1(tan θ) = θ, -π/2 < θ < π/2

16 cosec-1(cosec θ) = θ, – π/2 ≤ θ < 0 or 0 < θ ≤ π/2

17 sec-1(sec θ) = θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2 or π/2< θ ≤ π

18 cot-1(cot θ) = θ, 0 < θ < π

19 (1/x) = (x), if x ≥ 1 or x ≤ -1

20 (1/x) = (x), if x ≥ 1 or x ≤ -1

21 (1/x) = (x), x > 0

22 (1/x) = (x), x < 0

23 x+ x = π/2 , x [-1, 1]

24 x+ x = π/2 , x R

25 x+ x = π/2 ,|x| ≥ 1
26 x+y= ((x+y)/(1-xy)), if the value xy >1

27 x+y= ((x+y)/(1-xy)), if the value xy < 1

28 – y= ((x-y)/(1+xy)), if the value xy > -1

29 2 x= (2x/(1+ )), |x| ≤ 1

30 2 x= ((1- )/(1+ )), x ≥ 0

31 2 x= (2x/(1- )), -1<x<1

32 sin-1x + sin-1y = sin-1( x +y )

33 sin-1x - sin-1y = sin-1( x -y )

34 + cos-1y = cos-1( xy- )

35 cos-1y = cos-1( xy+ )

36 3 x= (3x-4 )

37 3 x= (4 -3x)

38 3 x= ((3x- )/(1-3 ))
 AIM OF THE PROJECT
AIM- Draw the graph of x using the graph of sin x
demonstrating the concept of mirror line about y=x and find its
Domain and Range.
Inverse sine function
Consider the sine function f defined by f (x) = sin x, (domain of
f) = R and (range of f) = [-1,1].

Values for graph of f:

A portion of the graph of sin x is shown in the below figure
The graph of function can be obtained from the graph of the
original function by interchanging the roles of x and y i.e. if (a, b)
is a point on the graph of sine function, then (b, a) becomes the
corresponding point on the graph of inverse sine function. The
graph of function is the mirror image along the line y = x of
the corresponding original function. This can be visualised by
looking the graphs of y = sin x and y = x in the same axes as
shown in figure.

Domain of is [-1,1]
Range of is [- ]
GRAPHS OF ALL
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
GRAPHS OF ALL INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
 Inverse sine Function.

 Inverse cosine Function

 Inverse tan Function

 Inverse cot Function

 Inverse cosine Function

 Inverse cosine Function

SOME IMPORTANT VALUES
EXAMPLES OF GRAPHICAL
APPLICATION
Some Examples are as follows:
 Waveforms and Oscillations: Trigonometric
functions, such as sine and cosine, are used to
graphically represent waveforms and oscillations.
 Navigation and Surveying: Trigonometry is
essential for graphical applications in navigation and
surveying.
 Angles and Triangles: Trigonometric functions are
graphical tools for representing angles and
relationships within triangles. They are used to
construct and analyze diagrams, calculate unknown
angles and side lengths.
 3D Graphics and Animation: Trigonometry plays a
crucial role in 3D graphics and animation
applications.
Q. Sketch the graphs of the following functions:
(i) f (x) = 2 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
(ii) g (x) = 3 sin (x – π/4), 0 ≤ x ≤ 5π/4
(iii) h (x) = 2 sin 3x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π/3

Solution:
(i) f (x) = 2 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
We know that g (x) = sin x is a periodic function with period π.
So, f (x) = 2 sin x is a periodic function with period π. So, we will draw
the graph of f (x) = 2 sin x in the interval [0, π]. The values of f (x) = 2 sin
x at various points in [0, π] are listed in the following table:

x 0(A) π/6 π/3 (C) π/2 2π/3 5π/6 Π

(B) (D) (E) (F) (G)

f (x) = 2 0 1 √3 = 2 √3 = 1 0
sin x 1.73 1.73

The required curve is

(ii) g (x) = 3 sin (x – π/4), 0 ≤ x ≤ 5π/4
We know that if f (x) is a periodic function with period T, then f
(ax + b) is periodic with period T/|a|.
So, g (x) = 3 sin (x – π/4) is a periodic function with period π. So,
we will draw the graph of g (x) = 3 sin (x – π/4) in the interval [0,
5π/4]. The values of g (x) = 3 sin (x – π/4) at various points in [0,
5π/4] are listed in the following table:

x 0(A) π/4 π/2 (C) 3π/4 π (E) 5π/4

(B) (D) (F)

g (x) = 3 -3/√2 = 0 3/√2 = 3 3/√2 = 0

sin (x – -2.1 2.12 2.12
π/4)

The required curve is

(iii) h (x) = 2 sin 3x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π/3
We know that g (x) = sin x is a periodic function with period 2π.
So, h (x) = 2 sin 3x is a periodic function with period 2π/3. So, we
will draw the graph of h (x) = 2 sin 3x in the interval [0, 2π/3]. The
values of h (x) = 2 sin 3x at various points in [0, 2π/3] are listed in
the following table:

x 0 (A) π/6 (B) π/3 (C) π/2 (D) 2π/3 (E)

h (x) = 2 sin 3x 0 2 0 -2 0

The required curve is

 CONCLUSION
Some reasons highlighting the importance of trigonometric functions are
as follows:
 Geometry and Trigonometry: Trigonometric functions provide a
fundamental connection between angles and the sides of triangles. They
are extensively used in geometry to solve problems involving angles,
lengths, and areas of triangles and other geometric shapes.
 Physics and Engineering: Trigonometry is indispensable in physics
and engineering disciplines. It is used to describe and analyze periodic
phenomena, oscillations, waves, and rotations. Trigonometric functions
help model and understand various physical phenomena, such as the
motion of objects, electrical signals, sound waves, and light waves.
 Navigation and Surveying: Trigonometry plays a vital role in
navigation and surveying. By using trigonometric functions, one can
determine distances, heights, angles, and coordinates. It enables
navigation and the creation of accurate maps, as well as measuring and
marking positions on the Earth's surface.
 Wave Analysis and Signal Processing: Trigonometric functions
are crucial in wave analysis and signal processing. They help analyze
and manipulate periodic signals, such as audio signals, radio waves, and
digital signals.
 Applied Sciences: Trigonometry finds applications in diverse
scientific disciplines, including astronomy, biology, chemistry,
computer graphics, cryptography, geology, economics, and more. It
provides valuable tools for analyzing data, making predictions, and
solving problems in these fields.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATHICS Class 12

Volume 1- M L AGARWAL
 RD SHARMA CLASS 11
 https://byjus.com/rd-sharma
 https://byjus.com/maths/inverse-trigonometric-
functions
 https://www.sfu.ca/math-coursenotes
 https://www.cuemath.com/trigonometry/inverse-
trigonometric-functions/
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project has been very interesting and has helped me to
learn a lot. Outside reading and references have helped me
gain a deeper understanding of the topics and has made this
experience very enriching. I would like to thank my school
and my subject teacher, Mr. I. Basu as well as our Principal,
Mr. T. H. Ireland who gave me this golden opportunity to
explore areas outside the preview of the syllabus. I am also
grateful to my parents who have supported me by providing
me with the necessary resources to complete this task.